外文資料翻譯every day a signicant percentage of drivers in single-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. additionally, less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. search for a vacant parking space is a typical example of a search process. every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules. it is usually difficult to describe these rules explicitly. the type of the planned activity, time of a day, day of the week, current congestion on particular routes, knowledge of city streets, and potentially available parking places have signicant inuence on a chosen parking search strategy. on the other hand, the drivers usually discover diffierent parking alternatives one by one in a temporal sequence. clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong inuence on the drivers nal decision about the parking place19.during the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (helsinki, cologne, mainz, stuttgart, wiesbaden, aalborg, hague) have started to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time var-iable message signs directional arrows, names of the parking facilities, status (full, not full, number of available parking spaces, etc.). information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distributed through the internet.it is logical to ask the question about the benets of the parking guidance systems. current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use, thrust and appreciate the help of the systems20.guidance systems signicantly increase the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the driversvisitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amount of vehicle-miles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energy consumption, and air pollution. parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.parking guidance systems help drivers to nd vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their nal destination. throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. the proposed methodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.the paper is organized as follows: parking-pricing problems are presented in section 2. analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in section 3. the parking revenue management system is introduced in section 4, and the intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in section 5. the algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in section 6. results obtained with the intelligent parking system are given in section 7, and sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.1. parking pricingin majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using different parking facilities. in some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. the parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportation activities. different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. there is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. for example, traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. they could provide special parking discounts to vanpoolers. obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).in some cities (madison, wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternatives of public transportation. trying to promote public transit san francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages. the chicago authorities raised parking rates few times. authorities in seattle signicantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two seattle parking facilities in downtown. active role in parking pricing strategies could also have employers paying for employees parking. employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. the main role of any parking pricing strategy should be reducing the total number at the same time, when trying to implement any parking strategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area, to provide preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal parking.the basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (vickrey, 1969, 1994; verhoef et al., 1995). so-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. the basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. the idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay for using high occupancy vehicle lanes, drivers pay more to enter citys downtown on weekdays) or airport operators (more expensive landing fees during peak hours). in the context of parking problems, this means: that different parking tariffs should exist for different users; that the parking fees should increase and/or decrease few times during a day.2. parking problems and revenue management systems: analogies with some other industriesairline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when selling their products (cross, 1997). the roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry. the basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: variable demand over time; variable asset utilization; perishable assets; limited resources; market segmentation; adding new capacity is expensive, difficult or impossible; direct cost per client is negligible part of the total cost of making service available; selling products in advance. the main characteristics of the parking space inventory