module 5 a lesson in a lab (建議用時：35分鐘).閱讀理解a(2020陜西摸底檢測) in the story of the crow and the pitcher from aesops fables, a thirsty crow(烏鴉) drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.now scientists have evidence to back up that story. crows actually do understand how to make water displacement(排水量) work to their advantage, experiments show. the results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as firstgraders.researchers, led by sarah jelbert at the university of cambridge, presented six crows with tubes containing water. inside the tubes, a worm or a piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating, just out of reach of the crows. in front of the tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. the crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.however, the_birds_handled_awkwardly in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said. dropping objects into a narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide tube. the crows obviously didnt realize this, and most of them went for the wide tube first.previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. in a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.【解題導語】本文主要介紹了科學家通過實驗對烏鴉智商進行的研究。1how did the crows get the snack in sarahs experiment?aby breaking the tube.bby dropping in erasers.cby standing on the wood.dby removing the wood.b解析：細節理解題。根據第三段最后一句“the crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.”可知，烏鴉能夠把橡皮擦扔到管里，使水位升高，然后吃到零食。所以選b項。2what does the author mean by “the birds handled awkwardly” in paragraph 4?athey were unable to tell different shapes.bthey dropped objects only into narrow tubes.cthey were not aware of the snack at first sight.dthey mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.d解析：推理判斷題。從第四段可知，實驗中的烏鴉在面對粗細不同的管子時，雖然只需往細管里投兩次物體就可以夠到零食，而需往粗管里投大約七次物體才能夠到零食，但是烏鴉往往先去粗管那邊，而沒有選擇更容易獲得零食的細管。由此可推知，畫線部分是說它們通常沒有選擇更容易的方式得到零食。3what does the text mainly focus on?astories of aesops fables.bthe development of crows.ccrows intelligence.dhumananimal communication.c解析：主旨大意題。根據第二段最后一句“the results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as firstgraders.”以及下文中的實驗可知，整篇文章都是圍繞烏鴉的智商問題來展開的。4what do we know about crows in the passage?acrows are almost as clever as firstgraders in some respects.bcrows understand water displacement completely.cchimps and children are much smarter than crows.dthe story of the crow and the pitcher lacks evidence.a解析：推理判斷題。根據第二段最后一句“the results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as firstgraders.”可知，烏鴉在一些方面幾乎跟一年級學生一樣聰明。b(2020濰坊統一考試)plants cannot run or hide, so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten. some curl up their leaves, others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling on them, chewing them up or laying eggs on themall signals of an attack. new research now shows that some flora can feel a planteating animal well before it launches an attack, letting a plant prepare a preemptive(先發制人的) defense that even works against other pest species.when ecologist john orrock of the university of wisconsinmadison sprayed snail slimea liquid the animals release as they slide alongonto soil, nearby tomato plants appeared to notice. they increased their levels of an enzyme(酶), which is known to prevent planteating animals. “none of the plants were ever actually attacked，” orrock says. “we just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”initially orrock found this defense worked against snails; in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warnings impact on another potential threat. the investigators found that hungry caterpillars(毛蟲), which usually eat tomato leaves greedily, had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance. this nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival, says orrock, who reported the results with his colleagues in march in oecologia.the finding that a snails approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made richard karban curious, a plant communications expert, who was not involved in the study. “it is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such farranging effects，” karban says. “the research was comprehensive，” he adds, “but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.”