,IntroducingNewUrbanism,新城市主義,TheHistoryofNewUrbanism新城市主義的歷史,TheIntellectualrootsofNewUrbanismgobacktotheurbanreformmovementsofthe19thcentury新城市主義的理論根源可追溯到19世紀的城市改革運動。,TheHistoryofNewUrbanism新城市主義的歷史,ThemovementformedinreactiontourbansprawlthatbegantospreadintheUSinthe1950sandcontinuestoday運動的形成直接針對于美國從50年代開始的都市擴張。,TheHistoryofNewUrbanism新城市主義的歷史,ThefirstresponsetosprawlwastorevivethedesignofthetraditionalAmericansmalltown,earningthemovementthenameofNeo-traditionalistnewtraditionaltownplanning對擴張的第一反應是復興傳統的美國小城鎮的設計，開始的名稱是“新傳統城鎮規劃”。,CityofNewHaven,,TheHistoryofNewUrbanism新城市主義的歷史,Inthemid-1990s,themovementadoptedthemoreexcitingnameofNewUrbanismandbegantoexpanditsideasfromnewtownstourbanredevelopment,andfromtheUStoothercountries90年代中期，運動更名為“新城市主義”，主張從新城鎮擴展到了都市發展，從美國擴展到其它國家。,EastgateMallRedevelopment,,,,TheIntellectualOrigins新城市主義的理論基礎,IndustrialcompanytownsEbeneiserHoward,GardenCitiesofTomorrow,1900JaneJacobs,TheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCities,1962WilliamWhite,TheSocialLifeofSmallUrbanSpaces,1980霍華德，明天的花園城市，1900雅克比，美國大城市的死與生，1962懷特，小城市空間的社會生活，1980,,ThePurposeoftheNewUrbanism新城市主義的目的,“TheCongressfortheNewUrbanismviewsdisinvestmentincentralcities,thespreadofplacelesssprawl,increasingseparationbyraceandincome,environmentaldeterioration,lossofagriculturallandsandwilderness,andtheerosionofsocietysbuiltheritageasoneinterrelatedcommunity-buildingchallenge.”TheCharteroftheNewUrbanism*AnissueinChinaaswellastheUS*NotanissueinChina,TheFirstProjects第一批項目,NewUrbanprojectswerebeingbuiltbeforetheirwasanameforNewUrbanism在“新城市主義”得名前，就有新城市主義的項目建成了。,Seaside,1981,Kentlands,1989,,,TheFirstProjects第一批項目,State-Thomas,Dallas,Texas,byRTKL,1985,NewTownofPoundbury,Cornwall,UK,LeonKrier,1988,LagunaWest,California,byCalthorpe,1988,WhydoNewUrbanistscopyTraditionalAmericanTowns?新城市主義緣何借鑒傳統城鎮,MostofAmericasurbanhistoryisthecreationofnewsettlementsTheAmericansmalltownisidealizedinAmericanculture(safe,clean,friendly,healthy,wholesome,modest,egalitarian)Itisapre-automobilesettlementform,withclosely-spacedmixeduses,meaningitisnotdesignedaroundthecarwithseparateareasfordifferentactivities,andsoshouldallowpeopletolivewithoutusingtheircarsallday美國的城市歷史大多是新居住點的建立。美國小城鎮體現理想的美國文化：安全，友好，健康，衛生，禮讓，平等。小城鎮是汽車社會之前的聚居形式，有聚集的多功能的使用，人們可以不用汽車而生活很方便，它并不是為圍繞汽車的不同活動有分別區域的生活方式而設計的。,“Ourstreetsusedtobecharmingandbeautiful.”-JamesHowardKunstler,HomeFromNowhere(Simontheyrangefromboulevardsandraillinestoriversandparkways.3.Manyactivitiesofdailylivingshouldoccurwithinwalkingdistance,allowingindependencetothosewhodonotdrive,especiallytheelderlyandtheyoung.Interconnectednetworksofstreetsshouldbedesignedtoencouragewalking,reducethenumberandlengthofautomobiletrips,andconserveenergy.4.Withinneighborhoods,abroadrangeofhousingtypesandpricelevelscanbringpeopleofdiverseages,races,andincomesintodailyinteraction,strengtheningthepersonalandcivicbondsessentialtoanauthenticcommunity.5.Transitcorridors,whenproperlyplannedandcoordinated,canhelporganizemetropolitanstructureandrevitalizeurbancenters.Incontrast,highwaycorridorsshouldnotdisplaceinvestmentfromexistingcenters.6.Appropriatebuildingdensitiesandlandusesshouldbewithinwalkingdistanceoftransitstops,permittingpublictransittobecomeaviablealternativetotheautomobile.7.Concentrationsofcivic,institutional,andcommercialactivityshouldbeembeddedinneighborhoodsanddistricts,notisolatedinremote,single-usecomplexes.Schoolsshouldbesizedandlocatedtoenablechildrentowalkorbicycletothem.8.Theeconomichealthandharmoniousevolutionofneighborhoods,districts,andcorridorscanbeimprovedthroughgraphicurbandesigncodesthatserveaspredictableguidesforchange.9.Arangeofparks,fromtot-lotsandvillagegreenstoballfieldsandcommunitygardens,shouldbedistributedwithinneighborhoods.Conservationareasandopenlandsshouldbeusedtodefineandconnectdifferentneighborhoodsanddistricts.,ThePrinciples基本理念,MetropolitanRegionsandTowns1.Metropolitanregionsarefiniteplaceswithgeographicboundariesderivedfromtopography,watersheds,coastlines,farmlands,regionalparks,andriverbasins.Themetropolisismadeofmultiplecentersthatarecities,towns,andvillages,eachwithitsownidentifiablecenterandedges.2.Themetropolitanregionisafundamentaleconomicunitofthecontemporaryworld.Governmentalcooperation,publicpolicy,physicalplanning,andeconomicstrategiesmustreflectthisnewreality.3.Themetropolishasanecessaryandfragilerelationshiptoitsagrarianhinterlandandnaturallandscapes.Therelationshipisenvironmental,economic,andcultural.Farmlandandnatureareasimportanttothemetropolisasthegardenistothehouse.4.Developmentpatternsshouldnotbluroreradicatetheedgesofthemetropolis.Infilldevelopmentwithinexistingurbanareasconservesenvironmentalresources,economicinvestment,andsocialfabric,whilereclaimingmarginalandabandonedareas.Metropolitanregionsshoulddevelopstrategiestoencouragesuchinfilldevelopmentoverperipheralexpansion.5.Whereappropriate,newdevelopmentcontiguoustourbanboundariesshouldbeorganizedasneighborhoodsanddistricts,andbeintegratedwiththeexistingurbanpattern.Noncontiguousdevelopmentshouldbeorganizedastownsandvillageswiththeirownurbanedges,andplannedforajobs/housingbalance,notasbedroomsuburbs.6.Thedevelopmentandredevelopmentoftownsandcitiesshouldrespecthistoricalpatterns,precedents,andboundaries.7.Citiesandtownsshouldbringintoproximityabroadspectrumofpublicandprivateusestosupportaregionaleconomythatbenefitspeopleofallincomes.Affordablehousingshouldbedistributedthroughouttheregiontomatchjobopportunitiesandtoavoidconcentrationsofpoverty.8.Thephysicalorganizationoftheregionshouldbesupportedbyaframeworkoftransportationalternatives.Transit,pedestrian,andbicyclesystemsshouldmaximizeaccessandmobilitythroughouttheregionwhilereducingdependenceupontheautomobile.9.Revenuesandresourcescanbesharedmorecooperativelyamongthemunicipalitiesandcenterswithinregionstoavoiddestructivecompetitionfortaxbaseandtopromoterationalcoordinationoftransportation,recreation,publicservices,housing,andcommunityinstitutions.,Block,StreetandBuilding1.Aprimarytaskofallurbanarchitectureandlandscapedesignisthephysicaldefinitionofstreetsandpublicspacesasplacesofshareduse.2.Individualarchitecturalprojectsshouldbeseamlesslylinkedtotheirsurroundings.Thisissuetranscendsstyle.3.Therevitalizationofurbanplacesdependsonsafetyandsecurity.Thedesignofstreetsandbuildingsshouldreinforcesafeenvironments,butnotattheexpenseofaccessibilityandopenness.4.Inthecontemporarymetropolis,developmentmustadequatelyaccommodateautomobiles.Itshoulddosoinwaysthatrespectthepedestrianandtheformofpublicspace.5.Streetsandsquaresshouldbesafe,comfortable,andinterestingtothepedestrian.Properlyconfigured,theyencouragewalkingandenableneighborstoknoweachotherandprotecttheircommunities.6.Architectureandlandscapedesignshouldgrowfromlocalclimate,topography,history,andbuildingpractice.7.Civicbuildingsandpublicgatheringplacesrequireimportantsitestoreinforcecommunityidentityandthecultureofdemocracy.Theydeservedistinctiveform,becausetheirroleisdifferentfromthatofotherbuildingsandplacesthatconstitutethefabricofthecity.8.Allbuildingsshouldprovidetheirinhabitantswithaclearsenseoflocation,weatherandtime.Naturalmethodsofheatingandcoolingcanbemoreresource-efficientthanmechanicalsystems.Preservationandrenewalofhistoricbuildings,districts,andlandscapesaffirmthecontinuityandevolutionofurbansociety.,基本理論,TOD:交通引導開發（PeterCalthorpe）由步行街區發展而來，強調混合土地用途以公共交通為規劃原則，從交通站和商業組成的核心地區到社區邊界不超過600米的步行距離將居住、零售、辦公和公共空間組織在一個步行環境中，減少小汽車的使用帶來的環境污染、能源浪費、交通擁擠各TOD社區之間保留大量的綠化開敞空間,鄰里單位設計原則規模（size）邊界（boundaries）開放空間（openspace）機構用地（institutionsites）地方商業（localshops）內部道路系統（internalstreetsystem）,Citiesandtownsshouldbeshapedbyphysicallydefinedanduniversallyaccessiblepublicspacesandcommunityinstitutions城市和城鎮應設計有廣泛可達的公共空間和社區機構,LeonKriersPrivateandPublicSpacesoftheNeighborhood,,,TND:傳統鄰里開發(AndresDuany/ElizabethPlater-Zyberk)半徑400米或5分鐘步行距離街道間距70至100米鄰里內有多類型住宅與居民土地使用多樣化公建布置在人流集散地住房的后巷作為鄰里間社交活動場所,Communitiesshouldbedesignedforthepedestrianandtransitaswellasthecar社區應為行人、交通還有汽車服務,400mand800mwalkingdistancestobusandrail,respectively,formtheradiusofaneighborhood,,Neighborhoodsshouldbediverseinuseandpopulation鄰里在使用和居住人口上應有多樣性,MixofusesinVankeGardenCity,Neighborhoodsshouldbediverseinuseandpopulation鄰里在使用和居住人口上應有多樣性,Goody-ClancyplanforNorthAllston,Boston,Communitiesshouldbedesignedforthepedestrianandtransitaswellasthecar社區應為行人、交通還有汽車服務,SectionsfromDuanyPlater-Zyberk,SectionsfromVankeCityGardenPlan,PlanforHilllsboroughFloridabyDuanyPlater-Zyberk,VankeGardenCityPlan,Communitiesshouldbedesignedforthepedestrianandtransitaswellasthecar社區應為行人、交通還有汽車服務,Communitiesshouldbedesignedforthepedestrianandtransitaswellasthecar社區應為行人、交通還有汽車服務,400mand800mwalkingdistancestobusandrail,respectively,formtheradiusofaneighborhood,,Citiesandtownsshouldbeshapedbyphysicallydefinedanduniversallyaccessiblepublicspacesandcommunityinstitutions城市和城鎮應設計有廣泛可達的公共空間和社區機構,DuanysNewUrbanist“Transect”,ScientificAmericanMagazine,Citiesandtownsshouldbeshapedbyphysicallydefinedanduniversallyaccessiblepublicspacesandcommunityinstitutions城市和城鎮應設計有廣泛可達的公共空間和社區機構,LeonKriersPrivateandPublicSpacesoftheNeighborhood,,,Urbanplacesshouldbeframedbyarchitectureandlandscapedesignthatcelebratelocalhistory,climate,ecology,andbuildingpractic