1、2014屆本科畢業論文題目：論歐也妮葛朗臺反映的早期拜金主義 院 系 名 稱： 外國語言文學系 專 業 名 稱： 英 語 學 號： * 姓 名： * 指 導 教 師（職稱）： * 教務處制二一*年*月On The Early Mammonism Reflected in Eugenie GrandetA Thesis Submittedto Shiyuan College ofGuangxi Teachers Education Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of A

2、rtsBy* Supervisor：*May, 2014摘 要拜金主義指的是對金錢癡迷，為金錢不顧一切,認為金錢是萬能的。從社會經濟的角度講，拜金主義極大地危害著社會的進步與發展。從人的角度來說，拜金主義與人的全面發展相背離，剝奪了人的本質的豐富性，把人降低為金錢的奴隸。本文通過金錢對小說主角的影響及早期西方文學對金錢的關注，指出文學中的金錢不針對金錢本身而指向社會拜金主義，進而展開對拜金主義含義的論述，從利弊兩面看待拜金主義，最后提出了應該持何種正確的態度去對待拜金主義。關鍵詞：拜金主義；歐也妮葛朗臺；法國大革命；巴爾扎克AbstractIn literature, the meaning

3、of mammonism is that human being is obsessed with money. They can do everything for money. From the perspective of social economy, money worship does great harm to social progress and development. From the humans position, which departures from the comprehensive development of money worship and peop

4、le, deprived of the richness of human nature, made human being to be the slave of money. This thesis points out that the money in western literature refers to the mammonism of society but not the money itself based on the analysis of the impact of money on the characters and the attention to money f

5、rom the early western literature. After discussing the definition of the mammonism, the thesis suggests that people should be aware of its advantages and disadvantages, and the correct attitude towards mammonism is given as a conclusion. Key words: Mammonism; Eugenie Grandet; French Revolution; Balz

6、ac CONTENTSChapter One Introduction1Chapter Two The Effect of Money on the Three Characters22.1 Money for Grandet22.2 Money for Eugenie32.3 Money for Charles4Chapter Three The Roles of Money in France History and Western Literature53.1 Money and France History53.2 Money in the Western Literature6Cha

7、pter Four Dialectical Thinking about Mammonism84.1 The Meaning of Mammonism84.2 The Positive Effect of Mammonism94.3The Negative Effect of Mammonism94.4The Correct Attitude towards Mammonism10Chapter Five Conclusion13Bibliography錯誤！未定義書簽。Acknowledgements15 15Chapter One Introduction Eugenie Grandet

8、was published in 1833 when was in the early July dynasty. During this period, the French industry and commerce obtained a great development with the turning of the economic pattern. Businessmen at that time began to take advantage of the machinery and quicken the speed of railway construction. As a

9、result, economic recovery appeared in the society. Volatile situation brought the destitute and homeless life to people, making them hungry and unstable. But now, in such a stable development of economys background, people who have experienced a lot of suffering regained the hope of life. The days o

10、f suffering hunger wont exist anymore. As a result, people quickly realized the importance of money, and began to chase it without reasons. They could abandon everything except money. “Actually, France was governed by Bourbon dynasty, because the reactionary policy of Charlie tenth enraged the peopl

11、e, the July Revolution just spent three days to throw down the restoration of the dynasty, beginning his 18-years reign. Finally, the financial asset class took over the power. Restored monarchy that has passed still stood in peoples minds fresh” (Translated by the author, http:/ zhidao. baidu. com/

12、link?url =JglhZvoObG80FuT-JKO_ cnjO_jmNbnZiDwKryFKvdArmGm_Zb2kd8KEqXlg9GYEdzdh4GtNMmTMr8T7-0xzv8DLbZtipiB-a2OcKqHjciPy). During the restoration period, although the French aristocracy returned from abroad, swagger and arrogant, but their actual status can never take rank with before as the financial

13、 asset class has been stronger. Louis eighteen, who ascended to the throne, had to promulgate a new constitution to impose Democracy and Republic, the reason why they make concessions to the asset class was in order to maintain the unstable and crumble regime. In fact, although the bourgeoisie had l

14、ost political power, but also could defend with French aristocracy by virtue of the strength of money. The bourgeoisie not only had impact on cities, but also kept the widespread influence in the rural where the nobility had made a deep influence in the late restoration of the Dynasty. Actually, the

15、 restoration of the Dynasty was out of date. Balzac, who was more sensitive than any other writers in the same period, has unique insight on this important social phenomenon, he adopted the method that modeled the typical character in typical environment and used micro description to narrate a story

16、 that how the money destroyed the humanity and caused a familys tragedy. The novel was composed on the three evidences as follows: firstly, at home, Grandets family despotism caused serious waves of family; secondly, outside family, bankers and notary fought each other with secret and open means; th

17、irdly, Eugenie fell in love with Charles but finally Charles betrayed her.The novel successfully portrayed the old Grandets cruel, selfish and stingy inveterate capitalist image, showing his endless greed and numbness. What they have done also revealed that the money had great destructive power to d