“thats the milliondollar question，” orrock says. he hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues.【解題導語】本文主要介紹了一項新的科學研究。研究表明植物會對外在威脅相當警覺，會自動作出反應進行自我保護。5john orrock sprayed a liquid onto soil near tomato plants to _amake them grow betterbgive them a warningckeep planteating animals awaydinform planteating animals of dangerb解析：推理判斷題。根據第二段最后一句“we just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”可推知，john orrock在西紅柿植株附近的泥土上噴灑液體的目的是給予植物一種警告，讓它們能夠產生自我保護性反應，且其與第三段第一句中的“his team measured the slimy warnings impact on another potential threat”呼應，故選b。6why is the example of caterpillars mentioned in paragraph 3?ato introduce another animal.bto confirm the result of the study.cto appeal to people to protect animals.dto analyze different resistance chemicals.b解析：推理判斷題。根據第三段第一句“initially orrock found this defense worked against snails；in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warnings impact on another potential threat.”可推知，文章中提到毛蟲的例子是為了驗證研究的結果，故選b。7what does richard karban really want to know?ahow tomato plants become aware of danger.bwhat the chemicals in the snail slime are.cwhether the research is of practical value.dwhat the finding of the research is.a解析：推理判斷題。根據第四段最后一句“the research was comprehensive，he adds，but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.”，并結合對最后一段的整體理解可推知，richard karban實際上想了解的是西紅柿植株是如何意識到危險的，故選a。8what can be a suitable title for the text?awatchful plantsbgreedy animalsca snails approachda defense attacka解析：標題歸納題。根據文章中的關鍵詞plant，并結合對全文的整體理解可推知，本文主要講述的是有關植物的科學研究，研究發現植物有對外在威脅或攻擊的自我保護性反應，故選a。.完形填空(2020昆明診斷測試)i received 3 missed calls from a number i didnt recognize today. i _1_ it was something to do with an accident i had recently. i was ready to answer _2_ when the number called a 4th time. _3_， i was asked if i was jessica and if i had _4_ anything. i said i didnt think so and _5_ who it was.it was a man called darren who _6_ he was behind me in the shop this morning. as i was leaving, my purse _7_. he picked it up and _8_ to see where i had gone but he couldnt see me any more. so he opened my purse and called the _9_ inside it.i have just been to _10_ him to get my purse back, only to find out darren is _11_ and lives rough in the streets of cardiff. he even apologized as he said he had taken out some _12_ to call me to return my purse. but _13_ a few pounds used to contact me, everything was all still _14_. i admit that i wouldnt have blamed him if hed spent more of the _15_i felt _16_ that someone returned it, and that the person who returned it was someone who had _17_. it made me _18_ not only was i lucky that my purse was found by someone _19_， but that i was going to a warm home.the _20_ would be a much better place with more kind people like darren in it.【解題導語】本文通過作者的錢包失而復得的故事告訴我們：只要人人都能夠善良對待他人，我們的世界將會變成更加美好的地方。1a.assumedbpromisedcdeclared dagreeda解析：根據語境可知，作者有三個來自同一號碼的未接來電，作者認為(assumed)這和自己最近的一起事故有關。promise “許諾”；declare “宣布”；agree “同意”。2a.gently bgratefullychumorously deagerlyd解析：根據上文“i _ it was something to do with an accident i had recently.”可推知，作者渴望(eagerly)去接這通電話。gently“溫和地”；gratefully “感激地”；humorously “幽默地”。3a.often binsteadcstill dbesidesb解析：根據上文可知，作者認為那通電話和自己的一起事故有關，但是接通電話后才知道并非如此。此處前后表示轉折，故instead “相反”符合語境。4a.explored bboughtclost dcheckedc解析：根據第二段和第三段的描述可推知，darren撿到了作者的錢包，因此他打電話問作者是否丟了(lost)什么東西。5a.forgot brememberedcsuspected daskedd解析：根據語境可知，作者接電話時并不知道打電話的人是誰，因此作者問(asked)對方是誰。forget “忘記”；remember “記得”；suspect “懷疑”。6a.explained brequestedcrepeated dbelieveda解析：根據語境可推知，darren向作者解釋(explained)了事情的經過。7a.broke bfailedcdropped ddisappearedc解析：根據語境可知，作者離開商店的時候錢包掉在(dropped)地上了。8a.walked away blooked aroundcturned up dgot throughb解析：根據語境并結合常識可推知，darren環顧(looked around)四周尋找作者。9a.card baddresscbill dnumberd解析：根據語境可知，darren找不到作者，于是打開作者的錢包，撥打了里面的號碼(number