1、active elements of code hero in hemingways worksabstract: one type of image in hemingways novels is generally called “code hero”. the “code hero” has been interpreted as courageous and stubborn. “code hero” is not a concept concerned with individuals, but with groups. also the trait of courageous ch

2、aracter and the quality of stubborn spirit are just superficial phenomena. the essence of “code hero” is a pessimistic world outlook and an aesthetic faith in life. however, there are still active elements in the character of hemingways code hero, and those active elements of code hero are determina

3、nt to form the characters of “code hero”. hemingways three important novels, “a fare well to arms”, “for whom the bells tolls” and “the old man and the sea”, can be regarded as a trilogy of code heroes. through the three heroes life experiences and their pursuit of values, this trilogy demonstrates

4、the process of the development of the “code hero”, and thus represents the course of the construction of this world outlook and this faith in life. i will analyze the active elements of code hero in hemingways three representative works and explain their determinant role to form hemingways code hero

5、.key words: hemingway; code hero; active elements海明威作品中硬漢形象的積極因素摘 要：海明威作品中的一類主人公形象往往被稱為“硬漢子形象”，它象征著頑強、勇敢的精神。但“硬漢子形象”是一個群體概念，而不是一個單一的個體。頑強、勇敢的精神也只是它的一種表象。“硬漢子形象”的實質是一種悲觀的人生觀和世界觀，但其中不乏一些積極因素，而且這些積極因素對硬漢子形象的發展和形成起到決定性作用。海明威的三部作品：永別了，武器、喪鐘為誰而鳴和老人與海被看作是“硬漢子形象”的三部曲。三部作品中的主人公對人生的追求展現了“硬漢子形象”發展的三個階段，同時也反映了作

6、者人生觀和世界觀的改變。本文將分析這三部作品中的“硬漢子形象”中的積極因素，并說明它們的決定性作用。關鍵詞：海明威；硬漢子形象；積極因素contentsintroduction.11. background.21.1 brief introduction.21.2 hemingways code hero.32. active elements determined the three stages of code hero42.1 code hero in “a fare well to arms”.42.2 code hero in “ for whom the bells tolls”.

7、52.3 code hero in “ the old man and the sea”.83. the influence of code hero on hemingways life.113.1 during world war i.113.11 background of the hemingways writing.113.12 the lost generation.133.2 during spanish civil warethical hero.143.3 later years of hemingways lifelone hero.154. conclusion.17bi

8、bliography19中國最大的論文知識平臺introductionhemingway is a renowned american author of the twentieth century who centers his novels around personal experiences and affections. he is one of the authors named lost generation. he could not cope with post-war america, and therefore he introduced

9、a new type of character in writing called the code hero. hemingway is known to focus his novels around code heroes who struggle with the mixture of their tragic faults and the surrounding environment. traits of a typical hemingway code hero are a love of good times, stimulating surroundings, and str

10、ict moral rules, including honesty. the code hero always exhibits some form of a physical wound that serves as his tragic flaw and the weakness of his character. characteristics of hemingways code hero:hemingway defined the code hero as a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, coura

11、ge and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.the code hero measures himself by how well they handle the difficult situations that life throws at him. in the end the code hero will lose because we are all mortal, but the true measure is how a person faces

12、 death. the code believes in nada, a spanish word meaning nothing. along with this, there is no after life.the code hero is typically an individualist and free-willed. although he believes in the ideals of courage and honor he has his own set of morals and principles based on his beliefs in honor, c

13、ourage and endurance. a code hero never shows emotions; showing emotions and having a commitment to women shows weakness. qualities such as bravery, adventuresome and travel also define the code hero. a final trait of the code hero is his dislike of the dark. it symbolizes death and is a source of f

14、ear for him. the rite of manhood for the code hero is facing death. however, once he faces death bravely and becomes a man he must continue the struggle and constantly prove himself to retain his manhood. but the essence of “code hero” is a pessimistic world outlook and an aesthetic faith in life. h

15、owever, there are still active elements in the character of hemingways code hero, and those active elements of code hero are determinant to form the characters of “code hero”. hemingways three important novels, “a fare well to arms”, “for whom the bells tolls” and “the old man and the sea”, can be r

16、egarded as a trilogy of code heroes. through the three heroes life experiences and their pursuit of values, this trilogy demonstrates the process of the development of the “code hero”, and thus represents the course of the construction of this world outlook and this faith in life.1. background1.1 br

17、ief introductionernest hemingway(1899-1961), is one of the most famous american novelist and short-story writer, and essayist, whose distinctively simple prose style has influenced wide range of writers. hemingway was awarded the 1954 nobel prize for literature. he was unable to attend the award cer

