名 詞一名詞的意義 從英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法角度來(lái)講，表示人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事物或抽象概念的詞，我們通常稱(chēng)為名詞。例如：teacher，desk，Japanese，milk，physics等。 二名詞的種類(lèi) 英語(yǔ)中的名詞可以分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩類(lèi)。 1. 專(zhuān)有名詞：表示人、地方、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等專(zhuān)有名稱(chēng)的名詞。具體說(shuō)來(lái)，它包括人名、地名、月份、 星期、節(jié)日、書(shū)名、電影名以及某些抽象名詞等，專(zhuān)有名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。專(zhuān)有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ)，必須使用the，如：the United States姓氏如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示該姓氏一家人，如：the Greens（格林一家人）2. 普通名詞：表示某一類(lèi)人或事物或個(gè)抽象概念的名詞。例如：worker，boy，machine等。普通名詞可分 為以下四類(lèi)： A. 個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns）：表示個(gè)體的人或事物的名詞。如：man ，pencil，chair等。 B. 集體名詞（Collective Nouns）：表示一群人或一些事物的總稱(chēng)的名詞。如：class，police，army，family等。 C. 物質(zhì)名詞（Material Nouns）：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)或材料的名詞。如：rice，glass，water，gas等。 D. 抽象名詞（Abstract Nouns)：表示狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、動(dòng)作、情感等抽象概念的名詞。如：life，love，law, happiness等。 三名詞的數(shù) 名詞按其所表示的事物的性質(zhì)可分為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns）和不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）兩種。表示可以計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物的名詞稱(chēng)為可數(shù)名詞，一般有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，個(gè)體名詞和大多數(shù)集體名詞一般是可數(shù)名詞；表示不可以計(jì)數(shù)的人或事物的名詞叫不可數(shù)名詞，一般不分單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)，前面不能用a/an，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)名詞。初中階段學(xué)過(guò)的不可數(shù)名詞有：news，paper，milk，orange（桔子汁），bread， chalk，truth，water，rice，work，housework，homework，luck，ink，meat，money ，sugar， grass，ice等等，如下圖。 名詞類(lèi) 別意 義例 詞專(zhuān)有名詞表示具體的人名、事物、國(guó)家、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)、團(tuán)體等的專(zhuān)有名稱(chēng)Jim, China, Qingdao, the UK,the Great Wall普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞個(gè)體的人或事物的名詞girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country集合名詞一群人或一些事物的總稱(chēng)的名詞people, police, team, clothes, group, crew不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)或材料的名詞water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli抽象名詞狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、動(dòng)作、情感等抽象概念的名詞fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care四. 名詞的復(fù)數(shù) 可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式要在前加 “a或an”；復(fù)數(shù)形式在名詞后加 “-s或-es”?？蓴?shù)名詞由單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式，其構(gòu)成方法分為規(guī)則和不規(guī)則兩種。1. 規(guī)則變化（可依照下表）當(dāng)名詞為詞尾變化讀 音例 詞一般情況加s清輔音后讀/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks濁輔音、元音后讀/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o結(jié)尾加es/z/tomatoes, potatoes, heroes加szoos，radios , photos, bamboos, pianos，kiloszerozeroszeroes以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾去y 變i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries以f或fe結(jié)尾加s/z/beliefs，roofs，gulfs，chefs， proofs去f或fe 變v 加 es/vz/leaves，wives，halves，knives，thieves，loaves均可handkerchiefs / handkerchieves注意：在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)范圍內(nèi)，要改 f / fe 為 ves 的只有以下詞，妻子騎牛拿起刀, wife-wives; calf-calves; knife-knives;追得賊狼滿(mǎn)街跑, thief-thieves; wolf-wolves碰倒架子喪己命, shelf-shelves; self-selves; life-lives手帕樹(shù)葉半空飄. leaf-leaves half-halves 2. 不規(guī)則變化A. 單復(fù)數(shù)同形，如：deer，sheep，fish，people，Chinese， Japanese，Portuguese，Swiss，aircraftB. 改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母 如： manmen ，womanwomen，footfeet， toothteeth，goosegeeseC. 含有man，woman的復(fù)合名詞的變化與 man, woman 的變化形式相同，但是 human，German不是合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)要按一般規(guī)則變化如：EnglishmanEnglishmen，policewomanpolicewomen，F(xiàn)renchwoman Frenchwomen D. 由man 和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式需要前后同時(shí)變化如：men workers，women teachers，gentlemen officialsE. 其他變化，如：childchildren ，mousemice，oxoxenF. 有些詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 某些由兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞。如：trousers，glasses，clothes等。若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對(duì)，雙)；suit(套)等，如：a pair of glasses，two pairs of trousers某些通常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞。如：arms，clothes，goods，stairs等。G. 除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式如: a dollar, two dollars; a yuan, two yuanH. 