1、I.現在分詞現在分詞 A.現在分詞在句子中的成分現在分詞在句子中的成分 現在分詞（現在分詞（The Present Participle）是一種限定動詞。它由動詞原形加詞尾是一種限定動詞。它由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構成。現在分詞有雙重性，它一方構成。現在分詞有雙重性，它一方面有動詞的性質，可以有狀語和賓語，面有動詞的性質，可以有狀語和賓語，另一方面又有形容詞的性質，可以用作另一方面又有形容詞的性質，可以用作定語。定語。1. 現在分詞（短語）作表語現在分詞（短語）作表語 (1) 分詞作表語有兩種情況，一種是現在分詞作表語，一種是過去分詞作表語。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite，inte

2、rest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用ed形式。換句話說，若人對感興趣，就是somebody is interested in.， 若人/ 物本身有興趣時，就是說sb/sth is interesting。這類詞常見的有： interesting 使人感到高興 interested感到高興的exciting令人激動的 excited感到激動的 delighting令人高興的 delighted感到高

3、興的disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的encouraging 令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人費解的 puzzled感到費解的satisfying令人滿意的 satisfied感到滿意的surprising令人驚異的 surprised感到驚異的worrying令人擔心的worried感到擔心的如：Traveling is interesting but tiring. The pupils will get confused if they are made to lear

4、n too much.The argument is very convincing.他的論點很令人信服。They were very excited at the news. (2) 分詞作表語時，相當于形容詞，不可與構成進行分詞作表語時，相當于形容詞，不可與構成進行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來。它們的形式是一時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來。它們的形式是一樣但可以從意義上予以區(qū)別。試比較：樣但可以從意義上予以區(qū)別。試比較：The film is moving.這電影很感人。（表語，說明主語的性質）They are moving next Sunday 他們下個周日搬家。（現在進行時，表示動

5、作） The bookstore is now closed.書店現在已關門了。（表語，說明主語所處的狀態(tài)）The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p. m.（被動語態(tài)，表示動作）2. 現在分詞（短語）作定語現在分詞（短語）作定語 (1) 單個的現在分詞作定語時通常前置。如：單個的現在分詞作定語時通常前置。如：Im reading an interesting novel. 我在讀一本非常有趣的小說。She is a charming child. 她是一個招人喜愛的孩子。One of the delegates asked an embarrassin

6、g question.其中有位代表提了一個令人難堪的問題。This is a pressing question. 這是一個緊迫的問題。 (2) 現在分詞短語作定語時通常后置，相當于現在分詞短語作定語時通常后置，相當于一個定語從句。如：一個定語從句。如：Most of the young teachers working in the university are Ph.D. （workingwho are working in this university）Do you know the number of people coming to the party ?（coming=who w

7、ill come）The man speaking to us the other day has gone to Japan.（speaking=who spoke）3. 現在分詞（短語）作狀語現在分詞（短語）作狀語 (1) 現在分詞（短語）作時間狀語現在分詞（短語）作時間狀語Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.(=when she was walking along the street one day.)While crossing the street, you must b

8、e careful.(=while you cross the street.)現在分詞（短語）強調與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生時，現在分詞（短語）強調與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生時，前面可帶前面可帶when，while，after，before，since 等從等從屬連詞。如：屬連詞。如：When visiting a strange city，I like to have a guide-book with me.While flying over the Channel，the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.飛過英吉利海峽時，駕駛員認為他

9、看見了一顆隕星。 (2) 現在分詞（短語）作原因狀語現在分詞（短語）作原因狀語 Having no place to go to, the man wandered about in the street.Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. (=because he was ill)Living in the country，we had few social engagements.(=Because we were living in the country)Seeing that it was raining，George put on

10、 his mackintosh.（seeing that是一個原因的固定說法） (3)現在分詞（短語）作結果狀語現在分詞（短語）作結果狀語Jane fell off the bike，cutting her leg. It rained heavily，causing severe flooding in that country.大雨滂沱，造成了那個國家洪水泛濫。 (4) 現在分詞（短語）作條件狀語現在分詞（短語）作條件狀語Working hard, you will succeed. Standing on the building, you can see the whole city.