18、emony in stockholm, because he was recuperating from injuries sustained in an airplane crash while hunting in uganda.certainly there is no hunting like the hunting of man and those who have hunted armed men long enough and liked it, never really care for anything else thereafter. you will meet them

19、doing various things with resolve, but their interest rarely holds because after the other thing ordinary life is as flat as the taste of wine when the taste buds have been burned off your tongue. being distinguished from many greatest american writers, hemingway is noted for his writing style and t

20、he characters who are been called code hero in his books. hemingway creates those characters in his books not from imagination but from his real life. as a matter of fact, there is an intimate connection between hemingway and his code hero. the phrase, hemingway code hero originated with scholar phi

21、lip young. he used it to describe a hemingway character who offers up and exemplifies certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make a man a man and who tries to follow a hyper-masculine moral code and make sense of the world through those beliefs. hemin

22、gway himself defined the code hero as a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.1.2 hemingways code herothe hemingway man was a mans man. he was a man involved in a great deal of drinking.

23、 he was a man who moved from one love affair to another, who participated in wild game hunting, who enjoyed bullfights, who was involved in all of the so-called manly activities, which the typical american male did not participate in.throughout many of hemingways novels the code hero acts in a manne

24、r which allowed the critic to formulate a particular code.- he does not talk about what he believes in.- he is man of action rather than a man of theory.behind the formulation of this concept of the hero lies the basic disillusionment brought about by the first world war. the sensitive man came to t

25、he realization that the old concepts and the old values embedded in christianity and other ethical systems of the western world had not served to save mankind from the catastrophe inherent in the world war.a basis for all of the actions of all hemingway code heroes is the concept of death. the idea

26、of death lies behind all of the characters actions in hemingway novels.“when you are dead you are dead.”there is nothing more.if man cannot accept a life or reward after death, the emphasis must then be on obtaining or doing or performing something in this particular life. if death ends all activity

27、, if death ends all knowledge and consciousness, man must seek his reward here, now, immediately. consequently, the hemingway man exists in a large part for the gratification of his sensual desires (eating, drinking, sex), he will devote himself to all types of physical pleasures because these are t

28、he reward of this life.it is the duty of the hemingways hero to avoid death at almost all cost. life must continue. life is valuable and enjoyable. life is everything. death is nothing. with this view in mind it might seem strange then to the casual or superficial reader that the hemingway code hero

29、 will often be placed in an encounter with death, or that the hemingway hero will often choose to confront death. from this we derive the idea of grace or courage under pressure. this concept is one according to which the character must act in a way that is acceptable when he is faced with the fact

30、of death. the hemingway man must have fear of death, but he must not be afraid to die. by fear we mean that he must have the intellectual realization that death is the end of all things and as such must be constantly avoided in one way or another. a man can never act in a cowardly way. he must not s

31、how that he is afraid or trembling or frightened in the presence of death. if man wishes to live, he lives most intensely sometimes when he is in the direct presence of death. the man has not yet been tested; we dont know whether he will withstand the pressures, whether he will prove to be a true he

32、mingway man. it is only by testing, by coming into confrontation with something that is dangerous that man lives with this intensity. in the presence of death, then, man can discover his own sense of being, his own potentiality.however, there are still active elements in the character of hemingways

33、code hero. after having read three representative works of hemingway“a farewell to arms”, “for whom the bell toll”, “the old man and the sea”, i have found that those active elements of code hero are determinant to form the characters of “code hero”. besides, hemingway perfects the image of the code

34、 hero gradually. it can be divided into three stages. in the following part i will analyze the active elements of code hero in hemingways three representative works.2. active elements determined the three stages of code hero2.1 code hero in “a fare well to arms”the first stage of hemingways code her

35、o is called lost generation. the typical example of it is henry, the hero of “a farewell to arms”. hemingway made considerable success on henry. in the course of the novel lt. frederic henry is wounded in world war. the wounds reveal the nature and the ruthlessness of the war. furthermore, it shows

36、the bravery of henry. however, after seeing a lot of innocent people dead in the war and the result of the war is not benefit any participants, he makes “separate peace” (a famous theory produced by hemingway. it means that since henry is anti-war, he has every reason to put down his arms, say good-

37、bye to the war and take his own way.) does not fight for his country, or any other, any more and escapes to switzerland with his lover, catherine barkley, to seek peace. obviously, henry is perfect. henry takes action and escapes after he realizes the war is insignificant.on the whole, the code hero

38、 at the early stage is the “lost struggler” and lacks the aim of life, they are far away from heroism. in this period, the code hero in hemingways works always gets stuck in war and death and love. however, there are still active elements in henrys character. code heroes must always have a purpose o

