1 NathanielHawthorne 1804 1864 2 ShamefulPastofHisFamily Hisgreat great grandfatherwasresponsibleforthepersecutionofQuakers Hisgreat grandfatherwasthejudgepresidingoverthetrialofSalem 3 Salem MABirthplaceofNathanielHawthorne Boston MASettingofTheScarletLetter 4 Childhood BornJuly4 1804inSalem MA Fatherdiedwhenhewas4yearsold Senttoprivateschoolbyhisrelatives SenttoBowdoinCollegeinMaine Hawthorne sbirthplace 5 CollegeinMaine ClassmatesincludedPierceandLongfellow Pierce futurePresidentoftheU S Longfellow poet educator linguist FranklinPierce 6 ReclusiveYearsinSalem ReturnedtoSalemandlivedinsolitudefor12years Harvestedhisbackgroundandgatheredliterarymaterialbyobservingandbyreadingthechronicles Addeda w tohisnamein1830duetohisshameofhisfamily shistory 7 BackintoSociety Becameaneditorin1836 AppointedtotheBostonCustomHousein1839 BecameengagedtoSophiaPeabody marriedin1842 8 Concord MovedtoConcordafterhismarriagetoSophia JoinedthewritingcirclesofThoreauandEmerson 9 GovernmentalOffices servedasasurveyoroftheSalemCustomHousebetween1846 49 oustedfromthejobwhenthewinningpartyfiredhimtoputintheirownpeople wroteabiographyforPierceandappointedtheU S ConsultoLiverpool 10 SalemCustom HousewhereHawthorneworked 11 FinalDays ReturnedtotheUSin1860 Becameill underwentalossofliterarycreativity JourneyedtotheWhiteMountainshopingtorestorehishealthbutdiedinPlymouthonMay19 1864 12 Hawthorne stombatSleepyHollowCemetery Concord MA 13 Hawthorne sMajorWorks 1 Twocollectionsofshortstories A Twice toldTales 故事新編 B MossesfromanOldManse 古宅青苔 14 Hawthorne sMajorWorks 2 NovelsA TheScarletLetterB TheHouseoftheSevenGables 七個(gè)尖角閣的房子 C TheBlithedaleRomance 福谷傳奇 D TheMarbleFaun 大理石雕像 15 Hawthorne spointofview Hebelievedthat thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones whichledtohisunderstandingofevilbeingattheverycoreofhumanlife 16 Thereisevilineveryhumanheart whichmayremainlatent butcircumstancesmayrouseittoactivity Evilisman sbirthmark Literatureshould showhowweareallwrongedandwrongers andavengeoneanother Hawthorne spointofview 17 Hawthorne spointofview Evileducates Achievementis undertheimpactofandbyengagementwithevil 經(jīng)歷過(guò)犯罪 受到其影響 人們才能有所成就 Manisbetterforthecrimewhichbringsaboutthefall 人在犯罪后才能更好的完善自己 18 Hawthorne spointofview Hehasdisgustinscience Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains dreadfulandcold blooded 19 Hawthorne sPointofView HerejectstheTranscendentalistoptimism 20 Style theuseofsymbolThesymbolservesasaweapontoattackreality revelationofcharacters psychologyThereisn tmuchphysicalmovementinhisworksandheisgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology 21 霍桑是心理小說(shuō)的開(kāi)創(chuàng)者 擅長(zhǎng)剖析人的 內(nèi)心 他探討道德和罪惡的問(wèn)題 主張通過(guò)善行和自懺來(lái)洗刷罪惡 凈化心靈 從而得到拯救 他的手法 為后世所推崇 亨利 詹姆斯 威廉 福克納等無(wú)不予以運(yùn)用 霍桑認(rèn)為客觀物質(zhì)世界僅是假象 其 靈性 才是本質(zhì) 因此 在他筆下 一景一物都有其象征含義 此手法為麥爾維爾所效法 并得到愛(ài)倫 坡的推崇 轉(zhuǎn)而被波德萊爾進(jìn)一步發(fā)揚(yáng) 遂開(kāi)創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的象征主義詩(shī)歌流派 22 Style allegoricalanddidacticuseofambiguitytokeepthereaderintheworldofuncertaintyThestructureandtheformarecarefullyworkedouttocaterforthethematicconcern 