1、 Notes & Grammar of 8ANotes for Unit 11. 英文書信中的“寫信人地址、郵編和寫信日期”常寫在右上角。Address: 從小地址到大地址換行書寫,如：門牌號+街名à鎮名à區名à城市名à國名 Postcode / Postal code / Area code / Zip code (AmE.): 字母加數字，書寫時緊接著城市名下書寫。Writing date:常寫在地址下，并空一行。2. write (a letter) to sb. 給某人寫封信receive / get a letter from sb.

2、= hear from sb. 收到某人的來信Heres a letter for A (from B). 這里有封給A的信，是由B記過來的。write back to sb. = write to sb. in reply給某人回信I have a letter to answer.我有封信要回。answer a letter 回信3. magazine - a large, thin book with pictures, usually published once a week or month (可數n.) 雜志4. pen-friend - someone you write (l

3、etters) to, as a hobby= pen pal 5. I would like to be your penfriend.我想做你的筆友。would like to + 動詞原形6. I will tell you something about myself. tell sb. sth. about 告訴某人有關于的事tell the time (從時鐘/手表上讀時間)tell sb. the truth告訴某人真相/tell sb. a story / stories給某人講故事7. You can call me Jon. call sb. 叫某人(call + 雙賓語)

4、name sb. 給某人取名(name + 雙賓語)a boy called Jon一個叫Jon的男生 (called 過去分詞短語作定語修飾男孩)a girl named May一名名叫May的女生 (named 過去分詞短語作定語修飾女生)A girl is called May.一位女生被取名為May。(這句話是被動語態)以上所有call = name；called = named8. I am about one and a half metres tall.(1) about 大約= around (2) one and a half metres = one metre and a

5、 half 1.5米 one and a half hours = one hour and a half一個半小時(3) 劃線提問 How tall are you? 表示身高還可以使用 Im about five feet tall. foot (1) one part of the body（腳；足） (2) a unit of measure（英尺）à (pl.) feetinch à (pl.) inches 英寸9. I have very short black hair. = Im a boy with very short black hair. (這里用

6、介詞 “with”長有) (1) have has had had (v.) 這里用作實意動詞“長著”，實意動詞have / has / had 變“否定句”或“疑問句”要借用助動詞“does/do比較其它have用法：I have a brother called Edwin .（有）My school has many sports fields （有）I have never been there .（“現完”助動詞） have to do ; has to do; had to do （不得不去做）(2) hair 頭發 (常用作不可數名詞，如果講幾絲白發等可以加s: some whi

7、te hairs)10. My hobby is playing chess.(1) hobby - an interest or activity such as collecting stamps or making models(pl.) hobbies(2) My hobby is + V-ing(動名詞短語).(3) chess - a common board game* play chess / cards / football / games* play the violin 11. I live with my parents in the UK.the UK 英國(也常用B

8、ritain / England)= the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國(簡稱“英國”)12. My dad owns a Chinese restaurant nearby and my mum works in a college. (1) own (v.) = run ; have 擁有；開辦own a Chinese restaurant (a.) 短語 of ones own某人自己的 e.g. I have a bedroom of my own .短語 on ones own靠某人自

9、己 e.g. Edwin won the game on his own .àowner (n.) 主人 (2) (放在句末：在附近；放在名詞前：附近的) (3) work in a college在一所學院工作13. He is at university in London.他在倫敦一所大學讀書。Joes father works in a university. Joe的父親在一所大學工作。14. He is studying to be an accountant. (1)這里的不定式 to do 是表示“目的”的不定式，= in order to do 為了去做(2) ac

10、countant (n.) - person (in a company) who looks after the money and keeps the financial records 會計員 出納à count (v.) 數（數）15. He comes back home during the holidays.(1) come back home 返回家 (這里的back和home都是adv.)(2) during (prep.) - all the time that something is happening 在期間16. I am in Year 7 at Wal

11、ker School.in Year 7 = in Grade 7 = in Form 7 在七年級17. I like my school because the teachers are very friendly.(1) because(因為)， 引導“原因狀語從句”。注意：在主從句中，用了because不能同時使用so(所以)。(2) friendly (adj.) 友好的be friendly to sb. 對某人友好的make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友18. I am keen on sports.be keen on sth. / doing sth. 酷愛

