1、語法專題定語從句一、基本概念定語從句：在一個復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句。先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名代或代詞。關系詞：引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，關系詞分為關系代詞和關系副詞兩類。二、考點解讀1定語從句是貫穿整個高中階段語法學習的重點，是高考測試必考的熱點，尤其是非限制性定語從句更是命題的重中之重，其關系詞as與which的用法區別仍是未來命題的核心。2定語從句與強調句型、同位語從句融合在一起進行考查。這樣既考查句式結構的辨析能力，又能考查關系詞與其他連接詞的區分運用能力。3介詞+關系代詞結構的準確選擇和運用。4形式上仍會以單項填空、完成句子為主，完形填空，閱讀理解中的長句理解為輔，對定

2、語從句進行綜合運用考查。5試題的立意仍然是對定語從句基礎知識的考查，偏題、怪題在高考中越來越少。三、知識網絡定語從句關系代詞：that, which, who, whom, whose, as關系副詞：when, where, why常 見 的定語從句關系代詞引導的定語從句關系副詞引導的定語從句介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句名（代）詞+介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句介詞+關系代詞+名詞引導的定語從句分類限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句四、分類整合1關系詞的選擇關系詞選擇是高考考查的重點，做好定語從句有關試題，必須牢記三要點：（1）首先分析從句是否為定語從句，而這在很大程度上取決于整句的邏輯含義。（2

3、）分析定語從句的成分，看從句是否缺主語、賓語或狀語等，因為引導（關系）詞在定語從句中是必須充當一定成分的（或主語、或賓語、或狀語）。（3）觀察先行詞的特點：指人或是指物；既指人又指物；是否被某些特殊詞所限定、修飾，句子結構是否特別。指時間、地點或者原因。2that引導的定語從句先行詞是指物或人的名詞或不定代詞，先行詞是指人的名詞時，若that在從句中作賓語，可用whom替換，也可以省略；若that在從句中作主語，可用who替換；先行詞是指事物的名詞時，若that在從句中作賓語，可用which替換。注意：以下情況，引導詞用that，不用which。只用that不用which的情況先行詞為不定代詞

4、everything, few, none, some, little, much, all, anything, nothing或被不定代詞修飾時。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen.先行詞前有形容詞最高級、序數詞修飾時，用that引導。 This is the best book（that）Ive ever read.先行詞被the only, the very, the last修飾時，用that引導。 This is the only book that I want to read now.先行詞同時指人和

5、指物時，用that引導。 We talked about the things and persons that we saw then.由which和who提問的句子由that引導。 Which is the dictionary that you want to buy?3關系代詞which的用法先行詞必須是指物或事的名詞。若which在從句中作主語，從句謂語動詞在人稱和數上應與先行詞保持一致；若which在從句中作及物動詞的賓語時，可以省略，但用于介詞后面，作介詞賓語時，不能省略；“介詞+which”引導定語從句時，選用介詞應根據介詞和先行詞的習慣搭配或從句中謂語動詞和介詞所構成的固定詞

6、組，介詞既可置于which的前面，又可放在從句謂語后面。例如：Youd better not drink water which/ that has not been boiled.The gold medal (which/that) she won has been given to her.The games in which the young men competed were difficult.注意：which所引導的定語從句，一般情況下可用that來替換，但有三種情況只能用which，不能用that。 （1）作介詞賓語代替事物用which不用that情況eg. Dont you

7、 have any book in which you write your notes?（2）先行詞本身是that時eg. That which you borrowed from me wasnt a real diamond necklace.（3）引導非限制性定語從句eg. London, which is the capital of the Uk, attracts a lot of visitors every year.4who引導的定語從句先行詞必須是指人的名詞。who在從句中通常作主語，從句的謂語應與先行詞在人稱和數上保持一致，口語中可用that代替who；有時who在從句

8、中也可作賓語，相當于whom或that，但不能直接在介詞后面作賓語。eg. The student who gets up early every day is called Peter. The foreigners who often visit our school are from Canada.5whom引導的定語從句先行詞是指人的名詞。whom在從句中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語，在口語中可用who或that替換，也可以省略，但“介詞+whom”引導定語從句時，不能用who或that替換，也不能省略，介詞依據從句中的謂語動詞而定。eg. The person whom/who you o

9、ften go to see is my uncle. The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li.6whose引導的定語從句當先行詞是指人或物的名詞，且在從句中作定語，常用whose來引導，whose可轉換為“of+關系代詞”型。eg. Peter is a student whose handwriting is (the) best in our class. They live is a house, whose door opens to the south. = They live in a house, of which the doo

