土木工程的發展現狀與未來發展趨勢The present situation and the future development tendency of the development of civil engineering土木工程學院 土木9班 李佳祥摘要現代土木工程發展現狀可以從以下幾個方面論述：土木工程材料，功能要求多樣化，城市建設立體化，交通工程快速化，工程設施大型化，隨著科技的迅猛發展，土木也面臨著各種挑戰與機遇，因此，為了跟上時代的步伐，土木工程未來發展趨勢也將從幾個方面進行：重大工程項目獎陸續興起；土木工程將向太空、海洋、荒漠開拓；工程材料向輕質，高強，多功能化發展；設計方法精確化，設計工作自動化；信息和智能化技術全面引入土木工程，還有土木工程的可持續發展等等。abstract the current situation of the development of modern civil engineering can be discussed from the following aspects: civil engineering materials, functional requirement diversification, three-dimensional urban construction, traffic engineering, rapidness, large-scale engineering facilities, with the rapid development of science and technology, civil is faced with various challenges and opportunities, therefore, in order to keep up with the pace of The Times, the future development trend of civil engineering, will from several aspects: major engineering project prize gradually rise; Civil engineering will be into space, sea, desert development; Engineering materials to lightweight, high strength, multi-functional development; Design method of high-precision, automated design work; Information and intelligent technology comprehensive introduction of civil engineering, and the sustainable development of civil engineering and so on.關鍵詞土木工程材料 發展趨勢 多功能 可持續發展 智能化 立體化key words development trend of civil engineering materials Multi-functional intelligent three-dimensional sustainable development一、 目前土木工程的發展現狀First, the present situation of civil engineering1、在土木工程材料方面，從早期使用的磚、瓦、砂、石、灰、木材到近代使用鋼材，水泥，混凝土，直到現代的高強度混凝土（高強度就是增加混凝土的密實性，最常用的方法就是用極細的活性顆粒滲入混凝土，使它們在水泥漿中的細微孔隙中水化，減少和填充混凝土的毛細孔，達到增密和增強的作用。）、高性能混凝土（超高的強度、低滲透性、良好的結構性能、優越的耐久性、可觀的經濟效益、環保性，有關常規的混凝土物理，力學性能指標亦要根據不同的使用要求而有所提高或改善。）、纖維混凝土（在混凝土加入合成材料纖維絲成鋼纖維，是由纖維和水泥基料，如水泥石，砂漿成混凝土，組合的復合材料的統稱），纖維混凝土能增強塑性混凝土的抗拉能力，顯著降低其塑性流動和收縮微裂紋。這種減少或消除塑性裂紋使混凝土獲得其最佳的長期整體性。這些纖維呈各向均勻地分布于整個混凝土，使混凝土得到輔助的加強，以防止收縮裂縫。在隨處都有纖維的混凝土中，亦可最大限度地減少在受力狀態下混凝土可能出現裂縫的寬度和長度。In terms of civil engineering materials, from the early use of brick, tile, sand, stone, wood, ash and modern to use steel, cement, concrete, until the modern high strength concrete (high strength is to increase the compactness of concrete, the activity of the most commonly used method is to use very fine particles penetrate into concrete, and make them in tiny pore in the cement hydration, reduce the wool stoma and filling concrete, to increase and enhance the role of.) , high performance concrete (ultra high strength, low permeability, good structural performance, superior durability, considerable economic benefit, environmental protection, the conventional concrete physical and mechanical performance index is also according to different application requirements and improve or improve.) , fiber reinforced concrete (synthetic fibers to produce fiber in concrete, is made up of fiber and cement binders, debris such as water, mortar into concrete, the combination of the composites is a general designation), fiber