18、estroy the familys happiness and the moral quality. There is no doubt that mammonism brought by money caused social evils and humanity decadence. The novel achieved a high artistic achievement on using philosophical and psychological analysis, which marked a great progress of Balzacs novels.Chapter

19、Two The Effect of Money on the Three Characters2.1 Money for GrandetIn the old Grandets eyes, he considered that money is supreme. Everything will be over without money.He was very possessive towards money and desired for it. What he had done had reached a morbid degree. “At midnight, Grandet would

20、stay alone in his secret chamber, and touched his gold again and again. Then, he would hoop it tightly before putting it into bucket”(Honor de Balzac 70). He ordered his daughter to spread his gold in the desk just as spreading the quilts, staring at it for a long time. In his mind, nothing can give

21、 warmth to him except money at this moment when he is going to die.He became a cheapskate for his constant greed for money. Although he earned a lot of money, he still lived in the old house that is dark and dilapidated. Avoiding wasting money, he distributed food, candles by himself. Under the cont

22、rol of greed and miserliness, he had totally become the slave of money, losing the humans basic emotion just for more and more money. He unscrupulously damaged his daughter and wife without considering the love between husband and wife, as well as father and daughter. He arrested his daughter just b

23、ecause he received the news that his daughter gave all the savings to Charles. During the time when Eugenie was in the chamber, there is no heating fire for warmth. “ Nothing cant be offered, but bread and water” (Honor de Balzac 35). As a result, his wife was badly sick to die. What came across his

24、 mind was not how to treat his wife, but it would waste money. Finally, he changed his attitude and made up with his wife and daughter only for the reason that he heard if his wife was dead, his daughter had right to share inherence. What attached with greed and miserliness were cunning manipulative

25、 means. In his business, his calculation made him make profit in business and speculation. In addition, his deliberately stutter and fake deafness always played the effective weapon to blind his opponents. With the help of greed and miserliness, he finally actualized his dream that amassed large pro

26、perty, but he has lost the human emotion, alienated into a well known swallowed gold Python. He was the devil that brought great tribulation to his wife and daughter.It was obvious that Grandet loved money in a crazy state. The factors caused his tragedy are as follows. First, with the ascendant of

27、bourgeoisie, the monarchy was waning. In such era, mammonism has become the main theme in the society. It was a shame that if people didnt idolize money. The people also fantasized about money when they were sleeping. No matter how talented the person is, the people at that time just idolized the pe

28、rson who owned a lot of money. Money is like the god. Grandets thought has been eroded under the distorted values. As a result, he became a part of the fans that used unscrupulous divisive tactics to gain money. Grandet was much of a money addict. He abandoned morality and ethics just for money. Onc

29、e, he was an obscured carpenter. Finally, He became a respected millionaire from a small carpenter.Money played vital roleat the stage of his identity changing. He received the noble title, the politicians flatter and the identitys convert, which all owed to money. Money gave him status, honor and t

30、he satisfaction. In his heart, nothing could be done without money. He was still the obscured carpenter and no one would idolize him. The two factors as above caused his greedy attribute. In conclusion, money constructed his reputation, but ruined his life.2.2 Money for EugenieAfter the death of old

31、 Grandet, Eugenie inherited a great amount of fortune. Although she has been richer than before, money couldnt change her life. She still lived the way as simple as before. Some people said that she was as greedy as his father because she was careful to reckon any penny. In fact, she was quite diffe

32、rent from her father that she contributed all the money to charity and education. Eugenie, deserved sympathy, was the daughter of bourgeois, whose love was destroyed by money. As well as Eugenie was one of the most beautiful female image created by Balzac. The people in the dark world saw the hope t

33、hanks for kindness of Eugenie.She longed for love every minute. Her life was peaceful until Charless coming. His coming awoke her sleeping emotion. In this time, she found his fathers house was shabby and poor. She was choosey about her countenance. The love to Charles promoted her characteristic an

34、d became the mainstay of her subsequent behavior. She gave all his savings of six thousand francs to her cousin, as well as her heart and love.She anxiously waited for Charles for a long time. One hand, she had to endure her fathers cruel persecution, on the other hand, she constructed a love heaven

35、. For the sake of protecting Charles, she spent one million five hundred thousand francs preventing the bankruptcy of her uncle.She is indifferent to money. As a special existence of the money in the world, she is possessed of great wealth, but luckily, her human natural quality was not consumed by

36、money, she was a wealthy victim tortured by a mass of gold. Although she owned a lot of money, but she wasnt accustomed to use gold to do evil, and betrayed friendship.2.3 Money for CharlesCharless character is a developing changeable process. In this process, he became an adventurer and careerist f

37、rom a Pariss dandy.“He was just a 21-year old man when he first time went to Grandets house. He got vanity and materialistic character because of the rich environment provided by his parents. At the beginning he wasnt bad. When his father was dead, he was very sad. The sorrow he appeared was true. C

38、harles burst with vitality under the love of Eugenie. In other words, Eugenies concern and care made him feel the sanctity and purity of love. That is to say that if Charles has been staying with Eugenie, he wont degenerate ”（Translated by the author He risked to India with Eugenies pure love. This

39、is a turning point in his life. During the seven years, he earned a lot of money by dirty business, which made him a predator with no shame. He would carry out various means in order to achieve a lot of fortune regardless of morality. With the change of his living environment, the seed of selfishnes

40、s that has been buried in his heart for many years sprouted. As a result, the greedy Charles became into treachery. In order to chase a noble lady, he abandoned the love of Eugenie. What he did was to realize his wild ambition. His glorious vanity was filled with money. Facing the failure of chasing

41、 love, he was surprised that Eugenie was the heir of a great amount of fortune. He could do nothing but regret. The fact proved that he measured everything by gold.The Charless decadence is a product of the whole society, which reflects that money has filtered into every field of social life, includ

42、ing interpersonal relationship and emotional domain. Charles, who was closed with Eugenie and changed her life, was a victim of a brutal money relationship in capitalist. In order to get money, privilege and status, he fell into the dirty abyss of capitalist. Since then, Charless life is all for mon

43、ey. He could sell his soul for money.Chapter Three The Roles of Money in France History and Western Literature3.1 Money and France History“During the period of July dynasty of France, the development of national economy, whose topic is industrialization, is a system engineering. In this period, the

44、output of industry and agriculture increased greatly, economy flourished: transportations developed quickly, national income increased, and technology of production developed. The system also promoted the development of the organization of production, the mode of trade, finance organization and mark

45、et mechanism. Financial bourgeoisie intervened the operation of the system with its own means, but the influence was not restricted in the field of finance, but spread to national politics and social life” (Xu, 2001:48). As a result, the capitalists gradually became winners of the era with the power

46、ful economy strength. What the capitalists represented in that era was the new born power. Money became the most powerful weapon held by the capitalists hands.A society would possess a lot of money or a lot of wealth whether it is capitalist system or not. The money tends to be controlled by certain

47、 people or some institutions. If the individual or institution possesses the amount of money more than they need, how to use the extra money will have a big impact on society. Thus, the more money they get, the more impact it exerts on the era.France was controlled by Bourbon dynasty before the Fren

48、ch Revolution. France under the reign of King Louis Xiv was called luxury tide. Under his wise policy, the France economy grew quickly, and the nation became more and more strong. As a result, the king had the supreme power and he made the French completely replace the Habsburg family as the master

49、of Europe. But he launched four consecutive large-scale war, which made the whole country in the state of war for a long time. Because his extravagant life and the spread of corruption, France financial situation deteriorated day by day. There were still 70 years before the outbreak of French Revolu

50、tion, but it must exist some necessary relation in it. In fact, Louis Xiv began to be the king of France in 1661. France finance was on the verge of bankruptcy. In his late period, half of the tax was used to the construction of Versailles. In addition, more and more money was lost in the bureaucrat

51、ic corruption. There were various tax at that time, such as aides, gabelle and taille. As a result, Farmer was loaded heavily. Such an unfair policy was one of the reasons to cause the later French Revolution.When the King abdicated, Louis Xiv succeeded him on the throne. Before the French revolutio

52、n, he was a man who loved hunting and entertainment and hated meeting. His prestige has already disappeared. Acton wrote (1985:30), Frances fiscal revenue has reached 20000000, but Louis still thought that it wasnt enough. He required his citizens continued to pay. Thus, the fiscal revenue soared to

53、 more than 100000000 just in a short time. Obviously, this system is no brake”. As Tocqueville (2013:110) said, “ arbitrary taxation was the root of all evils”. The national economy quickly declined because of the arbitrary taxation and the king and queens lavish lifestyle. The people at that time s

54、tepped into poverty. Various reasons accelerated the coming of the French revolution. In conclusion, it is easy to discover that a dynasty cant be established without money. Money can make it better, but also can destroy it.3.2 Money in the Western LiteratureIn the private ownership society, money i

55、s the most important, nothing can replace it. It exists here and there, and humans life is affected by it every minute. It is because money is a special commodity that plays an equivalent role that can participate in an unlimited number of commodity exchanges. As a result, the possession of money is

56、 equal to the possession of material wealth. The superior living and constantly material become the eternal pursuit of mankind. Under the effect of money, the mankinds lust is endless. Money gradually becomes powerful. Literature is not only the artist, but also is a human study, the reason why mone

57、y naturally becomes an important theme of literature is that no one can live without money. Since humans life is saturated with money, various writers pay attention to this topic. Long ago, the western literature paid attention to it and explored it. “This works truly showed the humans contradictory

58、 and angry attitude towards money in every period. It is easy to find the literature of money in different works during the developing of literature” (Zhang, 2006:14).For example, in Vanity Fair which was written by the great British realistic writer Thackeray, the main character is described as a person who was