23 Features Setting PuritanNewEnglandThemes evil sinIdea blackvision 黑暗的視角 towardshumanFeature AmbiguityTechnique symbolism TheScarletLetter LillianGishinTheScarletLetter MegFosterinTheScarletLetter DemiMooreinTheScarletLetter TheScarletLetter Background PersecutedinEngland thePuritanscametoNorthAmericatoformtheirowncommunities TheScarletLetter Background LifeintheColonieswasharsh butitgavethePuritanstheopportunitytoformasocietybasedontheirreligiousideals TheScarletLetter Background ThesettingofTheScarletLetterisBostoninthe1640s Bostonhadbeenfoundedbyabout1000EnglishPuritans ledbyJohnWinthrop TheScarletLetter Background Puritanssoughtthefreedomtolivebytheirbeliefs However thePuritanleadersdidnottoleratereligiousbeliefsthatdifferedfromtheirown TheScarletLetter Background Asforpersonalfreedom everymemberofthecommunitywasheldtostrictstandardsofbehavior TheScarletLetter Background InaPuritancommunity noaspectoflifewastrulyprivate Peoplekeptaclosewatchontheirneighbors TheScarletLetter Background Thoseconsideredsinnerswerepublicly andharshly punished asanexampletoothers TheScarletLetter Background AgoodPuritanhadtoliveaspureandrighteousalifeaspossible andtowatchforsignsofsinfulnessinothers 36 TheScarletLetter ThroughchallengingPuritanism Hawthorne I exploresthesourceofevils 1 unreasonableandinhumansocialsystem2 defectsinmen snature strongdesire dishonesty cowardice revenge etc 37 II explorestheinfluencesoncharacters Tobravemen gainmoralrebirth winrespectandloveagain Tocowardmen tormentofconscience sufferinhellfire Toviciousandvengefulmen reducethemtodemons 38 III exploreswaysofredeemingsin Bebravetoconfessandfaceit correctitthroughlove devotion generosity andforgiveness 39 theimplicationofnamesHesterPrynne HesterHestier Zeus ssister awomanofbeauty hastierPrynne prurient 好色的 prune 修剪 orpure purifyhersinPry 探查 probeintotheinteriorofone sheart 40 theimplicationofnamesArthurDimmesdale ArthurAdam adulteryDimmesdaledim dale diminterior tohideone ssin 41 theimplicationofnamesRogerChillingworth Rogerrogue revenge theJollyRoger 海盜用的黑旗 借指海盜 Chillingworthchilling cruel inhumane worth induceArthurtospeakouthisownsin 42 theimplicationofnamesPearl Pearl fromBible somethingverypreciouspurl 小溪 43 HesterPrynneItisanexaminationoftheforcesthatshapeherandthetransformationsthoseforceseffect Heraffairandthepublicshamingmakesherintothewomansheis Hersufferingsleadhertobestoicandafreethinker CharacterAnalysis 44 到了牢門口 她用了頗能說(shuō)明她個(gè)性的力量和天生的尊嚴(yán)的動(dòng)作 推開(kāi)獄吏 象出于自主意志一般走進(jìn)露天地 當(dāng)她站在人群面前時(shí) 第一沖動(dòng)似乎就是把孩子抱在胸前 她這么做與其說(shuō)是出于母愛(ài) 不如說(shuō)是借此掩蓋衣裙上的標(biāo)記 然而她很快就醒悟過(guò)來(lái)了 用恥辱的標(biāo)記來(lái)掩蓋另一個(gè)恥辱的標(biāo)記是無(wú)濟(jì)于事的 于是索性用一條胳膊架著孩子 她雖然面孔紅得發(fā)燒 卻露出高傲的微笑 用毫無(wú)愧色的目光環(huán)視著同鎮(zhèn)居民和街坊鄰里 那些本來(lái)就認(rèn)識(shí)的人 原先以為她經(jīng)歷過(guò)這一磨難會(huì)黯然失色 結(jié)果卻驚得都發(fā)呆了 因?yàn)樗麄兯吹降?