AGeneralSurveyofUSA 主講人馮嘉文fiona Part1GeneralIntroductionofUS NationalFlag NationalFlag Thenumberofthestars50starsrepresentthe50statesofAmerica 13stripesrepresentthefirst13statesthatusedtobethecolonies ImportantFactsAboutUSA Fullcountryname TheUnitedStatesofAmerica USA Population 275 000 000Area 3 618 000sqmiles 9 370 000sqkm The4thlargestintheworld Capitalcity Washington DC pop 607 000 People Caucasian 高加索人 白種人 74 AfricanAmerican 12 Latino 9 Asian 3 NativeAmerican 0 8 Languages English officiallanguage plusmanysecondarylanguage chieflySpanishReligion Protestant 56 RomanCatholic 28 Jewish 2 Muslim 1 Government Federalrepublicof50states President ObamaGDP US 9trillionGDPperhead US 25 850Annualgrowth 4 1 Inflation 2 6 Majorindustries Oil electronics computers automobilemanufacturing aerospaceindustries agriculture Majortradingpartners Canada Japan theEU Thelongestriver MississippiRiver thelongestintheworld TheGreatLakes fromwesttoeast LakeSuperior LakeMichigan LakeHuron LakeErie LakeOntario LakeMichiganbelongstoUSA Theother4belongtobothUSA Canada ThefamousNiagaraFalls Thethreemostfamousnationalparksare1 TheRockyMountain YellowstoneNationalPark2 TheGreatCanyonofColoradoinArizona3 YosemiteintheSierraNevada WashingtonD C ThecapitaloftheU S WashingtonMonumentJeffersonMemorialLincolnMemorialTheWhiteHouseTheCapitolLibraryofCongress 波士頓BOSTON Boston theStateofMassachusetts ItistheearliestcityestablishedintheUnitedStates Ithasmanyfamousuniversities suchasHarvardUniversity MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandUniversityofBoston ItisfullofEuropeanatmosphere 波士頓 BOSTON 位于美國東北部 瀕臨大西洋馬薩諸塞灣 是美國新英格蘭最大的港口城市和馬薩諸塞州的首府 Boston locatedatsoutheastofUnitedStates isthebiggestseaportandthecapitalofmasailinnewengland USA NewYork theBigApple theStateofNewYork ThelargestcityinboththeU S andtheworldSkyscrapersEmpireStateBuildingTheUnitedNationsHeadquartersChinatownWallStreetGreenwichVillageCentralPark CentralPark NewYorkCity SanFrancisco theStateofCalifornia IntheearlydaysitwastheplacewhereChinesepeopleconcentrated GoldenGateBridgeThelargestChinatownoutsideofAsia 芝加哥Chicago Chicago theStateofIllinois ThethirdlargestcityintheU S Ithasanickname TheSupermarketofAmerica SearsTowerLincolnPark 芝加哥 Chicago 位于美國中西部 芝加哥及其郊區組成的大芝加哥地區 是美國僅次于紐約市和洛杉磯的第三大都會區 ChicagoLocatedintheMidwesternUnitedStates ChicagoanditssuburbsofgreaterChicagoregionissecondonlytoNewYorkCity UnitedStatesandthethirdMetropolitanLos Philadelphia theStateofPennsylvania IndependenceHallBetsyRossHousePennsylvaniaAcademyoftheFineArtsFranklinInstitute Houston theStateofTexas NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationMannedSpacecraftTherearemanyfamouscorporationsaroundthecity suchasGeneralElectric GE andInternationalBusinessMachines IBM LosAngeles theBigOrange theStateofCalifornia ThesecondlargestcityintheU S HollywoodBeverlyHillsDisneylandUniversityofCalifornia LosAngeles UCLA ChinatownislocatedindowntownLosAngelesisaplaceinhabitedbyChinese withrichChineseculture MostpeoplepraiseofnoneotherthandrinkingteawithdinnerChineserestaurant Buttopayattentiontothebestuseofataxiatnight DifferentPartsofUS TheAtlanticCoastThecentralnorth eastThecentralareaFurtherwestThesouth westTheWestCoast ImportantMountains Therearethreemajormountainranges theAppalachiansintheeast theRockyMountainsinthewest andtheSierraNevadaalongtheborderofNevadaandCalifornia AppalachianMts阿巴拉契亞山脈RockyMts落基山脈SierraNevada內華達山脈 ImportantRivers NationalRivers 1 HudsonRiver2 MississippiRiver3 MissouriRiver4 OhioRiver InternationalRivers 1 ColoradoRiver2 ColumbiaRiver3 RioGranda4 St LawrenceRiver Part2PoliticalSystemofUSA GeneralPrinciples FederalismtheseparationofpowersrespectfortheConstitution theruleoflaw TheTwoGovernments ThestategovernmentTheFederalgovernment PoliticalParties DemocratsRepublicans SeparationofPowers executive