10、r opens to the south. =They live in a house, the door of which opens to the south.7介詞+關系代詞引導定語從句時介詞或關系代詞的選擇（1）引導定語從句時，that和who不能用于介詞之后，能用于介詞+關系代詞引導定語從句的代詞只有which和whom。其中介詞的選擇依據如下四點：介詞與定語從句的先行詞是一種習慣性搭配。如：The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look.介詞與從句中動詞是一種習慣性搭配。如：Who is the man with wh

11、om our teacher is shaking hands?介詞與定語從句中的形容詞一起構成一種習慣性的短語。如：Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud.表示“所有格”或“整體與部分關系”時，用介詞of。如：There are over 3,000 workers, eighty percent of whom are women.2當引導詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，介詞可以提前放在which（指事物不能用that）或者whom（指人不能用who）之前，也可放于原來的位置，但在含有介詞的動詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放

12、于原來的位置。例如：This is the room which/ that Lu Xun used to live in.=This is the room in which Lu Xun used to live.The man who/whom/that I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.但是在下面一句中for不可以提前，因為look for是短語動詞。This is

13、the person who/whom/that you are looking for.8as和which引導非限制性定語從句as和which都可引導非限制性定語從句，指代主語的整個內容/概念。在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，一般情況下可互換。eg. This elephant is like a snake, as/ which anybody can see.（作賓語） He left her, as/which was strange.（作主語） His lessons are interesting, as/ which indeed they are.（引導詞代替主句中的表語，且在從句

14、中作表語）as的具體用法如下：只能指代主句的整個內容，不能指代單個先行詞。常作主動語態的賓語，被動語態的主語。as的用法表示“正如、正像”之意，which無此義。eg. As we all know, Taiwan is a part of China. As is well-known to us, Taiwan is a part of China.as引導的從句可放句首、句中、句末。eg. The earth, as we all know, is round. The earth is round, as we all know.常用于be known (expected, annou

15、nced, reported, shown)等結構中.另外，as也可引導限制性定語從句，但它引導限制性定語從句時，常與the same, such, so , as連用。eg. I have never heard of such things as he told. He made the same mistakes as you did.which的具體用法如下：既能指代主句的整個內容，也能指代單個先行詞。which的用法eg. The boy failed in the exam, which made his parents disappointed. The book , which

16、 was published last week, is very interesting.常作主動語態的主語。表示“這點，這件事”等之意，相當于and this/ that/ it。eg. John drove too fast, which was dangerous.which引導的從句只能放句中、句尾，不能放句首。which引導的從句和主句內容不一致，或對主句起消極、否定、排斥等。eg. She has married, which was unexpected. The teacher didnt scold us, which surprised all of us.9關系副詞wh

17、en, where, why引導的定語從句當先行詞表時間、地點、原因且在從句中作狀語時，則用關系副詞when（on which）,where（in which）, why（for which）等來引導定語從句。eg. Ill never forget the day when（on which）we once stayed. This is the school where（in which） I studied twenty years ago. Please tell us the reason why（for which） you were late for school.如果先行詞表時

18、間、地點、原因，且在從句中作主語或賓語而不是作狀語時，常常用that或which來引導定語從句而不用when, where, why。eg. Well never forget the day that/which we spent together. This is the factory which/that produces TV sets. This is the museum that/which I visited last week. That was the reason that/which he explained to me.五、高考必備知識定語從句是中學英語教學的重點，

19、也是高考的熱點，下面結合高考題目歸納一下定語從句的幾大考點。考點一：關系代詞、關系副詞的理解和選擇備考清單定語從句中的關系代詞、關系副詞有如下三種功能：在從句的開頭引導一個定語從句，把它和主句連接起來，形成主從句關系；替代先行詞且先行詞絕不可省，引導詞有時可省（如引導詞在從句中作賓語時）；在定語從句中充當適當的成份。1當表示時間、地點、原因的名詞，如day, time, place, factory, reason等作先行詞，在定語從句作狀語時，用where, when和why引導定語從句；在從句中作主語或賓語時，就用that或which。試比較： This is the factory I

20、once worked. This is the factory Ive visited. The day I always remember is Oct. 1. The day Nanjing was liberated is Sep. 11. The reason he hasnt come is that he has been ill. Dont believe the reason he gave you.考點二：定語從句與別的從句或強調結構的區別，定語從句與非謂語動詞的重疊考查。備考清單1定語從句與強調結構的區別：兩者十分相似，稍不注意就會出錯。判斷是否是強調結構的方法是采用刪除

21、法，即去掉it is/was及連接詞部分，若整個句子結構和意義不受影響則為強調結構。例如1998年高考題：Was it during the Second World _ he died?去掉was it及填空處連結詞，其結構正確，故只能看作強調結構。eg. It was about 600 years ago _ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. A. thatB. untilC. beforeD. when解析：答案為A。去掉it was及填空處連結詞，句子結構及意義不受影響，故此題應是強調結構而非定語從句。2定語