12、 = be very interested in be fond of wanting to do somethinge.g. She is keen on pop music and writing poetry.19. I enjoy skiing and playing table tennis.(1) enjoy doing sth. 喜歡做某事à enjoyable (adj.) 愉快的；快樂的(2) ski (v.) 滑雪 skied skied skiing 20. My ambition is to be an architect, or maybe an engin

13、eer.(1) ambition - wish or goalà ambitious (a.)Ones ambition is to be . (這里不定式“作表語”)(2) maybe (adv.) 可能；或許(只能放在陳述句子的開頭，或者省略說法的詞語前)= Probably, possiblyThat boy may be from America.那位男生可能是來自美國。句子中間分開書寫的“may be”是“情態動詞may+動詞原形be”，用作句子的“謂語”。21. I enclosed a photo of myself and some of my school frie

14、nds.(1) enclose (v.) put inside(2) a photo of myself and some of school friends 一張我和一些朋友在一起拍的照片a photo of mine = one of my photos 我的所有照片中的一張照片a photo of Jons = one of Jons photos Jon所有的照片中的一張照片Notes for Grammar of Unit 11. Using question words to find out facts:u What (什么) things (事情/東西) (包括“人口popul

15、ation”/“價格price”/“重量weight”/hobby“興趣”/ambition“志向”/job“工作”等)u Which (哪一個 / 哪一位 / 哪一些) choosing things or people (選擇東西 / 人物)u Who (誰) people (主語或賓語的人物) Whom (誰) people (只能夠是賓語人物) Whose (誰的) possessions (物主代詞:包括“形物 和 名物”)= ones (某人的 / 某物體的)u When (何時 / 什么時候) times (時間) 除了“段時間 (包括for + 段時間 和 since + 過去

16、時間)/ 頻率時間 / in + 段時間 ”之外的時間u Where (在哪里，什么地方) places (地點，地方)u Why (為什么) reasons (理由，原因)u How (怎么樣/如何) manner (方式:包括交通方式transport 和 行為方式 by doing sth.) - health (身體狀況) - weather (天氣情況 = What like? - appearance (長相、體態 = What like?)u How many (+ 可復) number (可數名詞數量) How much (+ 不可數名詞) amount (不可數名詞數量) -

17、 money (貨幣、價格) - calculating results (計算結果) - weight 稱重 e.g. How much does the parcel weigh? = How heavy is the parcel? = Whats the weight of the parcel?u How long (多久) duration (段時間 、for + 段時間、since + “一過” / 過去時間) - (多長) length (東西的長度、嬰兒的身長)u How soon (多久以后) in + 段時間u How often (多久幾次) frequency (頻率

18、)u How far (多遠) distance (距離、路程)u How old (多大) age (年齡)u How tall (多高) height of people / animals / plants / buildings等 (身高/高度)u How high (多高) height of mountains / towers (山/塔等高度)u How big (多大) size/area (尺寸，面積)u How deep (多深) depth (深度)u How wide (多寬) width (寬度)2. 不定冠詞“a / an” (Indefinite Article)

19、 (1) 可數名詞單數形式前，如何選用“a / an”? “聽其后第一個單詞的第一個音”原則，即： “第一個音是vowel sound(元音)”前選用“an”， an hour, an honour, an honest boy, an uncle, an umbrella, an SPCA officer, an “A/E/I/O/M/N/L”一個A/E/I/O/M/N/L “第一個音是consonant sound(輔音)”前選用“a”。 a university, a uniform, a useful book, a UFO, a “B/U等等” 一個B/U a European co

20、untry一個歐洲的國家 （切忌看字母，特別有許多首字母不發音容易上當受騙。） (2) “a / an”常用功能/作用： = one （表示“一”的概念），e.g. a banana; an apple ; a bottle/cup/glass of juice; an ounce of gold一盎司金子 a kilogram of ; a bar of ; a piece of ; a pair of 等等 a/an + 職業名詞 （表示“職業 / 人的身份”），e.g. a manager; a cook; an engineer; an architect; an actor等等 第一

21、次提到用 “a/an”，后面再次提及用 “定冠詞the”，e.g. You can see a car over there. The car is mine. 一些固定短語中使用“a / an”，e.g. a few, a little, have a good time, go out for a walk, What a pity! in a hurry, have a rest/break, 等等。 “a/an + 可單” 表示一類人或事物。 e.g. A computer works more accurately than a human brain.電腦比人腦工作更加精確。3.

22、定冠詞“the” (Definite Article) (1) 定冠詞“the”既可以放在“可單 / 可復”前，也可以放在“不可數n.”前。 (2) “the”常用功能/作用： 第一次提到用 “a/an”，后面再次提及用 “定冠詞the”，e.g. I have a cat. The cat is white. 特指 / 被限定的人或物前用“the”， e.g. The lady in black is our Maths teacher. 談話雙方共指的事物前用“the”， e.g. Excuse me, where is the bank? 在形容詞最高級前使用“the”(有時候會出現on

23、es + a.最高級 + n.)， 副詞最高級前的“the”可以省略， e.g.The Nile is the longest river in the world. 序數詞前使用“the”(有時會出現 ones + 序數詞 + n.) e.g. Our classroom is on the third floor. 宇宙間獨一無二的事物前用“the”，e.g. The sun is far bigger than the earth. 在方位名詞前使用“the”，e.g. Pudong is in the east of Shanghai. 與play / practise連用的樂器名詞前

24、用“the”，e.g. Jon plays / practises the piano every day. 在“江、河、湖泊、海洋、山脈、群島”名稱前使用“the”，e.g.the Huangpu River / the Yangtze River “the + 形容詞”表示一類人或物，e.g. We should help the poor.另外，一些固定短語： in the morning / afternoon / evening the day before yesterday; the day after tomorrow go to the beach by the way li

25、sten to the radio at the moment 等等3. 零冠詞 (Zero Article) (1) “零冠詞”即不用冠詞。 (2) 使用“零冠詞”的情況： 學科名稱前，不用冠詞 e.g. We study Chinese, Maths, English, Physics and so on. 7個星期詞語&12個月份詞語前，不用冠詞， e.g. I was born in July. May likes swimming on Sunday(s). 日期和“以Day書寫的節日”前，不用冠詞， e.g. June 1st is Childrens Day. 一日三餐4

26、個詞語(breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ supper)前，不用冠詞 (但可 以使用ones) e.g. What do you have for breakfast? Lets have (our) lunch together. 和play連用的球類、棋類、牌類及游戲類名詞前，不用冠詞， e.g. We play football or chess after school. 物質/抽象名詞前，常常不用冠詞，e.g. Snow is white. (比較：The snow on the roof is very thick. 表示“特指”) 稱呼、頭銜、職務名稱前，不用冠

27、詞，e.g. What can I do for you, Madam / Sir? May I have an apple, Mum? We elected Kim monitor of our class. 一些固定短語中，不用冠詞，e.g. “by + 方式名詞”， at noon / night / mid-night / home， before / after class/school， in trouble (處于麻煩中) in surprise (吃驚地) go to church (去教堂做禮拜) go to school / college / university (去上

28、學) go to hospital (去醫院看病) at school / college / university (在學校學習) in jail / prison (在監獄服刑) 等等。注意：“冠詞”和“ones”不能夠緊跟著同時使用！ Wrong: my a pen Right: my pen / a pen Wrong: The his car Right: the car / his carNotes for Reading of Unit 21. a day in the life of Whizz-kid Wendy 天才Wendy生活里的一天life (n.) 生活；生命 in

29、 ones life在某人的生活中 all ones life某人的一生中save ones life / lives挽救某人的生命 lose ones life / lives 失去生命 live a happy / hard life 過著開心/艱苦的生活live an enjoyable life過著開心的生活 give ones whole life to àlive (v.)living (adj.) 有生命的 （可以做前置定語、表語）alive (adj.) 活著的（不可以放在名詞前）2. Wendy must be one of the top students in

30、the city. (1) one of the top students = one of the best / excellent students優等生/優秀生之一(2) must be 必定是/在(說話人絕對有把握的肯定推測)à cant be絕不可能是/在(說話人絕對有把握的否定推測)3. She has already written several successful computer games.(1) write wrote written - writing (2) several 好幾個(3) successful (adj.) 成功的；達到目的的 be su

