2015 8 30 日新概念聽力材料 在聆聽這段材料之前 請同學(xué)們找出一張世界地圖 找出現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)在的丹麥 挪威 瑞典 德國 英國 法國 亞洲 非洲 加勒比地區(qū)和印度等國家和地區(qū) 幫助我們了解英語的大致發(fā) 展軌跡 This is Steve Ember And this is Shirley Griffith 1 the VOA Special English program EXPLORATIONS Today we present the second of our two programs about the history of the English Language Last week we told how the English language developed as a result of several invasions of Britain The first 2 three tribes called the Angles the Jutes and the Saxons A mix of their languages produced a language called Anglo Saxon or Old English It sounded very much like German Only a few words remained from the Celts who had lived in Britain Two more invasions added words to Old English The Vikings 維京人維京人 of Denmark 丹麥 丹麥 Norway 挪威 挪威 and Sweden 瑞典 瑞典 arrived in Britain more than one thousand years ago The next invasion took place in the year ten sixty six French forces from Normandy were led by a man known as William the Conqueror 征服者威廉 The Norman rulers added many words to English The words parliament 議會(huì) jury 陪審 團(tuán) justice and others that deal with law come from the Norman rulers Over time the different languages combined to 3 what English experts call Middle English While Middle English still sounds similar to German it also begins to sound like Modern English Here Warren Scheer reads the very beginning of Geoffrey Chaucer s great poem The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 as it was written in Middle English Chaucer wrote that poem in the late thirteen hundreds It was written in the language of the people The rulers of Britain at that time still spoke the Norman French they brought with them in ten sixty six The kings of Britain did not speak the language of the people until the early fourteen hundreds Slowly Norman French was used less and less until it disappeared 請思考 語言如果不使用或 者使用的人少 會(huì)發(fā)生什么樣的結(jié)果 聯(lián)想到我們的日常生活 有沒有類似的事情或事物 也有這樣的規(guī)律呢 The English language was 4 by an event that took place more than one thousand four hundred years ago In the year five ninety seven the Roman Catholic Church began its attempt to make Christianity the religion of Britain 請同學(xué)們進(jìn)一步探索 現(xiàn)在的 羅馬天主教廷在哪里 天主教的宗教領(lǐng)袖稱謂什么 如何從服飾和建筑風(fēng)格等判斷是天主 教等 The language of the Catholic Church was Latin Latin was not spoken as a language in any country at that time But it was still used by some people Latin made it possible for a church member from Rome to speak to a church member from Britain Educated people from different countries could communicate using Latin Latin had a great effect on the English language Here are a few examples The Latin word discus became several words in English including disk dish and desk The Latin word quietus became the English word quiet Some English names of plants such as ginger and trees such as cedar come from Latin So do some medical words such as cancer English is a little like a living thing that continues to grow English began to grow more quickly when William Caxton returned to Britain in the year fourteen seventy six He had been in Holland and other areas of Europe where he had learned printing He returned to Britain with the first printing press The printing press made it possible for almost anyone to buy a book It helped spread education and the English language 思考 由此可見 思考 由此可見 科學(xué) 技術(shù)在推動(dòng)語言發(fā)展的巨大 科學(xué) 技術(shù)在推動(dòng)語言發(fā)展的巨大 作用 請同學(xué)們聯(lián)想我們周圍有什么技術(shù)對我們的生活帶來的積極作用 請同學(xué)們聯(lián)想我們周圍有什么技術(shù)對我們的生活帶來的積極 消極作用 消極作用 Slowly during the fifteen hundreds English became the modern language we would 5 English speakers today would be able to communicate with English speakers in the last part of the Sixteenth Century It was during this time period that the greatest writer in English produced his work His name was William Shakespeare 莎士比亞 His plays continue to be printed acted 6 and seen in motion pictures almost four hundred years after his death A portrait of William Shakespeare is pictured in London painted in 1610 and is believed to be the only surviving picture of William Shakespeare painted in his lifetime File Experts say that Shakespeare s work was written to be 7 not to be read Yet every sound of his words can produce word pictures and provide feelings of anger fear and laughter Shakespeare s famous play Romeo and Juliet 羅密歐與朱麗葉 is so sad that people cry when they see this famous story The story