以s結(jié)尾仍為單數(shù)的名詞，包括以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書(shū)名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)如：maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，The Arabian Nights等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用三單3. 集合名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：集合名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如：people，police，cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)4. 不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，如：news，information，advice，furniture等 不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下: A表示不定數(shù)量時(shí)，一般用much，（a）little，a lot oflots of，some， any等詞修飾 B表確定數(shù)量時(shí)，一般用“數(shù)詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞”，即twothree+量詞復(fù)數(shù)十of+不可數(shù) 名詞，如：a glass of water，a piece of advice，two pieces of paper5. 有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞也可作不可數(shù)名詞，但詞義有所不同，如下：food食物foods各種食物 time時(shí)間times時(shí)代 green綠色greens青菜 fish魚(yú)fishes魚(yú)的種類(lèi) sand沙sands沙灘 tea茶a tea一杯茶 chicken雞肉a chicken小雞 paper紙a paper試卷、論文 wood木頭a wood小森林orange橘汁an orange橘子 cloth布a cloth桌布、抹布 room空間、余地a room房間glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯，glasses眼鏡 fruit水果fruits表示不同種類(lèi)的水果drink飲料、酒a drink一杯一份飲料、一杯酒 補(bǔ)充：不同國(guó)家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)，見(jiàn)下表。 名稱(chēng)總稱(chēng)(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)）一個(gè)人兩個(gè)人中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinesetwo Chinese日本人the Japanese a Japanesetwo Japanese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss美國(guó)人the Americansan Americantwo Americans加拿大人the Canadians a Canadiantwo Canadians俄國(guó)人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians澳大利亞人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians法國(guó)人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen英國(guó)人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen希臘人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes德國(guó)人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans五可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語(yǔ)1. 修飾可數(shù)名詞的常用修飾語(yǔ)有these, those, few, a few, many, a great many等2. 修飾不可數(shù)名詞的常用修飾語(yǔ)有much, little, a little等3. 有些修飾語(yǔ)即可修飾可數(shù)名詞也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞，如allsomeenougha lot oflots of等4. 一般不可數(shù)名詞不可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)數(shù)，若要計(jì)數(shù)，要借助單位詞，如piecebottlepair等。piece其意為“張”“塊”“條”等pair主要用來(lái)指由兩者組成的“一雙”或“一對(duì)”，或有兩半合成的“一條”“一副”等注：“a piecepair+名詞”之類(lèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)是，其謂語(yǔ)通常與“piecepair”的數(shù)保持一致。六. 名詞所有格 1. 名詞格的種類(lèi)有三個(gè)格，即主格、賓格和所有格。名詞的主格和賓格形式相同。名詞所有格表示名詞之間的所屬關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于屋主代詞，分為-s 所有格和 of 所有格兩種形式。2. -s 所有格有些名詞可以加s來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系、所屬關(guān)系、動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者、動(dòng)作承受者等意義，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱(chēng)為該名詞的所有格。如：Where is the teachers office？中的teachers。 名詞詞尾 變化 舉例一般詞直接在詞尾 +sMr. Motts robot 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加 s the boys bag復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s加 s mens room，childrens books 復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾有-s加 the workers struggle，girls school不能加 s的名詞名詞+of +名詞the title of the song復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)s加在最后一個(gè)詞尾a month or twos rest-s所有格的用法：A. 主要用于有生命的人或物，有些表時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市等無(wú)生命的名詞后也可以加s來(lái)構(gòu)成所 有格，如：todays paper，two hours rest，Americas policy B. 在表示店鋪、教堂或某人家時(shí)，名詞所有格可以表示地點(diǎn)，如：the barbers 理發(fā)店C. and連接的并列名詞的所有格分兩種情況，分別帶有 -s表示“分別有”；若一個(gè) s表示“兩者共 有”，如：Jims and Jacks rooms（兩間），Jim and Jacks room（一間） D. 用所有格表示節(jié)日的方法Teachers Day（教師節(jié)） Childrens Day（兒童節(jié)）Mothers Day（父親節(jié)） Fathers Day（母親節(jié)）2. of所有格A. 表示無(wú)生命的東西的名詞或不能加s的名詞，通常都采用“of名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示所有關(guān)系。如：the gate of the school，the windows of that houseB. 名詞較長(zhǎng)或其定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，有生命的事物也可用of短語(yǔ)表示所有關(guān)系。如：the story of Mr. Smith，the dog of the eight-year-old girlC. 表示有生命的和無(wú)生命的名詞，一般都可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)心，有些情況下，of所有格有時(shí)可以與-s所有格互換如：the boys name=the name of the boy（男孩的名字） the dogs legs=the legs of the dog（狗的腿） Chinas population=the population Of China（中國(guó)的人口） Chinas capital=the capital of China（中國(guó)的首都）D. 表示同位關(guān)系時(shí)，通常只用of所有格，如：the city of Beijing3. 