22、從句與別的從句的區別：定語從句與地點狀語從句的區別是看有無表示地點的名詞作先行詞，有則是定語從句。如：You should leave the toy where you can find.（where前無地點名詞，故where引導的是地點狀語從句。）I still remember the bus stop where/at which I met you.（引導詞前有地點名詞the bus stop,故where/at which引導的是定語從句。）定語從句與結果狀語從句的區別是看從句的連接詞是否在從句中作成分，作成分的是定語從句。如：He is such a kind person as

23、 everybody likes.（as要作likes的賓語，故as引導的是定語從句。）He is such a kind person that everybody likes him.（連接詞無需在從句中作成分，故that引導的是結果狀語從句）。定語從句與同位語從句的區別主要是看連接詞是否在從句中作成分，作成分的是定語從句，不作成分而只是表示前面名詞的具體內容的則是同位語從句。如：The news that he had been back surprised us all.（that在從句中不作成分，是同位語從句的引導詞。）He had to settle the problem whi

24、ch they left.（引導詞在從句中作賓語，故which引導的是定語從句。）eg. （2006江西）Do you have anything to say for yourselves?Yes, there is one point _ we must insist on. A. whyB. whereC. how D. 不填解析：答案為D。此題將定語從句置于情景交際中進行考查。先行詞point在從句中作insist on的賓語。關系詞只能是關系代詞。依此可排除A、B、C三個關系副詞。另外關系代詞在從句中做賓語可略，故選D。3非謂語動詞在定語從句中的應用eg. The manager d

25、iscussed the plan that they would like to see _（執行）the next year.（carry）解析：答案為carried out。此題將非謂語動詞與定語從句結合起來考查，給考生制造了不少麻煩。That指代先行詞the plan引導定語從句且作了see的賓語，that與賓語補足語（carried out）之間明顯構成邏輯被動關系。考點三：介詞+關系代詞引導定語從句時介詞與關系代詞的選定（前面已講）。考點四：as和which引導非限制性定語從句（前面已講）。考點五：關系代詞作主語時謂語中數的判斷備考清單who, which, that本身沒有數和性

26、的變化，它們的數和性應以先行詞的數和性而定，從句中謂語動詞應與先行詞的單復數一致。如：eg. I talked with the boy who swims fastest in your school. All the boys who are now swimming in the river are from Wuhan.另外還需注意，one of/ the only one of作先行詞時定語從句中謂語數的不同：He is one of the teachers who know English well.He is the only one of the teachers who k

27、nows English well.One of the boys who are my friends is very good at English.考點六：幾種較為復雜的定語從句備考清單1way后面的定語從句Please tell me the way（that/in which）you did the job.2as sameas/that與suchas/thatThis is the same bag as I lost yesterday.（指“同類異物”）This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.（指“同物”）He is such a

28、funny sort of person as I dont understand at all.（as引導定語從句，且在從句中作成分。）Its such a heavy stone that none of us can lift it.（that引導狀語從句，且不在從句中作成分。）eg.（2004湖北）What surprised me most was not what he said but _ he said it. A. the wayB. in the way thatC. in the way D. the way which六、高考考試技巧及應對策略定語從句是高中語法中一個非

29、常基本而又重要的內容。盡管它并不是學生們公認的最難的語法項目，但綜合多年高考在此方面考察的難度及技巧來看，高考對定語從句的考察在一些熱點、難點上是值得我們分析總結并突破的。為幫助同學們突破定語從句的易錯點，現結合多年高考題及近年來優秀高考模擬題將定語從句的四大易錯點分析如下：易錯點一：1不能透徹地理解“關系詞”具有的三種功能。（三種功能為：在從句開頭引導一個定語從句；指代或替代“先行詞”且先行詞絕不可省，引導詞有時可省；在定語從句中作適當成分。）2不注意介詞+關系代詞引導定語從句時介詞的習慣搭配。（一般來說選擇合適的介詞依據如下四點：介詞與定語從句的先行詞是一種習慣性搭配；介詞與從句中的動詞是

30、一種習慣性搭配；介詞與定語從句中的形容詞一起構成一種習慣性的短語；表示“所有格”或“整體與部分關系”時用介詞of。）eg. Put the book _ it should be when you have finished reading it. A. whereB. in whichC. at the place D. the place where易錯點二：不能區別定語從句與別的從句或結構。學生們極易弄混定語從句與強調結構，定語從句與狀語從句、表語從句之間的區別。eg. Keep away from such things _ will do you harm. A. asB. that

31、C. to which D. which解析：答案為A。 such修飾先行詞時定語從句用as引導。eg. Why do you always ask your parents for help?There seems to be nobody else _, does there? A. for whom to turnB. for to turnC. I can turn to D. who to turn to解析：答案為C。恢復句子結構可知答案：There seems to be nobody else (that) I can turn to.其中turn to sb.（for hel