of the power Hungry King Richard the Third is another very popular play by Shakespeare Listen as Shep O Neal reads the beginning of Richard the Third The development of the English language 8 just nine years before the death of William Shakespeare Three small British ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean in sixteen o seven They landed in an area that would later become the southern American state of Virginia 弗吉尼 亞 They began the first of several British colonies The name of the first small colony was Jamestown 喬治城 喬治城 In time people in these new colonies began to call areas of their new land by words borrowed from the native people they found living there For example many of the great rivers in the United States are taken from American Indian words The Mississippi 密西西比 the Tennessee 田 納西 the Missouri 密蘇里 are examples Other Native American words included moccasin 軟皮平底鞋 the kind of shoe made of animal skin that Indians wore on their feet This borrowing or adding of foreign words to English was a way of 9 The names of three days of the week are good examples of this The people from Northern Europe 10 three gods a special day each week The gods were Odin Thor and Freya Odin s day became Wednesday in English Thor s day became Thursday and Freya s day became Friday Britain had other colonies in Africa Asia the Caribbean and India The English language also became part of these colonies These colonies are now independent but English still is one of the languages spoken 思考 印度被稱為 世界辦公室 這跟印度曾經(jīng)被英國人殖民 帶來 的英語是否有關(guān)系呢 同學(xué)們可以網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索印度人講英語的視頻 了解印度英語的風(fēng)格 And the English language grew as words from the native languages were added For example the word shampoo for soap for the hair came from India Banana is believed to be from Africa Experts cannot explain many English words For hundreds of years a dog was called a hound The word is still used but not as 11 the word dog Experts do not know where the word dog came from or when English speakers just started using it Other words whose 12 are unknown include fun bad and big English speakers also continue to invent new words by linking old words together A good example is the words motor and hotel Many years ago someone linked them together into the word motel A motel is a small hotel near a road where people travelling in cars can stay for the night Other words come from the first letters of names of groups or devices A device to find objects that cannot be seen called Radio Detecting and Ranging became Radar The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is usually called NATO Experts say that English has more words that explain the same thing than any other language For example the words large huge vast massive and enormous all mean something really big People often ask how many words there are in the English language Well no one really knows The Oxford English Dictionary lists about six hundred fifteen thousand words Yet the many scientific words not in the dictionary could increase the number to almost one million And experts are never really sure how to count English words For example the word mouse A mouse is a small creature from the rodent family But mouse has another very different meaning A mouse is also a 13 device used to help control a computer If you are counting words do you count mouse two times Visitors to the Voice of America hear people speaking more than forty different languages Most broadcasters at VOA come from countries where these languages are spoken International organizations such as VOA would find it impossible to operate without a second language all the people speak The language that permits VOA to work is English It is not 14 請注意該詞的發(fā) 請注意該詞的發(fā) 音 音 to see someone from the Mandarin Service talking to someone from the Urdu Service both speaking English English is becoming the common language of millions of people worldwide helping speakers of many different languages communicate 1 本文中提到了維京海盜 Vikings 為便于給同學(xué)們一個(gè)直觀的感受和了解 特推薦欣 賞動(dòng)畫短片 凱爾經(jīng)的秘密 凱爾經(jīng)的秘密 The Secret of Kells 資源可以百度搜索 2 請同學(xué)們查詢 英語中有哪些詞匯是借用或吸取了中文 漢語詞匯 中文中有哪些詞語 是借用了英語 日語或是韓語的詞匯 請舉幾例 3 請同學(xué)們畫一個(gè)時(shí)間軸 標(biāo)注英語發(fā)展的不同階段和大致時(shí)間 核心詞匯 as a result The English language developed as a result of several invasions of Britain invasion 入侵 UK the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northe