國內數控機床發展概括 數控機床是由美國發明家約翰 帕森斯上個世紀發明的。隨著電子信息技術的發展，世界機床業已進入了以數字化制造技術為核心的機電一體化時代，其中數控機床就是代表產品之一。數控機床是制造業的加工母機和國民經濟的重要基礎。它為國民經濟各個部門提供裝備和手段，具有無限放大的經濟與社會效應。歐、美、日等工業化國家已先后完成了數控機床產業化進程，而中國從 20 世紀80 年代開始起步，仍處于發展階段。 作為現代工業基石的機床產業，是工業經濟發展過程中無論如何都不能繞過一個關鍵性問題，中國機床產業由于先天不足， 一直在中高端機床項目發展上落于國外主流水準，正處于一個追趕的過程當中。 中國數控機床仍然較為落后。中國數控機床市場巨大，與國外產品相比，中國的差距主要是機床的高速高效化和精密化上，中國正處于工業化中期，即從解決短缺為主的開放逐步向建設經濟強國轉變，從脫貧向致富轉變，煤炭、汽車、鋼鐵、房地產、建材、機械、電子、化工等一批以重工業為基礎的高增長行業發展勢頭強勁，構成了對機床市場尤其是數控機床的巨大需求。 中國機床行業加速轉型面臨四大制約因素。中國的數控機床技術現在目前最多只能做到五軸聯動，并且據有關人士說這個五 軸還是作秀成份居多，五軸以上幾乎就是全部進口，并且在多點聯動的技術上也和國外技術水準存在非常大的差距。 國內市場國際化競爭加?。河捎谥械蜋n數控機床市場萎縮和生產能力過剩，加之國外產品低價涌入，市場競爭將進一步加劇。而高檔產品由于長期以來一直依賴進口，國內產品更加面臨著國際化競爭的嚴峻挑戰。 以技術領先的策略正在向以客戶為中心的策略轉變：經濟危機往往會催生大規模的產業升級和企業轉型，機床工具行業實現制造業服務化，核心在于要以客戶為中心，積極提供客戶需要的個性化服務。因此，從簡單的賣產品轉向提供整體解決方案、從 以技術為中心向以客戶為中心轉變成為當今的趨勢。 中國的產品與中國市場需求反差較大，產品結構亟待快速調整：中國機床行業雖然保持多年持續快速發展，但是產業和產品結構不合理的現象依然存在，整個行業大而不強，高檔產品還大量依賴進口。國產機床的國內市場占有率雖然已經有一定的提高，但是高檔數控機床、核心功能部件在國內市場占有率還很低，全行業替代進口的潛力非常巨大。 企業技術創新模式有待完善：由于中國機床企業的地位、工業化水平和品牌影響力在逐步提升，要成為工業強國，其技術的獲得再也不能依賴別人。過去，中國走了一條從模仿到 引進的道路，從現在開始必須走自主創新的道路。企業技術遇到新的封鎖，建立自主、新型、戰略性的產學研創新模式是支撐產品結構調整技術來源的惟一途徑。 中國數控機床行業將延續結構調整的勢頭，不斷以新產品、新亮點占領更大市場。數控切割機床按切割方式可分為火焰切割和等離子切割兩大類。隨著下游行業需求的不斷提高，對數控機床配件提出了更大的需求和更高的要求。 東北地區發展不快，其他地方的發展也比較緩慢。三是調結構促轉型取得成效。專家認為面對金融危機，廣大企業應不斷調整結構、提高質量、增加品種及推動產業升級，再加上企業加強管 理，降低費用，所以企業效益明顯好轉。數控切割機床裝飾性發展趨勢可見一斑，數控切割機床更多的是強調在機械性能、操作簡便、價格經濟、加工精度穩定等方面。在金屬材料加工日益要求普及和批量化的今天，數控切割機床除了要滿足上述功能性外，還要具有多切割方式的適用性。 國內數控機床企業為了提高自身實力，更快地拓展國際市場，將采取多種手段加快和國外企業的融合以提高產品質量、提高競爭力。