是她煥發(fā)的美麗 竟把籠罩著的不幸和恥辱凝成一輪光環(huán) 45 她心中也時(shí)常升騰起涉及全人類女性的同樣陰郁的問(wèn)題 即使對(duì)女性中最幸福來(lái)說(shuō) 那人的生存有價(jià)值嗎 也許她已經(jīng)看清了面臨的任務(wù)是無(wú)望的 首先 整個(gè)社會(huì)制度要徹底推翻并予以重建 其次 人的本性 或者說(shuō)由于世代沿襲的習(xí)慣面變得象是本性的東西 應(yīng)該從本質(zhì)上加以改變 然后婦女才可能取得似是公平合理的地位 最后 即使排除掉一切其它困難 婦女也必須先進(jìn)行一番自身的更有力的變化 才能享有這些初步改革的成果 然而到那時(shí) 凝聚著女性的最真實(shí)的生命的精髓 或許巳然蒸發(fā)殆盡了 46 由于她毫無(wú)自私的目的 生活既非為謀私利又非貪圖個(gè)人歡愉 人們帶著他們的所有的哀傷和困惑 來(lái)尋求忠告 尤其是婦女們 詢問(wèn)她們?yōu)槭裁催@么凄苦 要如何才能得到解脫 海絲特則盡其所能安慰和指點(diǎn)她們 她還用她的堅(jiān)定信仰使她們確信 到了更光明的時(shí)期 世界就會(huì)為此而成熟 也就是到了天國(guó)的時(shí)間 就會(huì)揭示新的真理 以便在雙方幸福的更可靠的基礎(chǔ)上建立起男女之間的全部關(guān)系 47 海絲特年輕時(shí)也曾虛妄地幻想過(guò) 她本人或許就是命定的女先知 但從那以后 她早已承認(rèn)了 任何上界神秘真理的使命是不可能委托給為罪孽所玷污 為恥辱所壓倒或者甚至為終生的憂愁而沉悶的人 將來(lái)宣示真理的天使和圣徒必定是女性 但應(yīng)是高尚 純潔和美麗的女性 而且應(yīng)該是一個(gè)聰慧的女子 其智慧不是來(lái)自于憂傷 而來(lái)自歡樂(lè)的靈氣 同時(shí) 她將用一個(gè)人生活中最真實(shí)的考驗(yàn)向人們顯示神圣的愛(ài)心如何使我們獲得幸福 48 RogerChillingworthHisnamesuggeststhatheisamandeficientinhumanwarmth Histwisted deformedshouldersmirrorhisdistortedsoul Itisfittingthatheassumetheidentityofa leech Hisdeathisaresultofthenatureofhischaracter AfterDimmesdaledies henolongerhasavictim Havinglosttheobjectsofhisrevenge theleechhasnochoicebuttodie 49 Herepresentstrueevil Heisinterestedinrevenge notjustice andheseeksthedeliberatedestructionofothersratherthanaredressofwrongs 50 緊隨丁梅斯代爾先生的死亡 發(fā)生最顯著變化的 要算那個(gè)叫做羅杰 齊靈渥斯老人了 他的全部體力和精力 即他的全部活力和智力 似乎立刻喪失殆盡 以致他全然枯萎了 凋謝了 幾乎從人的視界里消失了 就像一棵連根拔起的野草在太陽(yáng)底下曬蔫了 這個(gè)不幸的人曾經(jīng)給自己立了一條生活原則 追蹤仇敵 有計(jì)劃有步驟地雪恨復(fù)仇 可是等到他取得完全的勝利和成功以后 在他那個(gè)邪惡的原則沒(méi)有剩下支持它的物質(zhì)時(shí) 一言蔽之 當(dāng)他在世上再?zèng)]有魔鬼的工作要他去做的時(shí)候 這個(gè)沒(méi)有人性的人只有到他主子那里去尋找工作并領(lǐng)取相應(yīng)的報(bào)酬了 51 ArthurDimmesdaleHeisanindividualwhoseidentityowesmoretoexternalcircumstancesthantohisinnatenature Hehasanactiveconscience Hester stakingalltheblamegoadshisconscience andhisresultantmentalanguishandphysicalweaknessopenuphismindandallowhimtoempathizewithothers Consequently hebecomesacompassionateleader 52 丁梅斯代爾本來(lái)可以攀登上信仰和圣潔的巔峰 但是他背負(fù)罪惡與痛苦的重荷 阻撓了他向上的攀越 而注定要在底下蹣跚而行 重荷把他往下拽 拽到了最底層 不過(guò) 正是這個(gè)重荷使他對(duì)犯下罪孽的人類同胞懷有深切的同情 使他的心跟他們的心諧振共鳴 使他的心能接納他們的痛楚 并將這種痛楚用憂傷感人的言辭傳送到成千上萬(wàn)人的心里去 53 丁梅斯代爾犯了十誡中的不可貪戀人的妻子的罪行 他最終以行動(dòng)完成了對(duì)自己罪孽的懺悔 以自己的生命為代價(jià)警示自己的子民 他以生命為代價(jià)坦白了自己的罪行 符合加爾文主義者探尋罪惡以求得上帝允諾的解救的觀念的精髓 他的命運(yùn)軌跡詮釋了文學(xué)中清教徒的一生最為完美的表現(xiàn) 天使的墮落 以及墮落之后為求得解放而作的努力 54 Themes Sin Knowledge andtheHumanConditionSinandknowledgearelinkedintheChristiantradition TheBiblebeginswiththestoryofAdamandEve whowereexpelledfromEden Asaresultoftheirknowledge theyaremadeawareoftheirhumanness whichseparatesthemfromthedivineandfromothercreatures 55 ThestoryofHesterandDimmesdalerecallsthestoryofAdamandEvebecause inbothcases sinresultsinexpulsionandsuffering Butitalsoresultsinknowledgeofwhatitmeanstobehuman 56 ForHester theletterAisherpassportintoano man s land leadinghertothinkmore boldly thanothers AsforDimmesdale the burden ofhissingiveshimsympathieswithordinarypeople Theirexperienceshowsthatsincanleadtopersonalgrowth 57 TheNatureofEvilEvilisnotfoundinHesterandDimmesdale saffair norinthecrueltyofthePuritanfathers Evil initsmostpoisonousform isfoundinthecarefullyplottedandpreciselyaimedrevengeofChillingworth whoselovehasbeenperverted 58 CivilizationversusthewildThetownandthesurroundingforestrepresentop