reinforced concrete can enhance plastic concrete tensile ability, significantly reduce the plastic flow and shrink tiny crack. To reduce or eliminate the plastic concrete cracks get the best long-term integrity. These fibers were to evenly distributed in the concrete, the concrete for the strengthening of auxiliary, in order to prevent shrinkage crack. In fiber concrete are everywhere, also can minimize the stress state of concrete may crack width and length.綠色建材（綠色建材指在原料采取、產品制造、使用或者再循環以及廢料處理等環節中對地球環境負荷最少和有利于人類健康的材料。綠色建材的基本特征是：建材生產盡量少用天然資源，大量使用尾礦、廢渣、垃圾等廢棄物；采用低能耗，無污染環境的生產技術。）其成果有以粉煤灰、空心磚、以磷石膏，脫硫石膏等等。Green building materials, green building materials in raw materials, product manufacture, use or recycling and waste disposal in the earths environment load at least and material is conducive to human health. The basic characteristics of green building materials are: building materials production as far as possible use of natural resources, extensive use of tailings, slag, garbage and other wastes; with low energy consumption, pollution-free production technology environment.) The results with fly ash, hollow brick, with phosphogypsum, desulfurization gypsum, etc.2、除了在材料方面要求更高以外，在土木工程功能方面要求更加多樣化，城市建設更加立體化，像城市為了解決交通方面問題，光靠傳統的地面交通已經無能為力，于是一方面修建地下交通網，另一方面又修建高架公路網或軌道交通，隨著地下鐵道的興建，地下商業街、地下停車場、地下倉庫、地下工廠、地下旅館等也陸續發展起來。而高架道路的造價比地下鐵道要經濟得多，因而大中城市紛紛建設高架公路、高架軌道交通。高架道路與城市立交橋的興建不僅緩解了城市交通問題，而且還為城市的面積增添了風采。現代化城市建設在地面、空中、地下同時展開，形成了立體化發展的局面。In addition to the more demanding in terms of material, in the aspect of civil engineering function requires more diversified, more three-dimensional urban construction, like the city in order to solve the traffic problems, on the ground of the traditional traffic has been powerless, and so on the one hand, to build underground transportation network, building of road or rail transit again on the other hand, with the construction of the underground railroad, the underground mall, underground parking, underground warehouse, factory, underground hotel etc were established. And elevated road cost much more than the underground economy, and large and medium-sized cities have elevated road and elevated rail transit construction. Elevated road and the construction of the city overpass not only alleviate the urban traffic problem, but also added style for the area of the city. Modern urban construction at the same time in the air, ground and underground, formed the situation of the development of three-dimensional.3、同時工程設施大型化，即為了滿足能源、交通、環保、及大眾公共活動的需要，許多大型的土木工在第二次世界打大戰以后陸續建成并投入使用。（如在拱橋方面，南斯拉夫克二號混凝土拱橋跨度達390m，中國黃河的江界河混凝土拱橋跨度330m，在隧道方面，近代開鑿了許多穿過大山或越過大江、海峽的通道。在高層建筑方面有上海金茂大廈，上海環球金融中心大廈，還有海上采油平臺，核電站等。總之在現代土木工程中，我國近20年來取得了舉世矚目成就，雖然只是開始，但是隨著祖國科技的不斷發展，在未來土木方面將會越走越遠。