11、站在那座樓上，你會看到整個城市。 (5) 現在分詞（短語）作讓步狀語現在分詞（短語）作讓步狀語Such committees，being evenly balanced， almost never succeed in making unequivocal judgments. 這種委員會雖然代表性很均衡，但幾乎從未做出十分明確的決斷。Although living miles away，he got around to visiting her.盡管住在幾英里以外，他還是去看她。While not being optimistic，I have not given up all hope.

12、(6) 現在分詞（短語）作方式狀語現在分詞（短語）作方式狀語She came running back to tell us the news. Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. She looked out of the window，as though thinking. (7) 現在分詞（短語）作伴隨狀語現在分詞（短語）作伴隨狀語His wife came into the house carrying a bundle of clothes.他妻子拿著一包衣服走進屋內。Raymond entered college at

13、the age of eighteen，graduating four years later at the head of his class.(8) 現在分詞（短語）在某些固定結構中現在分詞（短語）在某些固定結構中作狀語作狀語 現在分詞（短語）在現在分詞（短語）在spend time / money / energy doing中作狀語。如：中作狀語。如：I wish you wouldnt spend so much time watching television.He spends a lot of money entertaining his friends. The secret

14、ary spent his energy organizing the rally.秘書為大會的組織工作用盡了力氣。 現在分詞（短語）在（現在分詞（短語）在（be）busy doing中作狀語。中作狀語。如：如：The workers were busy unloading carts. 工人們忙著卸車。He was busy packing. 他正忙著收拾行裝。 現在分詞（短語）在現在分詞（短語）在have difficulty/trouble/a difficult/hard/good time doing中作狀語。如：中作狀語。如：The boy had little difficult

15、y learning mathematics. The two friends had a hard time getting here. 兩位朋友到這里來一路辛苦。At first she had a little trouble following the lectures. 起初她上課聽講有點困難。 現在分詞（短語）在現在分詞（短語）在keep doing中作狀語。如：中作狀語。如：Why do you keep saying that? 現在分詞（短語）在現在分詞（短語）在go doing中作狀語。如：中作狀語。如：He often goes running.他經常跑步。4. 現在分詞

16、（短語）作賓語補足語現在分詞（短語）作賓語補足語 (1)現在分詞（短語）在感官動詞現在分詞（短語）在感官動詞feel，hear，notice，observe，perceive，see，smell，watch，listen to，look at等之后作賓補。如：等之后作賓補。如：I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog. 我看見那個頑皮孩子打狗。One could hear her singing as she ran upstairs. 你可以聽到她邊唱歌邊跑上樓。 We found him waiting to receive us. 我們發(fā)現他等著歡迎我們

17、。Many people observed the ship leaving the harbor.許多人看到船駛離了港口。 (2) 現在分詞（短語）在使役動詞現在分詞（短語）在使役動詞get，have 及及bring(致使致使)，keep(使使)，leave（使），（使），send(使使)，set（使開始），（使開始）， start（使開始）等之后作賓補。如：（使開始）等之后作賓補。如：The doctor will soon have you walking about again.（have在此表示允諾）I wont have you shouting at me the way.我不容

18、許你這樣對我喊叫。（have在此用于不允許）The children kept the fire burning all the time. 孩子使火一直燃燒著。 (3) 現在分詞（短語）在其他動詞現在分詞（短語）在其他動詞catch，detect，discover，find，want等之后作賓等之后作賓補。如：補。如：The manager caught me smoking in the office again. 經理又抓住我在辦公室抽煙了。We dont want you becoming too confident. 我不希望你變得太自信。I found her reading in

