Unit3Grammar,Presentperfecttense,GooverthenewsstoryonPage2andfindthesentencesusingthepresentperfecttense.Pleaseexplainwhythetenseisusedinthesesentences.,Theusesofthepresentperfecttense,ThedisappearanceofJustin(make)Kellyveryunhappy.,hasmade,Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutthingsthathappenedintherecentpast,butareconnectedtothepresent.,I(notsee)JustinsincelastFridaynight.,havenotseen,Wealsousethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutsomethingthatstartedinthepast,andisstillhappeningnow.,Completethefollowingsentenceswiththepropertense.,1We(study)Englishforaboutfiveyears.2They(live)inthesouthsincetheirdaughterwasborn.3I(read)yourarticlethreetimes.Itswellwritten.4Thestudent(finish)herhomeworkalready.5Eric(go)backtohishometowntoday.6Thepolice(justfinish)searchingthearea.,havestudied,havelived,haveread,hasfinished,hasgone,havejustfinished,Weusethepresentperfecttensewhentheexacttimeofanactionisnotclearorimportant.Weuseitwithtimeexpressionssuchas:alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyet,already,yet;for,since,Weusealreadyforaffirmativestatementsandyetfornegativestatements.Weusefor+aperiodoftimeandsince+apointintime.,Hehasjustgoneout.(=Hewentoutafewminutesago.)Weusethepresentperfecttenseheretotellothersthatheisntherenow.Ihavejustheardthenews.(NowIknowthenews.)Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutactionsthatwerecompletedonlyashorttimeago.Inthiscase,justisused.Payattentiontothepositionofjust.,Wecanalsousethepresentperfecttenseforrepeatedactions,thatis,weusethepresentperfecttensewiththetimeexpressionsonce/twice/threetimes,Tomhasrungupthreetimesthismorning.(Nowitisstillinthemorning.)Tomrangupthreetimesthismorning.(Nowitisnotstillinthemorning.)Actionsoccurringinanincompleteperiodmightbeindicatedbytodayorthismorning/afternoon/evening/week/month/year/centuryorallday/night/week,allthetime,alwaysetc.,Lookatthefollowingsentencesandpointoutwhattenseortensesareusedinthemandthereasonswhytheyareused.,1WehavestudiedEnglishforaboutfiveyears.Webegantostudyitfiveyearsago.2Theymovedtothesouthin1990andhavelivedtheresincethen.3Ericlefthomelastyearandhasjustcomeback.4Justinhasbeenawayfromhomeforseveraldays.HedisappearedlastFriday.5Theyboughtthishousethreeyearsagoandtheyhavelivedheresincethen.6Mybrotherwenttoseemygrandpalastweek.Hehasvisitedhimthreetimesthismonth.,Thepresentperfecttenseandthepastsimpletense,1youmypen?Yes,Iitonyourdeskjustnow.(see)2youdinner?Yes,IitwithMary.(have)3thepostmanyetthismorning?Didthepostmancomethismorning?(come)5Ihimforalongtime.Hello!I(not)youwerehereinNanjing.Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?(know),Haveseen,saw,Havehad,had,Havecome,haveknown,didntknow,Thepresentperfecttenseisnormallyusedforanactionwhichlaststhroughoutanincompleteperiod,butwiththepastsimpletense,weusetimeexpressionswhichafixedpointinthepast.c.f.WehaventseenJustinforaweek.(Heisstillmissing.)Justindisappearedlastweek.(ItmaymeanthatthisweekJustinishere.)Hehassmokedsinceheleftschool.(Hestillsmokes.)Hesmokedforsixmonths.(Itmeansthathestoppedsmokingthen.,Sometimes,however,theactionfinishesatthetimeofspeaking.Ithasbeenverycoldlatelybutitsjustbeginningtogetwarmer.Onmeetingsomeone,youmaysay:Ihaventseenyouforages.(ButIseeyounow.),Forapastactionwhosetimeisnotdefiniteandoftenhasaresultinthepresent.1Tomhashadabadcarcrash.(Hesprobablystillinhospitalnow.)Tomhadabadcarcrash.(Buthesprobablyoutofhospitalnow.)2Thelifthasbrokendown.(Wehavetousethestairs.)Theliftbrokedown.(Butitsprobablyworkingagainnow.),Readthediaryentryandthencompleteitusingthecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.,(2)saw(3)hasvisited(4)loves(5)hasntvisited(6)hasswum(7)hasnevermet(8)hasdived(9)hasfound(10)hasntfound(11)Has,been,Presentperfectcontinuoustense,TheusesofthePresentperfectcontinuoustense,1Iforanhourandhestillhasntturnedup.(wait)2ImsosorryImlate.youlong?WesometimesusethePresentperfectcontinuoustensetotalkaboutactionsthatstartedinthepastandarestillcontinuing,orhavejustfinishedbutarestillconnectedtothepresentinsomeway.,havebeenwaiting,Havebeenwaiting,GooverPoints1and2onpage9.,TheformofthePresentperfectcontinuoustense,Weformthepresentperfectcontinuoustensewithhave/hasbeenandthepresentparticipleoftheverb.,Answers:(2)havebeentalking(3)havebeentaking(4)havebeenwatching(5)haveseen(6)havebeenwriting,Presentperfectorpresentperfectcontinuoustense?,LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge.,Inthefirstsentence,itmeanstheactionreadisntstillcontinuing,andLiJiaknowswhatthebookisaboutnow,butinthesecondsentence,itmeanstheactionreadisstillcontinuing.c.f.Ivecleanedthehouse.Ivebeencleaningthehouse.ReadPoint1onpage10.,IEgypttwicethismonth.(visit)IEgyptfortwomonths.(tour)Thepresentperfectcontinuoustensecantbeusedwithtimeexpressionssuchastwiceorhowmanytimes,becauseinthistensetheactioniscontinuous,notstoppedandstartedagain.Wecanusethepresentperfecttenseforrepeatedactions,andthepresentperfectcontinuoustensefornon-stopactions.,havevisited,havebeentouring,howmanytimes/howlong,haveyouswuminthelake?haveyoubeenswimminginthelake?Weusuallyusethepresentperfecttensetoaskquestionsbeginningwithhowmany/much,andthepresentperfectcontinuoustensetoaskquestionsbeginningwithhowlong.,Howmanytimes,Howlong,Astateverboranactionverb,Ihavehadthiscameraforfiveyears.(stateverb)IhavetakenphotosofUFOswiththiscamera.(actionverb)IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOswiththiscamera.(actionverb)Anactionmeanssomethinghappeningorchanging.Astatemeanssomethingstayingthesame.Someexamplesofactionverbsaredo,go,andplay.Someexamplesofstateverbsarelike,knowandexist.,Astateverbdoesntmeananaction,soitcantbeusedinacontinuoustense.Theyvealwayshadabiggarden.Howlonghaveyouknowneachother?Hesbeeninhospitalsincehisaccident.,IvenevervisitedParis.IvealreadybeentoParis.always,never,yet,alreadyandevercantbeusedinacontinuoustense.,IhavenotbeensleepingwellsinceIreturnedhome.Ivebeenwaitingforanhour.Wecanuseforandsincewiththethepresentperfectcontinuoustense.,Answersonpage11A(1)heard(2)beendoing(3)beenresearching(4)beendoing(5)started(6)done(7)read(8)found(9)started(10)beendoing(11)beenmaking,SampleanswersB1Hehasbeenwaitingatanunderground