Large-scale engineering facilities, at the same time, in order to meet the energy, transportation, environmental protection, and the needs of the mass public activities, many large soil carpenter in the second world war are built and put into use in the future. (e.g., in terms of the arch, Yugoslavia, concrete arch bridge span of 390 m 2, Chinas Yellow River forms a natural boundary concrete arch bridge span 330 m, in tunnel, modern digging through the mountains, or across the river, the strait channel. In high-rise building Shanghai jinmao tower, Shanghai world financial center building, and offshore oil platforms, power plant, etc. In short in the modern civil engineering, has made remarkable achievements in the past 20 years in our country, although only the beginning, but with the continuous development of science and technology of the motherland, civil aspects in the future will be more walk more far.二、土木工程未來發展趨勢the civil engineering development trend in the future隨著世界的變革與科技的不斷發展，土木工程也面臨著重大挑戰，如世界正經歷工業革命以來又一次重大變革，這便是信息（包括計算機、通信、網絡等）工業的迅猛發展，可以預計人類的生產、生活方式將會發生重大變化。還有航空航天事業的發展，地球人口激增，資源短缺，人類生存受到威脅，生態環境受到嚴重破壞。因此為了人類能有一個舒適的生存環境，適應世界的潮流與發展，土木工程在未來發展趨勢將從以下方面進行：1、重大工程項目將陸續興建。Major projects will be built在高速公路方面；了解決城市土地供求矛盾，城市建設將向高、深方向發展。同時不僅要筑路，且有多座大橋或隧道要建設；在港口工程方面，在中國加入WTO以后港口的發展帶來了極大的機遇與空間，也帶來了巨大的壓力與挑戰。中國港口成為世界集裝箱運輸港口中發展最快、建設規模最大的港口群，港口碼頭專業化、大型化，航道深水化的發展更加迅猛，促使我國大力開辟深水航道和開挖深水港池，大量建設深水泊位，結合港口疏浚吹填造陸，使軟基加固技術得到發展，碼頭結構向構件大型化，結構簡單化方向發展，碼頭裝卸設備向大型化，高效率和專業化方向發展，電子計算機和其他先進技術在港口勘測，設計、施工和經營管理等方面日益廣泛應用，在波浪預報、波浪理論和不規則波浪作用力的研究，泥沙淤積研究及模型試驗，防波堤人工塊體的研究等方面，都將大力發展。2、土木工程項目將向太空、海洋、荒漠地開拓。Civil engineering projects will develop into space, oceans, desertification現在陸地上土地太少，首先想到可向海洋發展。向海洋開拓從近代已經開始。為了防止噪聲對居民的影響，也為了節約用地，許多機場已經開始填海造地。從航空母艦和大型運輸船的建造得到啟發，人們以設想建立海上浮動城市，對于荒漠，可以設想在沙漠地下找水，然后從南極將巨大的冰山拖入沙漠地區，還有海水淡化，至于到太空上發展乃人類一直的夢想，如設想利用生物工程，將制氧微生物及低等植物移向火星等等。工程材料向輕質、高強、多功能化方向發展。如傳統材料的改性，化學合成材料的應用（如門窗，管材、裝飾材料，今后的發展方向是向大面積圍護材料及結構骨架材料發展）。還有設計方法精確化，設計工作自動化，由于快速計算機的出現，使這一計算機得以實現。比如海上取油平臺、核電站、摩天大樓、地下過海隧道等巨型工程，有了計算機的幫助，便可合理的進行數值分析和安全評估。數值計算機的進步使過去不能計算的帶有盲目性的估計可以變成較精確的分析。例如，土木工程中由于各個桿件分析分析到整體分析；工程項目結構的定性分析到施工階段的全過程仿真分析；工程結構中在災害荷載作用下的全過程非線性分析；與時間有關的長時間徐變分析和瞬間的沖擊分析等。The progress of numerical computer made in the past cannot estimate can be calculated with blindness becomes more precise analysis. Because each bar in civil engineering, for example, analysis to the overall analysis; Qualitative analysis to the construction stage of project structure during the process of simulation analysis; The whole process of engineering structures under the loads of disasters nonlinear analysis; Time dependent creep analysis for a long time and the moment of impact analysis, etc.3、信息和智能化技術全面引入土木工程。Comprehensive introduction of civil engineering information and intelligent technology如（1）信息化施工The informationization construction（即在施工過程中所涉及的各部分各階段廣泛應用計算機信息技術，對工期、人力、材料、機械、資金、進度等信息進行收集、存儲、處理和交流，并加以科學地綜合利用，為施工管理及時、準確地提供決策依據。（2）智能化建筑，Intelligent building即一方面在房屋中設備用先進的計算機系統監測與控制，并可通過自動化或人工干預來保證設備運行的安全、可靠、高效。另方面是安裝隊居住者的自動服務系統，對于辦公室來說，智能化要求配備辦公自動化設備，快速通信設備，樓宇自動管理和控制設備。（3）智能化交通Intelligent transportation（先進的交通管理系統，交通信息服務系統，車輛控制系統，車輛調度系統，公共交通系統等。）它應具有信息收集，快速處理，優化決策，大型可視化系統等功能。（4）土木工程分析的仿真系統Civil engineering analysis of the simulation system（計算機仿真技術