雙重所有格（of +名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞）同時(shí)使用s 和of的所有格，如：a friend of his, the big nose of Toms七. 名詞的用法 1. 用作主語(yǔ)，要求謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)兩方面和其主語(yǔ)一致，如：One day，a little monkey was playing in a tree by the river 2. 作表語(yǔ)，如：The largest city of China is Shanghai 3. 作賓語(yǔ)，如：The students love their teachers 4. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：They choose the boy monitor 5. 作同位語(yǔ)，如：We are waiting for Miss Yan，the English teacher 6. 作定語(yǔ)，如：The school gate was built last year 八. 部分詞義辨析1、sport、game、match、race sport常指“戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)”，以鍛煉為主，概念較大，如：People all around the world enjoy sports.game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”，不管戶(hù)內(nèi)戶(hù)外還是腦力體力，指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)如：The 2008 Olympic Games was held in Beijing.match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”，多指正式比賽，如：Our team won the league match.race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車(chē)”，如： They were strong and won the boat race.2、festival、holiday、vacationfestival“節(jié)日”，指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)，如：the Spring Festivalholiday(假日、休息日)，指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期， 如：What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays? vacation“假期”，指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息 如：Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work. 3、journey、tour、trip、travel journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行，不知終點(diǎn)，含有辛苦的意思 如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang. tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行，強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處，常用來(lái)指觀光等 如：He has gone on a walking tour. trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等，如：He took several trips to Shanghai. travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀光旅行，尤其指到國(guó)外，沒(méi)有明確目的地，也作不可數(shù)名詞，多指旅行這一 行為，如：Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?4、sound、noise、voice sound指各種聲音，如：All of a sudden there was the sound of shots. noise主要指“噪音”，如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night. voice指人的“嗓音”如： The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 5、fish的問(wèn)題 指許多條魚(yú)且不管種類(lèi)時(shí)，用fish，單復(fù)數(shù)相同 fishes 指許多種類(lèi)的魚(yú)，如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. fish指“魚(yú)肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，如：I prefer fish to meat.6question指“需要回答的問(wèn)題” problem指“需要解決的問(wèn)題”、“難題”，常至社會(huì)問(wèn)題，比如說(shuō)污染問(wèn)題7between指“在（兩者）之間” among指“在（三者以上）之間”，也可指在三者以上諸物體的“兩者之間”8too和also用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句， too多用于句尾，also多用于句中，即用在動(dòng)詞be、助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前 either主要用于否定句。 9lend意為“借（出）”，常連to borrow意為“借（入）”，常連from 10. say強(qiáng)調(diào)“說(shuō)”的內(nèi)容，如：What did he say at the meeting？ speak意為“說(shuō)”某種語(yǔ)言，“發(fā)言、演講” talk意為“談?wù)摗⒔徽劇保瑥?qiáng)調(diào)“說(shuō)”的連續(xù)性，如：They talked until it got dark tell意為“告訴”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“敘述、講述”，多帶雙賓語(yǔ)，如：tell sb. sth. 11look強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”的動(dòng)作 see強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”的結(jié)果，即“看見(jiàn)” read則指“看書(shū)（報(bào)紙）”，即“閱讀”12interesting意為“（物）有趣的”；interested指“（人）感興趣的” 13have to意為“必須、不得不”，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要 must意為“必須、應(yīng)該”，強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀愿望 14whether 和if這兩個(gè)詞都可做“是否”講，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，但在“whether or not” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般用whether，不用 if15cross意思與across相近，都是“橫越、穿過(guò)”，但cross是動(dòng)詞 along是“沿著”之意，可以說(shuō)along the street，along the river 16work作“工作”講，是不可數(shù)名詞 job側(cè)重于“職業(yè)”，是可數(shù)名詞 17. person 與people 都有“人” 的意思，“一個(gè)人”用 a person，“兩個(gè)人”用 two persons people 泛指 “人們”，是集合名詞，表示復(fù)數(shù) the people 指“人民”， a people指“一個(gè)民族”九.專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)I寫(xiě)出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 1bag _ 2orange _ 3family _ 4wish _ 5leaf _ 6knife _ 7key _ 8baby _9tooth _ 10foot _ 11woman _ 12sheep _ 13Indian _ 14Japanese _ 15potato _ 16radio_ 17child _ 18fish _ 19Frenchman _ 20man doctor _II.將下列短語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ)。（名詞所有格的用法）1.吉姆的自行車(chē) _ 2王叔叔的自行車(chē) _ 3.教師節(jié) _ 4.吉姆和凱特的父親 _ 5.我父親的一個(gè)朋友 _ 6.