19、 bed. 我發(fā)現她在床上看書。 B.現在分詞的結構和時態(tài)現在分詞的結構和時態(tài) 1. 現在分詞獨立結構現在分詞獨立結構現在分詞可有其獨立的邏輯主語。這種主語常常是名詞或代詞主現在分詞可有其獨立的邏輯主語。這種主語常常是名詞或代詞主語，置于現在分詞之前，二者構成一種分詞獨立結構。現在分詞語，置于現在分詞之前，二者構成一種分詞獨立結構。現在分詞獨立結構常用作狀語，置于句首或句末，偶爾也置于句中。獨立結構常用作狀語，置于句首或句末，偶爾也置于句中。 (1) 表時間。如：表時間。如：The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking. The dark

20、 clouds having dispersed，the sun shone again. The question being settled，we went home.(2) 表原因。如：表原因。如：It being a holiday，I went fishing. The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.The river having risen in the night，the crossing was impossible.(3) 表條件。如：表條件。如：Weather permitting, well have an o

21、uting tomorrow.Other things being equal，I would buy the black dress not the white one.(4) 表方式或伴隨情況。如：表方式或伴隨情況。如：The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book.Their room was on the third floor，its window overlooking the sports ground.He guiding her，they stumbled through the street.(5) 現在分詞獨立結構有時可由介詞現

22、在分詞獨立結構有時可由介詞with或或without引導。如：引導。如：She came without anyone accompanying her. 2. 現在分詞的否定結構現在分詞的否定結構 現在分詞的否定式由現在分詞的否定式由“not+現在分詞現在分詞”構成。如：構成。如：Not knowing where to go, she went to the police for help.(現在分詞一般式的否定結構)Not seeing John， I asked where he was.（現在分詞一般式的否定結構）Not being seen by anyone，the thief

23、escaped.（現在分詞被動式的否定結構）Not having done it right，I tried again.（現在分詞完成式的否定結構）3. 現在分詞的一般式現在分詞的一般式(1) 現在分詞的一般式通常表示其動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)現在分詞的一般式通常表示其動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生。如：生。如：She sat there reading a novel. 她坐在那里看小說。A little child learning to walk often falls. 學走路的小孩常常跌跤。(2) 現在分詞的一般式所表示的動作有時在謂語動詞的動作之前現在分詞的一般式所表示的動作有時

24、在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生。如：發(fā)生。如：Going into the room，he shut the door.走進房間，他就關上了門。4. 現在分詞的完成式現在分詞的完成式現在分詞的完成式表示其動作在謂語動詞的動作之前完成。現在分詞的完成式表示其動作在謂語動詞的動作之前完成。Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.Having lived in Beijing for many years, Carter knew the city well.4. 現在分詞的被動式現在分詞的被動式 現在分詞的被動式表示

25、其邏輯主語為現在分詞動作的現在分詞的被動式表示其邏輯主語為現在分詞動作的承受者。承受者。(1) 現在分詞的一般被動式。如：現在分詞的一般被動式。如：The building being built is our library.The question being discussed is of great importance. (2) 現在分詞的完成被動式。如：現在分詞的完成被動式。如：Having been warned by the teacher, the students didnt make such mistakes.Having been told many times, h

26、e still did not know how to do it.II. 過去分詞過去分詞A) 過去分詞在句子中的成分過去分詞在句子中的成分 過去分詞（過去分詞（The Past Participle）是一種非限定動詞。它通常）是一種非限定動詞。它通常由動詞原形加由動詞原形加-ed構成，少數不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞為不規(guī)則形構成，少數不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞為不規(guī)則形式。過去分詞一般只有一種形式，但是有的不規(guī)則動詞的過去分式。過去分詞一般只有一種形式，但是有的不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞有兩種形式。詞有兩種形式。 1. 過去分詞（短語）作表語過去分詞（短語）作表語 The travelers were co

27、mpletely exhausted. The scientists were excited about the result of the experiment.科學家們對實驗結果感到很興奮。Never touch an electric wire when it is broken. We are determined to build a reservoir here in the shortest possible time. I am convinced of his honesty. Are you satisfied that I am telling the truth?2.