thePresident legislature Congress judicial ThePresident ThePresidentistheeffectiveheadoftheexecutivebranchofgovernmentaswellasheadofstate WiththePresident aVice Presidentiselected ifthePresidentdiestheVice PresidentbecomesPresidentfortheunexpiredpartofthe4year TheCongress theSenate參議院 electedevery6years theHouseofRepresentatives眾議院 2years ThePartyPolicies Simple majorityelectoralsystem liketheAmericanone tendtocauseanation spoliticstobedominatedbycompetitionbetween2parties The2greatAmericanpartiesareRepublicParty DemocraticParty FamousPresidents GeorgeWashington 1732 1799 Commander in chiefoftheContinentalArmyduringtheAmericanRevolution 1stPresidentoftheU S 1789 1797 ThomasJefferson 1743 1826 3rdPresidentoftheU S 1801 1809 authoroftheDeclarationofIndependence BenjaminFranklin BenjaminFranklin 1706 1790 Americanstatesman diplomat scientistandwriter HewasbornintoapoorfamilyinMassachusetts andworkedasprinterapprenticeinhisyouth AbrahamLincoln 1809 1865 16thPresidentoftheU S 1861 1865 FamousandadmiredbecauseofhisleadershipduringthedifficultperiodoftheAmericanCivilWarandtheliberationofNegroesfromslavery Part3AmericanHistory TheEarliestInhabitants 20 000yearsago AmericanIndiansColumbusfoundthenewcontinent10 000yearsago thelaterEskimostheyear1000 theearliestEuropeans Discovery Inlate15th centuryEurope therewasagreatdemandforspices textilesanddyesfromAsia ChristopherColumbus amarinerfromItaly mistakenlybelievedthathecouldreachtheFarEastbysailing6 400kilometerswestfromEurope EnglishSettlements ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonyinAmericawasfoundedatJamestown Virginiain1607 Ofthefirst105colonists 73diedofhungeranddiseasewithinsevenmonthsoftheirarrival OnegroupofEnglishPuritanscrossedtheAtlanticintheshipMayflowerandsettledatPlymouth Massachusettsin1620 AmuchlargerPuritancolonywasestablishedintheBostonareain1630 ColonialEra By1733Englishsettlershadoccupied13coloniesalongtheAtlanticcoast namely Connecticut NewHampshire NewYork NewJersey Massachusetts Pennsylvania Delaware Virginia NorthCarolina SouthCarolina Georgia RhodeIsland andMaryland WarofIndependence April19 1775 theAmericanWarofIndependencebegan May1775 asecondContinentalCongressmetinPhiladelphia ThomasJeffersondraftedaDeclarationofIndependence TheTreatyofPariswassignedinSeptember1783 inwhichBritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates TheDeclarationofIndependenceTheConstitution CivilWar Time 1861 1865Participants theSouth Democratic andtheNorth Republican Cause AbrahamLincolnwaselectedaspresidentThePreface LincolnwaselectedasPresident 1860年11月SouthCarolinavotedtoleavetheUnion thesignalofthewarTheelevensouthernstatesformanindependentnation theConfederateStatesofAmerica beginning TheprocessoftheCivilWar Thefirststage 186i 1862夏 FailureafterfailurecametotheNorth seethecontrast Thesecondstage 1862 9 1865 4 TheEmancipationProclamation 1863 1 1HomesteadBill 1862 5BattleofGettysburg 1863 7 1 turningpointThethirdstage thevictory 1865 4 2Richmondwasabandon Influenceofthewar Twoachievements realizetheunificationoftheAmericannationEndtheslaverysystem WesternMovement Time theyearsfollowingtheendofthecivilwarin1965People minersPurpose seekforgoldandsilverPlace RockymountainregionFamousfigures hiredhorsemen cowboysResults Indiansarewithdrewandbuffaloweredestroyed Progressivemovement Cause economybooming prosperityspreadingbutpovertycoexistMeasures changepolicybefore1900 laissez faireafter1900 progressivismAchievements passinglawsrestrictingchildlabor protectingwomenworkers limitingworkhoursandprovidingworkermencompensation letthesleepingdoglie NewDeal Economycircle lowestpoint recovery recession prosperity recession lowestpoint1929 10 24BlackThursday GreatDepressionbrokeout HooverFranklinD RooselveltNewDeal Part4AmericanEducation StructureofAmericanEducation Earlychildhoodeducation Grammarschoolorelementaryschool primary Highschool secondary Collegeanduniversity higher tertiaryeducation EducationintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 美國教育體系 I Thegoalofeducation Giveamanafishandhewilleatforaday Teachamanhowtofishandhewilleatfortherestofhislife ChineseProverbThegoalofeducationistoachieveuniversalliteracyandtoprovideindividualswitheducationalopportunities EducationintheUnitedStatesisprovidedmainlybygovernment withcontrolandfundingcomingfromthreelevels federal state andlocal Eachof50statesintheUnitedStateshasitsownlawsregulatingeducation Fromstatetostate somelawsaresimilar othersarenot II Education alocalmatter III ExpenditureofEducation Educationalfundsarefromseveralsources Fundsforelementaryandsecondaryschoolscomefrom3sources about50 fromlocalpropertytaxes 40 50 fromthestates 8 9 fromthefederalgovernment Elementaryschoolandsecondaryschool Inmostareas freepublicschooleducationbeginswithkindergartenclassesfor5yearsold Almostallthe50stateshavelawsthatrequire12yearsofcompulsoryattendanceatschoolforchildren Insomeschoolsystem the12gradesaredividedintotwostages thefirst6gradesforelementaryschoolandthenext6gradesforsecondaryschool Inotherschoolsystem therearethreedivisions elementaryschool grades1 6 juniorhighschool 7 9 andseniorhighschool 10 12 EducationintheUnitedStates Grade Age Preschool Kindergarten 5 6 ElementarySchool 1stGrade 2ndGrade 3rdGrade 4thGrade 5thGrade 6 7 7 8 8 9 12 13 10 11 6thGrade 7thGrade 8thGrade 11 12 9 10 13 14 MiddleSchool 9thGrade 14 15 10thGrade 11thGrade 12thGrade 15 16 16 17 17 18 HighSchool IV CurriculaforStudents 1 ElementarySchoolAlthoughthefederalgovernmenthasnonationalcurriculumforeducation almosteveryelementaryschoolprovidesinstructioninthesesubjects languagearts math penmanship science socialstudies music art andphysicaleducation PhysicalEducation 2 SecondarySchool Secondaryschoolsofferthesesubjects English mathematics science socialstudiesandphysicaleducation Mostschoolsofferforeignlanguages SpanishisthemostpopularforeignlanguageforAmericans ClassatmosphereisusuallyrelaxedinAmericanschools Americaneducatorbelievethatchildrenlearnbetterwhentheyarehappyandinterested soeveryefforthasbeenmadetoarousetheinterestsoftheindividual PrivateSchools Mostprivateschoolsarerelatedtoreligiousgroups Intheseschools religiousinstructionispartofthecurriculumToday about12 ofallAmericanchildrengotoprivateschoolsfortheirelementaryandsecondaryeducation MiddleSchoolinU S A StandardizedTests Inthelastyearofhighschool studentswhowanttogoontoreceivehighereducationhavetotakesomekindofstandardizedtests ThemostpopulartestsareScholasticAssessmentTests SAT andtheAmericanCollegeTesting ACT SAT TheSATisathree hour multiple choiceexammeasuringverbal math andreasoningskills ItisrequiredbymosthighereducationinstitutionsintheUnitedStatesfortheadmissiontoundergraduatedegreeprograms EntranceRequirementofaUniversityoraCollege Successfulapplicantsatsuchcollegesareusuallychosenonthebasisof TheirhighschoolacademicperformanceLettersofrecommendationfromtheirhighschoolteachersTheimpressiontheymakeduringtheinterviewsattheuniversityTheirscoresonSAT TheComplexSystemofHigherEducation Itcomprisesfourcategoriesofinstitutions TheuniversityThefour yearundergraduateinstitution thecollegeThetechnicaltraininginstitutionThetwo year orcommunitycollege Credit Oneofthemeasurementsforanundergraduateinacademicprogressiscreditor point Typically anundergraduatestudenthastoearnacertainnumberofcredits about120 inordertoreceivethebachelor sdegreeattheendoffouryearsofcollege Creditsareearnedbyattendinglectures orlabclasses andbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminations StudentswhowanttopursuegraduatestudyhavetotaketheGraduateRecordExamination GRE ortheLawSchoolAdmissionsTest LSAT forlawschool ortheMedicalCollegeAdmissionsTest