39、r duty. frederic henry has the duty of working for the italian ambulance corps. he wants no recognition or praise for anything that he does. even after he is wounded while on duty, he does not want to receive medals of honor. after henry deserts the italian army he goes back for catherine. besides,

40、henry is very self disciplined and likes things that have some kind of order to them. his ambulance corps has order along with the italian army, but when the generals are killed the order is taken away and chaos erupts. people are deserting the army and are killed by not only the enemy, but also by

41、your own army if you are a deserter. this is the point in the novel when henry decides to desert the italian army. henry does not want to be involved in something so chaotic and without order. a code hero believes that there is nothing after death. hemingways major purpose is to warn the world about

42、 the cost and result of war, he always calls for peace, and henry is incarnation of him in his book. these active elements, which hemingway had put on henry, are key characters of code hero at the early stage. 2.2 code hero in “for whom the bells tolls”at the second stage, the masterpiece is “for wh

43、om the bell tolls” which deals with three days in the life of the code hero, now named robert jordan, who is fighting as an american volunteer in the spanish civil war. he is sent to join a guerilla band in the mountains near segovia to blow up a strategic bridge, thus facilitating a loyalist advanc

44、e. he spends three days and nights in guerillas cave, and then successfully destroys the bridge. but jordan is wounded in the retreat, and is left to die. from this novel we can conclude that hemingway has a leap in the process of his cognition. he has come to see the wisdom of such a sacrifice, and

45、 the book ends without bitterness. therefore, while the hero retains the qualities of the hemingway code, he has been built up by his unity with mankind. in the end, he finds the world a “fine place,” that is “worth fighting for”. in his personal confrontation with death, robert jordan realizes that

46、 there is a larger cause that a man can chose to serve. in this way he differs from the earlier hemingway hero. the insistence that action and its form be solely placed on one individual is still present, along with the need for the character to dominate that action. however, this issue is no longer

47、 a single matador against a single bull, or an individual character against his entire environment. the person is the “instrument of mankind” against the horrors of war. the political issues of this book are therefore presented not as a “contrast of black and white, but in the shaded tones of realit

48、y”.while jordan is the epitome of the hero in his actions, he is also in command of himself and his circumstances to a far greater extent than hemingways previous heroes; he is driven to face reality by deep emotional needs. jordans drives in the novel seem to be a direct reflection of hemingways ow

49、n, because hemingway had also been deeply affected by the suicide of his own father. ironically, suicide as an escape from reality is a violation of hemingways own code. the self-doubt and fear that such an act brings to the children of a person who commits suicide is a well-known psychological outc

50、ome. this is perhaps why the painfulness of their fears causes hemingways heroes to avoid “thinking” at all costs. for thinking too much may prevent a person from reacting. and without something to react to, the hero is left to face his inner fears. death is also used by hemingway at the end of the

51、novel to resolve the dramatic conflicts established by the story. the theme of death is likewise observable in other parts of the book, such as when the characters express their concern about dying during the attack on the bridge. as in other works following the suicide of his father, hemingway brin

52、gs his characters face to face with death. he admires those who face death bravely and without expressing emotion. for hemingway, a man does not truly live life until analyzes the significance of death personally. however, in for whom the bell tolls, jordan is not alone, he has assistance from local

53、 guerillas. besides, he takes the life more objectively and trusts the day of liberty of the whole land. jordan takes part in the battle actively and focuses on the interests of group but not only his own happiness. he knows what the purpose he is fighting and for whom he is fighting. as jordan tell

54、s himself: you are fighting for all the poor in the wood, against all tyranny for all things that you believed and for the new world you had been educated into. we can see jordan has his belief and this belief is penetrated with the commitment to establish a new world. this is very high virtue exist

55、ed in a foreign volunteer people and it encourages all the people fight for freedom and peace. a new beginning in hemingways writing road comes out. before his “for whom the bell tolls” is published, hemingway wrote some other works, such as, “death in the afternoon” (1932), “winner takes nothing” (

56、1933), “green hills of africa” (1925), “the fifth column” (1940), and so on. these works are still concerning about war, blood, violence and love and courage to face the malicious nature. what all protagonists pursue is personal code of rules or mental victory, but that mental victory without practi

57、ce is just a malarkey and that personal code of rules without connecting with the whole humans happiness will lost its meaning. hemingway abandoned these disadvantages and broke a new ground in “for whom the bell tolls”. it is clear to see that individual began to put himself into the whole society

58、position. and the efforts through union cooperation will encourage people to hold on until the end. the implication of the novel title is that lose of liberty anywhere means loss everywhere and victory somewhere will give people in other place the hope to win the whole battle and that is hemingway wants to present. such changes from e