32、p）意為“向某人求救”。易錯點三：不注意標點符合及句子結構標點符合在定語從句中，尤其是以逗號連接主從句的非限制性定語從句中作用極大，又極易被學生忽視。許多學生不注意符號的特定作用，往往只要主從句指代無誤，翻譯通順就可以，因而常易導致錯誤。一般情況下兩句話間以逗號連接，則兩句話間應是一種邏輯上的主從關系（特殊情況除外）；另外that不能引導非限制性定語從句。eg. _（眾所周知），China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.（know）解析：答案為As is known to all。此題學生極易混“

33、it is known that”句型與As引導的非限制性定語從句。依據逗號可知，前一部分應為一個非限定性定語從句。易錯點四：不能準確斷句。許多學生或因粗心或因對句子結構理解不清而易出現一些錯誤。eg. The rich, _（對他們來說錢不是問題），wanted to stay at an expensive hotel.（whom）解析：答案為for whom money was not a problem。按提示可寫出如下分句money was not a problem for the rich, for表示“相對于”，再將the rich換成whom把整個分句轉換成非限定性定語從句即

34、可（句中兩個逗號提示我們要用從句形式）。eg. I can still remember the sitting-room, _ my brother and I used to sit in the evening. A. whichB. when C. that D. where解析：此題許多學生易將sit in看作含義上連在一起而選答案A，而實際上in與the evening是連在一起的，故答案為D。七、練習1. Is this museum _ they visited yesterday?Is this museum _ they visited yesterday?Is this

35、museum _ they stayed yesterday?Is this the museum _ they stayed yesterday?Is this museum _ you visited yesterday beautiful?It was the museum _ you saw many treasures.It was in the museum _ you saw many treasures.It was in the museum _ you dropped in that you saw many treasures.A. whereB. whichC. tha

36、t D. the one E.不填2. She lived in the house _ she used to live. _ she used to live in. _ she used to drop in. _ she used to visit. _ windows were broken. _ the windows were broken.the windows _ were broken.and _ windows were broken._ the broken windows.A. whereB. in which C. at which D. that E. which

37、 F. itsG. with H. of which I. whose J.不填3._ is known is that he has gone to college._ is known that he has gone to college._ is known, he has gone to college.We all know _ he has gone to college.He has gone to college, _ made us surprised.He has gone to college and _ made us surprised.He has gone to

38、 college, _ surprised us.He has gone to college, _ I am surprised at._ surprised us most was _ he has gone to college.A. It B. As C. Which D. What E. that4. He is such a good teacher _ we all like. He is such a good teacher _ we all like him. He is such a good teacher, _ we all know. He is a good te

39、acher, _ makes us respect him.A. as B. that C. which5.He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _ he became a manager, some years later.He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _ was important for him.He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _ he was already in his fifties.He arrived in Beijing in 1984, and _ he became famous.It

40、was in 1984 _ he arrived in Beijing. A. whenB. where C. which D. there E. that6The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. Aof which Bduring which Cfrom which Dfor which7Was it in the village _ we used to live in _ the accident happened. Awhere; tha

41、t Bwhich; that Cthat; where Dwhere; which8Is this hotel _ you said we were to stay in your letter? Awhere Bwhich Cin that Din which9The temperature can fall to -30. _ is 30 below freezing point. AWhich BIt CThat D This10The boys dream was to have his own lab _ to try out some of his own ideas. Ahow

42、Bwhy Cin which Dby which11I was given three books on cooking, the first _ I really enjoyed. Aof that Bof which Cthat Dwhich12In an hour, we travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. Awhere Bwhen Cwhich Dwhat13Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chan

43、ce of having heart disease than those _ dont. Awho; / B/; who Cwho; who D/ ; /14He was educated at the local high school, _ he went on to Beijing University. Aafter which Bafter that Cin which Din that15Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on p

44、urpose. Awith which Bto which Cof which Dfor which16Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it. Anone of them Bboth of them Cnone of whom Dneither of whom17After graduation she reached a point in her career _ she needed to decide what to do. Athat Bwhat Cwhich Dwhere18T

45、hose successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. Awhen Bwhose Cwhich Dwhere19Native Americans from the south. Eastern part of _ is now the United States believed that the universe in which they lived was made up of three worlds. Athat Bwhich Cwhere Dw

46、hat20With an electronic typewriter, we can get evenly typed characters regardless of the pressure _ we strike the keys. Awhich Bwith which Cthat Dby that21In my opinion, she cant be the girl _ I am working at present. Awhose boss Bfor whose boss Cto whose boss Dboss of whose22This is the young man from our group, _ to help you with your experiment. Awhose job Bwhose is the job Cwhose job it is Dit is whose job23I hope _ the little _ I have been able to do has been of some use. Atha