MCAT ifonewantstogotoamedicalschool TableofAcademicDegrees PublicUniversities PublicuniversitiesareoperatedbyastateorlocalgovernmentSomefamouspublicuniversities UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkleyUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngles UCLA UniversityofVirginia IvyLeagueUniversities IvyLeagueUniversitiesrefertotheeightolderprivateuniversitiesintheeastofAmerica HarvardUniversity1636CambridgeMAYaleUniversity1701NewHavenCNPrincetonUniversity1746PrincetonN J UniversityofPennsylvania1740PhiladelphiaPAColumbiaUniversity1754NewYorkCityNYBrownUniversity1764ProvidenceRIDartmouthCollege1769HanoverNHCornellUniversity1865IthacaNY HarvardUniversity PrincetonUniversity普林斯頓大學 Thecenteroftheworldmath TheAmericanwarforindependenceforthefirsttimeinheretowinvictory Einsteininhereforhislifeinthelast22yearstimeItisthecradleofAmericanpoliticians fromhereoutofthetwoPresidentand44Americangovernor33NobelPrizewinnersaswellasmanyChineseacademicelite hereforthehumancivilizationofcapitalintotheheavyweight Beautifulcampus Itismydream Iwilltrymybesttoacessto HarvardUniversity哈弗大學 Crownoftheivorytower SheisknownastheU S governmentthinktankSuccessivelywasborneightofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates fortyNobelPrizewinnersandthirtyPulitzerprizewinner CultivateaMicrosoft IBMonebyoneofthefoundersofthecommercialmiracle CommunicationrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina sdrkissingerModernChinaheldthehumanityandnatureofthedisciplineofLinyutang zhukezhen liangshiqiu liangsicheng Everybodyhaveadream andit sourdream Theyareluckyguys andtheyhavechancetobetherestudyingandliving veryveryhappiness ColumbiaUniversity哥倫比亞大學 Themetsintheschool Sheisthecountry soldestoneoffiveuniversities Thefatheroftheeuromundellleavehereagloriousfootsteps genetics thefounderofabiological heretheMorganthoroughlyrevolutionary TheUnitedStatesthepressofsupremePulitzerprizewasborninhere HeretoholdthefirstAmericanawardedadoctoraldegreemedicalschool FormerU S PresidentfranklinRoosevelt aformerUNsecretarygeneralandLinwasheretostudy wenyiduo s xuzhimo lizhen daoandfamousscholarslefthereinthefootstepsofyouth YaleUniversity耶魯 IsthePresident splace Yaleuniversitywasfoundedin1701 isaprivateuniversity ItandHarvardUniversity Princetonuniversity duringwhichoverthecompetitionwascommonAmericanuniversitygraduateschoolandthepositionofthetopthree Yalehavemanydistinguishedalumni theUnitedStateshasrecentlytwopresidentsareYaleuniversityalumni GeorgeBushisthesecretofthefamousYaleskullandamemberofthegroup PresidentClintonandhiswifeHillaryisinthelibraryinYale sunderstanding FamousfilmstarJodiefoster timemagazine sfamouscolumnistKevincuiLinisYaleman InmanyoftheYaleuniversityacademicelite thereare13scholarhaswontheNobelPrize 哥們 為國爭光啊 I服了U PleaseremeberyouareaChinese StanfordUniversity斯坦福大學 Siliconvalley scentral StanfordUniversitywasfoundedin1885 Atthetime thekingofjudah wasaCaliforniarailwayCaliforniagovernoroftheoldSyriatocommemoratehisStanford travelsinItalywhenthesonofdeathanddisease decidedtogivemoneyintheparlour alitoatStanforduniversitywasestablished andtheir8180acrestotrainthefarmoutseedhorseracingasschoolcampus Stanforduniversityhasbeenregardedas onthewestbankoftheHarvardUniversity Stanforduniversityisthesymbolofthespiritofscienceandtechnologyinthe21stcentury MIT MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology 麻省理工 Scienceandtechnologyofthetempleof CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology加州理工 Thegloryofthescience UniversityofPennsylvania賓夕法尼亞大學 Franklincontribution CarnegieMellonUniversity卡內基 梅隆大學 Computereducationpioneer DukeUniversity杜克大學 Southernxanadu JohnsHopkinsUniversity約翰 霍普金斯大學 Researchuniversitypioneer HenanUniversity河南大學 HENAN university ItislocatedinkaifengHehasahistoryofonehundredyearsThemostimp