31、ccessful in (doing) sth.在（做）某事上取得成功à succeed (v.) succeed in doing sth. à success (n.) 成功Success is the mother of failure.à successfully (adv.) 成功地(4) play computer games 玩電腦游戲work on a/the/ones computer 在電腦上工作4. Now all of her family work in her business. 現在她家里的人都在她公司上班。We have a fam

32、ily business.We discuss the business over breakfast.(1) business (不可數n.) 生意 (be) on business因公(出差) make a business trip to sp.到出差(旅行)businessman / businessmen businesswoman / businesswen (可數n.) 公司 = company à businesses (復數) = companies(2) family (作單數) 家庭 Mr. Black has a big family. (作集體名詞，判斷為復

33、數概念) 家庭成員 ，家人 （以上句中就是這一用法）(3) discuss 討論discuss sth. with sb. = talk about sth. with sb.à discussion 討論have a discussion about sth. With sb.(4) over breakfast = during breakfast在吃早飯期間 “over”已學過的其它用法： 在正上方，反義詞：under 在正下方A plane is flying over my head. 超過，多于 = more thanover half a million games =

34、 more than half a million games (50萬多) 越過 climb over the fence 爬過籬笆 短語 all over = throughout 遍及，遍布over there 在那邊5. And she is still at school. 她仍然在校學習/讀書。still (adv.) 仍然，仍舊 （放在be / 助動詞 / 情態動詞后，實意動詞前，并且still 不能夠放在否定詞語的后面，也就是說只能說 still not, still hardly 等等）yet (adv.) 仍舊，仍然（通常放在句末，并且放在not后，即not yet）。6.

35、 put on my school uniform 穿上我的校服(1) put on (動副短語) 穿/戴上 (動作性短語) put it on 穿上它wear = have on (動副短語) 穿/戴著 (狀態性詞或短語) (2) a uniform7. get up起床à (反義) go to bedwake up醒來8. 本文的have用法各異：(1) She has already written several successful computer games. (現完助動詞“has”，否定 hasnt written)(2) I have breakfast with

36、my family.I have lunch with a client.I always have dinner with my family.(實意動詞 “吃” dont have)(3) We have a family business. We have a driver. (“有”動詞 have，意思接近 own 擁有，常用否定：dont have)(4) On Fridays we have Computer Club meetings. (實意動詞 have = hold 召開，舉行，否定：dont have )(5) Once a week I have violin less

37、ons. (實意動詞 “上（課）”，否定：dont have) 9. Luckily, they are very popular.(1) luckily (adv.)慶幸地， / 幸運地，à lucky (adj.) 幸運的 如： lucky number / It is lucky to do / that從句 luck (不可數n.) 幸運 Good luck to you！unluckily (adv.) 不幸地, unlucky (adj.) 不幸的(2) popular (adj.) = liked by a lot of peopleà be popular

38、with sb. 受某人歡迎 10. We sell over half a million games every year. My mum is responsible for sales.(1) sell (v.) sold sold à sale (n.) 出售，賣；大減價have a sale 出售(be) on sale廉價出售 (be) for sale待售 復數形式 sales 表示“銷售額” (2) be responsible for 對負責 = have the duty to do à (反義詞) irresponsible 不負責任的11. I a

39、lways go to school in our family car. We have a driver. He drives me to school every day.About twice a week the driver collects me from school.(1) in our family car = by (family) car(2) drive drove driven drive sb. to sp. 開車送某人去. à driver 司機 (3) collect sb. from sp. = pick sb. up from sb. (開車)從

40、某地接某人12. I sometimes make phone calls to our clients on the way. (1) make a phone call to sb. = call sb. = ring sb. up (2) client (n.) 客戶，委托人，當事人 (近義) customer 顧客，主顧，買主 (3) on the/ones way to sp. (地名) 在去途中 on the/ones way + 地點副詞here/there/home等13. I start school. 我開始上課。14. I enjoy seeing my school f