五分鐘的路程 _ 7.兒童節(jié) _ 8.中國(guó)地圖 _ 9.床頭 _ 10.今天的作業(yè) _ 11.孩子們的故事書(shū) _ 12.在我姑姑家 _ 13.在醫(yī)務(wù)室 _ 14.幾年的時(shí)間 _ 15.我姐姐的朋友的書(shū) _ III.選擇填空。 1The day before yesterday she told me _ news Aa good Bsuch a good Cso good a Da piece of good 2I wont go there with you，for I have a lot of _ to do Aworks Bjob Cwork Dworking 3 _ will conquer（征服）nature AThe man BA man CThe men DMan 4Li Lei is a friend of _ AI sister Bmy sisters Cme sister Dmy sister of 5Have you read _ ？ Atodays Btoday paper Cthe todays paper Dtodays paper 6There are lots of _in the basket on the table Atomatos Btomato Ctomatoss Dtomatoes 7Whose _ are these？ Aphoto Bphotoes Cphotos Dphotoss 8The cat caught two _ last night Amouses Bmice Cmouse Dmices 9There are many _ on the hill Asheeps Bsheep Csheepes Dsheeps 10There are six _ and fifteen _ in this w workshop Amans womans Bmen women Cmen womans Dman women 11. The children had _ in the park. A. good times B. good time C. the good time D. a good time12. I am busy with my work these days. I dont get _. A. many sleep B. much sleep C. more sleep D. most sleep13. This is an interesting _. A. news B. information C. work D. job14. Her parents are _. A. English B. America C. Frenchman D. two English15. Room 110 on the second floor is the _ office. I know some of them. A. doctors B. doctors C. doctors D. doctorss16. The room is _. They are brothers. A. Tom and Mikes B. Toms and Mikes C. Toms and Mike D. Tom and Mike17. The box is made of a kind of hard _. A. wooden B. wood C. woods D. word18. Can you see some _ on the hill? A. sheeps and deers B. sheeps and deer C. sheep and deers D. sheep and deer19. How many _ shall we pay for the special service? A. money B. yuans C. dollars D. pound20. I have many friends here. Lily is _. A. mine friend B. a friend of my C. one of my D. one of them21. - Would you like some _? - Thank you, but I am not hungry. A. breads B. cakes C. oranges D. orange juice22. Dont make any _, the boy is sleeping. A. voice B. noise C. music D. laugh23. She was born in Xiangfan, but now she works in Taiyuan. So we cannot say Taiyuan is her _. A. hometown B. second home C. family D. house24. Is this your _ for making so many mistakes? A. idea B. mind C. excuse D. result25. There are few _ for supper. Would you please buy some carrots and cabbages on your way home? A. meat B. eggs C. fruit D. vegetables26. - Would you like some _? - Oh, yes, just a little please. A. pears B. apples C. bananas D. milk27. - Can you finish the work in a week? - No _. A. problem B. matter C. trouble D. question28. Is there a little _ left for me? A. room B. place C. ground D. house29. The sign “_!” is often seen on the box. A. NO PHOTOS B. NO SMOKING C. BUSINESS HOURS D. THIS SIDE UP30. Help yourselves to some _, children. A. fish B. fishes C. a piece of fish D. a fish31. - Here is the _, please. - Oh. Fried meat with some green peppers and two eggs. A. bill B. list C. book D. menu32. _ is used to eat soup. A. Knife B. Fork C. Spoon D. Chopsticks33. - Whats the _ like today? - Its sunny. A. climate B. weather C. sky D. space34. Two thirds are _ in our school. A. woman teachers B. women teachers C. woman doctor D. women doctors35. Its _ walk from my home to our school. A. two minutes B. two minutes C. two minutes D. two-minutes36. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories37. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges38. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 39. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and applesB. chickens and apple C. chicken and appleD. chicken and apples40. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers41. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room42. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and PeterD. Marys and Peters43. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 44. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiencesB. much experience C. an experienceD. a lot experience45. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters46. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 47.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be48. “Would you like _?” “_, please.” A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees49. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions50Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost. A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life51. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked! A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers a