第二節方法運用于命題語法填空的常考命題1實詞之動詞對于動詞的考查，一般是給出動詞的原形，根據句子結構的需要填出其正確的形式。填什么樣的動詞形式，首先要考慮句子的主謂結構，確定主句之后，剩下的部分，如有連詞，則是句子，仍然有主謂結構，否則就用非謂語動詞；如果是謂語，就考慮動詞的時態、語態、主謂一致；如果是非謂語動詞，就考慮主動、被動、有無先后關系。2實詞之其他詞性在語法填空中，常常給出一個提示詞要求用它的正確形式填空：(1)對于名詞的考查，主要涉及名詞的用法、語境中詞性的判斷、詞性的轉化；(2)對于代詞的考查，主要涉及不定代詞和替代詞的用法，it的用法和人稱代詞賓格；(3)對于形容詞、副詞的考查，主要涉及形容詞作定語，形容詞和副詞的比較等級等；(4)對于定語從句的考查，主要涉及關系代詞和關系副詞；(5)對于名詞性從句的考查，主要涉及連接代詞和連接副詞。3虛詞虛詞主要包括冠詞、介詞和連詞等。(1)對于冠詞的考查，主要涉及其基本用法、抽象名詞具體化以及一些固定用法；(2)對于介詞的考查，主要涉及介詞同名詞、代詞、動詞等構成的介詞短語搭配；(3)對于連詞的考查，主要涉及引導各種從句的從屬連詞和并列句中的并列連詞。點津在高考命題當中，無論是考查實詞還是虛詞，在解此類題時，往往是多種方法并用，而不是僅僅拘泥于一種方法。(2017全國)there has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt.this trend，which was started by the medical community(醫學界) 61._ a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side 62._(effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.they are required 63._(process) the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.when fat and salt 64._(remove) from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.as 65._ result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.even 66._(bad)，the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.fast food 67._(be) full of fat and salt；by 68._(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃點心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food.however，be 69._(care) not to go to extremes.like anything，it is possible to have too much of both,70._ is not good for the health.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章分析了低脂、低鹽飲食的利弊以及對人體健康的影響。61答案as解析考查虛詞，運用詞匯填充法解答該題。此處指“作為抵抗心臟病的一種方法”，所以用介詞as。62答案effects解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。side effect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的兩個例子overweight and heart disease可知名詞effect用復數形式effects。63答案to process解析考查實詞之動詞，運用詞匯填充法解答該題。require sth.to do sth.需要某物做某事，此處用了被動語態，所以填動詞不定式to process。64答案are removed解析考查實詞之動詞，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。根據語境可知此處用一般現在時，由于主語fat and salt是復數概念，且與remove是被動關系，所以填一般現在時的被動語態結構are removed。65答案a解析考查虛詞，運用固定用法填充法解答該題。as a result結果，是固定搭配。66答案worse解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法及邏輯關系填充法解答該題。根據語境可知，此處表示程度的加深，所以用比較級形式。even worse更糟糕的是，可以看作固定搭配。67答案is解析考查實詞之動詞，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。根據行文的時態可知，此處用一般現在時；句子的主語fast food(快餐)是不可數名詞短語，謂語動詞用單數形式is。68答案eating解析考查實詞之動詞，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。介詞by之后接動名詞作賓語。69答案careful解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。be之后接形容詞作表語，care的形容詞形式是careful。70答案which解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。分析句子結構可知，空格處所填詞引導非限制性定語從句并在從句中作主語，且指代整個主句的內容，故填關系代詞which。(2017全國)in 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in london.it ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61._(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and 62._ work.it took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.this included digging up the road,63._(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64._ top.when all those had been done，the road surface was replaced.steam engines 65._(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been 66._(fair) unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise.however，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25,000 people were using 67._ every day.later，engineers 68._(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道)，which became known as the tube.this development was only possible with the 69._(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.the central london railway was one of the most 70._(success) of these new lines，and was opened in 1900.it had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages，and proved extremely popular with the public.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了英國倫敦地鐵的發展。61答案crowds解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。crowd是可數名詞，且前面沒有限定詞，故應用復數形式。62答案from解析考查虛詞，運用語法知識填充法及邏輯關系填充法解答該題。travel to and from work上下班。63答案laying解析考查實詞之動詞，運用語法知識填充法及邏輯關系填充法解答該題。included后的dig，lay，build是三個并列的動作，根據digging及building可知，lay也應用動名詞形式。64答案the解析考查虛詞，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。此處特指“地鐵的頂部”，故用定冠詞the。65答案were used解析考查實詞之動詞，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。steam engines與use之間是被動關系，且動作發生在過去，故用一般過去時的被動語態。66答案fairly解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。所填詞修飾形容詞unpleasant，故用fair的副詞形式fairly。67答案it解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。use是及物動詞，其后接賓語，此處很明顯缺少代詞。分析句意可知，此處用it指代上文提到的the railway。68答案managed解析考查實詞之動詞，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。全文講述的是發生在過去的事情，故用一般過去時。69答案introduction解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。空格前是the，其后接名詞。introduce的名詞形式是introduction。70答案successful解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。“one of the形容詞最高級可數名詞復數”表示“最的之一”，此處應填success的形容詞形式successful。跟蹤訓練1(2017全國)she looks like any other schoolgirl，fresh-faced and full of life.sarah thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new a-level course.but unlike her school friends,16-year-old sarah is not spending half-term 1._(rest)instead，she is earning 6,500 a day as 2._ model in new york.sarah 3._(tell) that she could be britains new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.her father peter,44，wants her to give up school to model full-time.but sarah,4._ has taken part in shows along with top models，wants 5._(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.she is determined to carry on with her 6._(educate)she has turned down several 7._(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.after school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 8._ engineering or architecture.sarah says，“my dad thinks i should take the offer now.but at the moment，school 9._(come) first.i dont want to get too absorbed in modeling.it is 10._(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.i dont want to have nothing else to fall back on when i cant model any more.”語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了16歲的薩拉作為一名模特表現出色，她父親想讓她放棄學業專心從事模特行業，但薩拉認為學業優先，不想在模特行業投入太多精力。1答案resting解析考查實詞之動詞，運用詞匯填充法解答該題。spend time (in) doing sth.為固定用法，意為“花時間做某事”。2答案a解析考查虛詞，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。句意為：相反，她在紐約作為一名模特每天收入6 500英鎊。用不定冠詞a表泛指。3答案has been told/was told解析考查實詞之動詞，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。根據語境，薩拉應該是“被告知”她能成為英國新的超級名模，此處可以用現在完成時或一般過去時。4答案who解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。引導詞代替先行詞在定語從句中作主語，且指人，故用who。5答案to prove解析考查實詞之動詞，運用詞匯填充法解答該題。want to do sth.想要做某事，為固定搭配。6答案education解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。形容詞性物主代詞her應該用來修飾名詞，educate的名詞形式是education。7答案invitations解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。several幾個，其后的可數名詞要用復數形式。8答案in解析考查虛詞。運用固定用法填充法解答該題。關于某個專業的學位要用介詞in。a degree in engineering or architecture工程學或建筑學學位。9答案comes解析考查實詞之動詞，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。此處為陳述客觀事實，故用一般現在時。10答案certainly解析考查實詞之其他詞性，運用語法知識填充法解答該題。此處應該用副詞來修飾形容詞fun，certain的副詞形式為certainly。2(2017浙江)last october，while tending her garden in mora，sweden，lena pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 11._(carrot) and was about to throw them away.but something made her look closer，and she noticed a 12._(shine) object.yes，there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.pahlsson screamed 13._ loudly that her daughter came running from the house.“she thought i had hurt 14._(i)，” says pahlsson.sixteen years 15._(early)，pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 16._(cook) a meal.when she wanted to put the ring back on later，it was gone.she suspected that one of her three daughtersthen ten，eight，and sixhad picked it up，but the girls said they hadnt.pahlsson and her husband 17._(search) the kitchen，checking every corner，but turned up nothing.“i gave up hope of finding my ring again，” she says.she never replaced it.pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 18._(sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，19._ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生長) through it.for pahlsson，it