1、(18) The PS tree for-hc sentence 卞-he chi 一 d found p puppyX(N) comps-mcm (mayor) ( of Guangzhou )Specifier(all)NComp8 / 15lettersc: PP: right through the centerpp right p* p through np the centerd:AP: Very afraid of snakes.ap veryA a afraid pp of snakesPPAPthrough the centere:AdvP：quite independent

2、ly of any outside pressureAdvP quite Adv, Adv independently pp p，P of NP Spec any N，outside n pressureAdvindependentlyPPPNPofany Noutside Npressure句子結(jié)構(gòu)：曲折短語IP(23) a. John would study Englishb. John to study EnglishVNPstudyEnglish(24) a. John studies Englishb. John is studying English.IPV，c. John has

3、 studied Englishs(is-ing ) (has., -n)VNPstudyEnglish標句詞詞組CP:They say that John will study Engliship They p I(-pres.) vp say cp that ip John p will vp study English.并列結(jié)構(gòu)IP(-pres.)(present tense)that /John will study English(26). The cat and the dog.NPiThe catandthe dogExercise Ie.g.: The prisoners bi

4、utally attacked the guard who spotted them.Two clauses: 1. The prisoners brutally attacked the guardmain clause2 who spotted them.relative clauseThey are both declarative clauses. In clause 1, the prisoners (NP) is the subject; brutally (Adv.) is an adjunct modifying the VP (attacked the guard .); a

5、ttacked (V) is the predicate; and the guard who spotted 疋?(NP) is the complement of the sentence. In the second clause, who is the subject; spotted is the predicate; and them is the complement. The whole clause is used as a relative clause modifying the antecedent NP the guardExercise IIDraw the sub

6、-trees for the italicized phrases in the following sentences with the X-bar format1 Angfy men in dark glasses roamed the streets.NPindark Nglasses2.My aunt and uncletrip to Alaska was wonderful.NP tripanduncle3. The reporter realized that the senator lied.CPC，IPcthatthe senatorVPLie15 / 154. A stran

7、ger cleverly observed that a dangerous spy from CIA lurked in the house. IPNPA NI VPI(ed)Ncleverly VstrangerVCPobserveIC，CIPthat/a dangerous spy from CIA V(-ed)VV， PP| in thehouseVlurkExercise IIIUsing one or more of the constituency tests ( i.e., stand alone, move as a unit, replacement by a pronou

8、n.) discussed in the chapter, determine which boldfaced portions in the sentences are constituents Provide the grammatical category of the constituents 1 Tom found a lovely puppy in the houseA lovely puppy is a constituent. It is an NP; It can be moved as a unit to the front of the sentence: it is a

9、 lovely puppy that Tom found in the house It can stand alone as the answer to the question: what did Tom find in the house?2. The light in this room is terrible, (not a constituent.)3. Jack and Jerry are fighting over the bone(a constituent.)4. I gave a bone to Jack and to Jerry yesterday, (a consti

10、tuent: I gave a bone to Jack yesterday and to Jerry.)5. I gave a bone to Jack and to Jerry today.(not a constituent: *1 gave a bone to Jack and today to Jerry.)6. Sam asked if he could play soccer, (a constituent.)Exercise IVIn terms of C-selection restrictions, explain why the following sentences a

11、re ungrammatical:1. 水Those women located(locate is a verb which must be followed by a complement: those women located a town on a map.)2. 水Robert is fond that his children love animals.(/勿must be followed by a PP complement: fond of sth./doing sth.)3. 水The children laughed the man. (laugh is a verb

12、followed by a PP: laugh at )4. *Lisa gave a book(give is a verb with 3 arguments; thus we must provide another argument after give: Lisa gave a book to him or Lisa gave him a book.)Exercise VParaphrase and draw tree diagrams for each of the following sentences in two ways to show that you understand

13、 the ambiguity involved1 The student is a dirty street fighte匚a. a dirty street fighter, b. a dirty street fighter.2. They said she would go yesterday.a. Yesterday they said she would go.b She would go yesterday, they said.3. The magician touched the child with the wanda. The magician touched the ch

14、ild who is with the wandb. With the wand, the magician touched the child4. Anna threw the book that Mary had been reading in the study.a. The book that Mary had been reading, Anna threw it in the study.b. The book that Mary had been reading in the study was thrown by Anna5. Who would you like to vis

15、it?a. Would you like who to visit?b. Would you like to visit who?All these ambiguities could be demonstrated by tree diagrams. You can refer to this chapter to do thisExercise VIAnalyze the following sentences, showing their structure is build up in a pairwise fashion by successive merger operations

16、.(Assume that dont is a single word which belongs to the same category as words like must, might、etc., and that infinitival to sometimes (but not always)has a specifier/subject of its own).1. She is trying to solve the problem. IPVPshe(is.v-ing) VIP(PRO)DPsolvetheproble m.2. I would imagine she has

17、forgotten them.IPDPImagfnesheI VP(has, -n)廠 forget them3. They don seem keen to approve the plan to cut the budget. IPtheyAPdorftseemAdj.IPkeenVPDPapprovetheNNplanIPto cut the budget4. They are expecting you to contact them.5. He wants to try to help others.(4 and 5 are omitted )Exercise VIIThe tree

18、 diagrams below representing the structures of a variety of different sentences For each of the five numbered positions in each structure, say what kinds of item (overt or covert) can occupy the position, and what determines the choice of item occupying each position.(-S)IPwant D(PRO) I(or his wife |(to)VPDPbuycar(1) : John, he, she,(2) : -s, -ed, would, should.(3) : overt or covert: him, his wife, Zhang shan,. or PRO.(4) : to(5) : a, the ,this, that,.Exercise VIIIDraw a separate t