control problems are the following:parking demand is variable over time.like hotel rooms, or restaurant chairs, parking spaces also have daily opportunity to be sold (used by clients).any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by driversmarket segmentation means that different customers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset (hotel room, airline seat, seat in a rented car). businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point 15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much higher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his wife through the downtown, who made parking reservation four day in advance.building new garages and parking lots could be very expensive and sometimes very difficult.parking places can be easily reserved in advance.3. introducing parking revenue management systema certain number of drivers would maybe cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking.these cancellations would also be made at random moments of time. like in some other industries, a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a con-rmed reservation and purchased ticket. would these drivers be penalized for their behavior? depending on ration between parking demand and parking supply, the answer could be yes or no.in case of a nested reservation system, the high tariff request will not be rejected as long as any parking spaces are available in lower tariff classes. for example, if we have four tariff classes, then there is no booking limit for class 1, but there are booking limits (bli, i = 2, 3, . . ., m) for each of the remaining three classes). all parking spaces are always available to class 1. there are always a certain number of parking spaces protected for class 1, certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1 and 2, and certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1, 2 and 3. if we make a request-by-request revision of booking limits, there is no longer a difference between distinct and nested reservation system.in this research (like in the paper of teodorovic et al., 2002) an attempt was made to make reservation decisions on the request-by-request basis. in the scenario that we consider, we assume that there are more than two types of tariffs. the basic characteristic of the parking space inventory control model that we propose is real-time decision making about each driver request. the developed model is called an intelligent parking space inventory control syste21.智能停車場(chǎng)系統(tǒng)每天都會(huì)有一個(gè)顯著的比例single-occupancy車輛駕駛者在尋找一個(gè)停車位。此外,缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的司機(jī)或外地人進(jìn)一步有助于增加的交通擁堵。尋找一個(gè)空的停車位是一個(gè)典型的搜索過程。每一個(gè)停車的搜索策略是由一組模糊規(guī)則。它通常是很難描述這些規(guī)章明確。有計(jì)劃的活動(dòng)的類型,時(shí)間的一天,每周的工作日,目前擁堵在不同航線上,城市街道上的知識(shí),并可能可用的停車的地方有重大影響的搜索策略,在選定的停車。另一方面,司機(jī)通常發(fā)現(xiàn)不同種類的選擇一個(gè)一分之一的停車時(shí)間序列。顯然,這個(gè)時(shí)間序列具有非常強(qiáng)大的影響力在司機(jī)的停車場(chǎng)的最終決定19。在過去的二十年里,在許多城市交通管理部門(赫爾辛基、科隆、美因茨,斯圖加特,奧爾堡威斯巴登海牙)已經(jīng)開始通知和指導(dǎo)司機(jī)停車設(shè)施的實(shí)時(shí)var-iable消息標(biāo)志(箭頭,停車設(shè)施的名稱、狀態(tài)(滿,而不是完整的,數(shù)量的可用的停車位,等等。)。信息的數(shù)量上可用的停車空間可以顯示在主要道路、街道和十字路口,或者它可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)分發(fā)。這是邏輯來問個(gè)問題帶來的好處的停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)。目前的實(shí)踐表明,停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)通常不會(huì)改變的入住率和平均停車時(shí)間。司機(jī)容易熟悉停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng),和他們中的絕大多數(shù)使用,推力和欣賞的幫助系統(tǒng)。20制導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的概率大大增加空的停車位,緩解沮喪的drivers-visitors不熟悉城市中心,減少隊(duì)列的前面停車場(chǎng)、減少的總量vehicle-miles旅行(尤其是在城市中心),減少的平均出行時(shí)間、能源消耗和空氣污染。停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的一部分綜合停車政策和交通管理系統(tǒng)的其他元素是街邊停車控制(包括制裁為非法泊車的車輛),停車費(fèi)用結(jié)構(gòu),和停車的收益管理系統(tǒng)。停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)幫助司機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)空置車位當(dāng)他們已經(jīng)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上,和接近他們的目的地。在這個(gè)研究的概念和停車場(chǎng)停車預(yù)訂系統(tǒng)提出了收益管理系統(tǒng)。提出的方法可以應(yīng)用在停車場(chǎng)和停車庫(kù)在城市和大型國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)。摘要組織如下：parking-pricing問題給出了第二節(jié)。類比停車問題和其他一些產(chǎn)業(yè)呈現(xiàn)在第三節(jié)。停車的收益管理系統(tǒng)介紹在第四節(jié),和智能停車空間的庫(kù)存控制系統(tǒng)是第5部分中介紹。該算法創(chuàng)建智能停車空間提出了庫(kù)存控制系統(tǒng)在第6節(jié)。所得結(jié)果與“智能”停車第7節(jié)中給出了系統(tǒng),sec-tion 8會(huì)致閉幕詞及進(jìn)一步的研究方向。停車定價(jià)在多數(shù)城市在世界司機(jī)支付使用不同的停車設(shè)施。在某些情況下,交通擁堵可以顯著減少由于停車的價(jià)格。停車收入通常是用于覆蓋停車設(shè)施費(fèi)用(訪問蓋茨,票打印機(jī)、停車米、停車標(biāo)志,服務(wù)員),或提高一些其他交通運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)。不同的停車定價(jià)策略應(yīng)該是一個(gè)部分的綜合解決方案方法復(fù)雜的交通擁堵問題。毫無疑問,停車定價(jià)代表了一個(gè)重要的需求管理策略。例如,交通部門、地方政府和私營(yíng)部門可以引入更高的停車關(guān)稅獨(dú)奏司機(jī)或長(zhǎng)期帕克在擁擠的城市地區(qū)。他們可以為我們提供特別折扣來vanpoolers停車。顯然停車定價(jià)應(yīng)該認(rèn)真研究的上下文中考慮城市區(qū)域(中心區(qū)與全國(guó)、住宅、商業(yè)、零售業(yè)使用區(qū)域)20。在一些城市(麥迪遜,威斯康辛州)已經(jīng)有時(shí)間依賴的停車費(fèi),迫使乘客切換到不同的替代公共交通。試圖促進(jìn)公共交通舊金山交通當(dāng)局提高停車關(guān)稅在公共和商業(yè)的車庫(kù)。芝加哥當(dāng)局幾次上調(diào)停車費(fèi)率。當(dāng)局在西雅圖顯著降低關(guān)稅在兩個(gè)停車拼車西雅圖市中心停車設(shè)施。積極作用也可能停車定價(jià)策略雇主為員工支付“停車。雇主刪除停車補(bǔ)貼的員工可以顯著減少總數(shù)的獨(dú)奏司機(jī)。主要角色的任何停車定價(jià)策略應(yīng)該降低總?cè)藬?shù)在同一時(shí)間,當(dāng)試圖實(shí)現(xiàn)任何停車策略,這是非常重要的,提供足夠的停車空間給顧客提供優(yōu)惠停車居民在考慮城市區(qū)域,提供優(yōu)惠停車場(chǎng)