28、過去分詞（短語）作定語過去分詞（短語）作定語 (1) 單個的過去分詞作定語時通常前置。及物動詞的單個的過去分詞作定語時通常前置。及物動詞的過去分詞具有被動和完成意義。如：過去分詞具有被動和完成意義。如： the unexpected loss意外損失 planned economy計劃經濟 a complicated problem復雜問題 changed conditions改變了的情況 armed forces武裝部隊 canned food罐裝食品stricken area災區(qū) a delighted look高興的神色 (2) 不及物動詞的過去分詞具有主動和完成意義。如：不及物動詞的過

29、去分詞具有主動和完成意義。如： fallen leaves落葉 faded flowers凋謝的花 newly arrived goods新到的商品 the exploded bomb已爆炸了的炸彈 the risen sun升起的太陽 departed friends離去的朋友 an escaped prisoners逃犯 a retired teacher退休教師 returned students歸國留學生 an expired passports過期護照 (3) 過去分詞短語作定語時通常后置，其意義相當于過去分詞短語作定語時通常后置，其意義相當于一個定語從句，但比從句簡潔，多用于書面語

30、。如：一個定語從句，但比從句簡潔，多用于書面語。如：The concert given by the symphony was a great success.A drop of water seen through microscope is filled with living things.通過顯微鏡能看到一滴水里充滿了各種生物。 (4) 以以“名詞名詞+過去分詞過去分詞”或或“副詞副詞+過去分詞過去分詞”組成組成的復合形容詞作前置定語。如：的復合形容詞作前置定語。如：state-owned enterprises 國有企業(yè) a poverty-stricken place貧窮的地方qu

31、ick-frozen food 速凍食品 a much-needed reform 急需進行的改革3. 過去分詞（短語）作狀語過去分詞（短語）作狀語 (1) 過去分詞（短語）作時間狀語過去分詞（短語）作時間狀語 Seen under a microscope , a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. 在顯微鏡下觀察，剛飄下的雪花呈精巧的六角形。(=when it is seen under the microscope)When heated, ice will be changed into water. (=when it

32、is heated) (2) 過去分詞（短語）作原因狀語過去分詞（短語）作原因狀語Many of us, being so excited ,could not go to sleep that night(=because we were so excited)Born and bred in the countryside，sister Carrie was bewildered by the big city. (3) 過去分詞（短語）作條件狀語過去分詞（短語）作條件狀語Some metropolitan newspapers would make sizable volumes if

33、printed in book form.Given better attention，the cabbages could grow even faster.Considered from this point，the question is of great importance. (4) 過去分詞（短語）作讓步狀語過去分詞（短語）作讓步狀語Mocked at by everybody，he had my sympathy.Left to his own devices，Charles did not relax his efforts. Although exhausted by the

34、 climb，he continued his journey. (5) 過去分詞（短語）作方式狀語過去分詞（短語）作方式狀語I finished the work as requested.As scheduled, the two friends met on May 10. That fellow was walking with a limp as if injured. 但要注意：過去分詞（短語）作方式狀語時，前面通常帶有as， as if等從屬連詞，此時可視為省略的讓步狀語從句。 (6) 過去分詞（短語）作伴隨狀語過去分詞（短語）作伴隨狀語Found in all parts of

35、 the state，pines are the most common trees in Georgia.松樹在佐治亞州隨處可見，是該州最普通的樹木。He went to work，burdened with worries. 他心事重重地上班去了。The headmaster went into the lab, followed by the foreign guestsB) 過去分詞的結構過去分詞的結構 1. 過去分詞獨立結構過去分詞獨立結構 過去分詞有時可有其獨立主語，二者構成一種獨立分過去分詞有時可有其獨立主語，二者構成一種獨立分詞結構。過去分詞獨立結構多用于書面語中，常用作詞結構。過去分詞獨立結構多用于書面語中，常用作狀語，用來表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。如：狀語，用來表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。如：He rushed into t