41、riends, but some of the work is boring because it is too simple for me. (1) enjoy doing sth. (2) work (v.)工作 work as 干工作 (n.) 不可數名詞： 學業；功課；工作 à worker (n.) 工人 (3) boring (adj.) = uninteresting = dull 令人無聊的；令人乏味的 bored (adj.) 感到無聊的 (4) simple 簡單的；不復雜的；不困難的；易于理解的 simpler simplest sth. be simple f

42、or sb. 對某人來說簡單的。 （近義詞）easy easier easiest 容易的；不困難的15. I usually achieve A grades in all my subjects. (1) achieve (v.) （憑努力）達到/獲得（某個目標/目的） achieve success 獲得成功 achieve in 在方面達到/獲得 à achievement (n.) 成就；功績 (2) all放在ones / the 前面。 (3) get an “A” / a “B” in the English test16. I never fail an exam.

43、 (1) fail (v.) = not pass 未通過；未及格；失敗 fail to do sth. = be not able to do / be unable to do fail (in) sth. à failure (n.) 失敗；不及格 (2) exam (n.) = examination學科English / physics 等 + exam 學科考試 mid-term exam / final exam 期中/期末考試 17. and then I return to school. return (v.) return to sp.(地名) = come /

44、 go back to 返回 return home / here / there = come / go back home / here / there return sth. to sb. / sp. = give sth. back to sb. / sp. 歸還18. After school I usually attend a club. attend = go to 出席；參加e.g. attend a meeting / a club / school = go to a meeting / a club / school 比較： (1) take part in + 活動

45、= join in + 活動 (2) join + 組織 / 人 （瞬間動詞） be in + 組織 / be a member of + 組織 （延續狀態） (3) enter for 報名參加 19. Other students often ask me to assist them. (1) other students (泛指)其他學生 (2) ask sb. to do sth. 要/請某人去做某事 ask sb. not to do sth. 要/請某人不去做某事 (3) assist = help 幫助 assist sb. in/with sth. assist sb. in

46、 doing sth. 但是 help sb. with sth. help(sb.) do / to do sth. à assistant (n.) 助手 = helper20. I finish my homework before dinner. finish (doing) sth. 完成（做）某事21. Then I go to my office and continue working on my games. (1) continue doing sth. = go on doing sth. (不間斷地)繼續做同一件事 continue to do sth. =

47、go on to do sth. (有間斷地)繼續做前面的事 à continuous (adj.) 連續不斷地 continuously (adv.) 連續不斷地 (2) work on 從事于工作；繼續工作；忙于工作 work out (動副短語) 解決難題；計算出 22. I seldom go to bed before 11.30 p.m. always = all the time; every time usually / often = many times sometimes = less than often; more than seldom seldom =

48、not many times never = at no time23. I do not usually need much sleep. (1) need （情態動詞）need do à (否) neednt do （實意動詞）need sth. à (否) dont need sth. needs srth. à (否) doesnt need sth. needed sth. à (否) didnt need sth. need to do sth. à (否) dont need to do sth. needs to do sth.

49、 à (否) doesnt need to do sth. needed to do sth. à (否) didnt need to do sth. (2) sleep (不可數n. & v.) slept - slept have a sound sleep 睡了一覺好覺（這個短語中的a表示“某種”，不是指“一”。） a sleeping bag一個睡袋 à sleepy (adj.)瞌睡的 sleeping (adj.) 正在睡覺的 asleep (adj.) 睡著的24. be similar to 與相類似 be different from 不

50、同于25. except (v.) 期盼；預期 expect + “賓從” except to do except sth. of sb. 對某人期盼某事 except much of children 對孩子期盼許多26. repeat (v.) = say again27. explain (v.) 解釋 explain sth. to sb. 向某人解釋 à explanation (n.) 28. energy (n.) 能量 à energetic (adj.) 精力充沛的；充滿活力的；積極的29. force (n.) (物理)力，力氣，力量 (v.) 迫使；逼迫；強制 force sb. to do sth.30. heat (n.) 熱，熱度 (v.) 加熱 à hot (adj.) 炎熱的；辛辣的31. physical (adj.) 身體的；物理的 P.E. = physical education physical exercise 體鍛 physical changes 物理變化 à physics 物理學32. article (n.) 文章 I need to write an article.33. It is too simple fo