在繼續開拓美國、日本等國家市場的同時，在東南亞、中東、俄羅斯、歐洲、非洲等也全面開花。據了解，當前金屬切割數控機床行業運行具有以下幾個特點： 一是外銷企業困難較大。從規模以上企業來看，以內銷為主的品牌企業發展勢頭較好。沒有品牌的中小企業發展比較困難。二是各地區發展不夠均衡，浙江、山東、河北、北京以及四川發展比較快，廣東的民營企業發展也較快。 數控切割機床行業多數企業都是依靠降低產品售價來獲得市場，造成的后果是產品價格低、附加值低、利潤低，企業沒有足夠的資金持續發展。隨著產業的發展和競爭的升級，提高產品技術含量，擁有自主的專利、設計，注重品牌的打造和營銷才是企業長期發展的最佳選擇。 中國機床行業在過去幾年實現了持續超高速的發展，一直到 2011 年上半 年，需求仍很旺盛，但是從下半年開始，需求增勢明顯趨緩，新增訂單劇烈下滑，經濟效益狀況逐漸趨于嚴峻，利潤率持續下降。 在 “ 十二五 ” 期間，國家實施積極的財政政策和穩健的貨幣政策，隨著科技進步、產品升級以及國家重點工程、地方投資項目的不斷推進，國民經濟各行業對機床工具產品的需求水平將進一步提高，國防現代化對高水平機床的需求將更為迫切，市場需求將向更高層次發展，新一輪的市場競爭也將更加激烈。 由于行業景氣度低迷，下游制造型企業對機床需求下降，所以我國機床行業一直處于低迷狀態，升級轉型成為行業近幾年的關鍵詞，經濟型數 控機床則成為振興裝備制造業的重點之一。 我國的鑄造機床產業取得了一定的成績，但是其發展仍然面臨著許多制約性問題，技術創新一直是國內鑄造機床行業的硬傷。與國外的鑄造機床產業相比，我國的鑄造機床產業在制造工藝水平上明顯落后，這使得其在核心運行部件的技術水平和運行速度、產品精度保持性以及機床的可靠性上有著明顯的不足。 我國鑄造機床企業缺乏自主創新和基礎理論研究的意識與能力，這就制約了我國鑄造機床技術的發展，要改變這種現狀，就要深入研究用戶行業產品工藝的特點和要求，結合工藝特點開發出高水平加工設備，同時，還要注重基 礎理論工作的研究，這樣才能讓我國鑄造機床產業在不久的將來有更好的發展。國家出臺的一系列政策，大力建設新興企業，高新技術企業，抓住了這一時機，企業內部出臺了 “ 調整與振興 ” 、 “ 自主創新 ” 等一系列政策，升級企業機床技術，嚴格保證產品質量，為加快鑄造機床行業的發展提供了良好的環境跟市場。 機床工具行業作為國家基礎性和戰略性產業，在 “ 十二五 ” 規劃中，已明確將自主創新戰略作為最主要的一個組成部分，著重強調了要以技術創新工程來支撐和引領行業發展。我國機床工具行業的發展必須立足于自主創新，通過自主研發原始創新、引進技術消化 吸收再創新、集成現有技術創新等方式，實現關鍵技術突破和產業升級。構建和完善以企業為主體、以市場為導向、產學研用相結合的技術創新體系 ；堅持加大研發費用投入 ；加強關鍵技術、共性技術的研究，力爭在基礎和共性技術攻關上有所突破，提高產品開發技術水平。 技術發展 高速、精密、復合、智能和綠色是數控機床技術發展的總趨勢，近幾年來，在實用化和產業化等方面取得可喜成績。主要表現在： 1、機床復合技術進一步擴展隨著數控機床技術進步，復合加工技術日趨成熟，包括銑 -車復合、車銑復合、車 -鏜 -鉆 -齒輪加工等復合，車磨復合，成形復合 加工、特種復合加工等，復合加工的精度和效率大大提高。 “ 一臺機床就是一個加工廠 ” 、 “ 一次裝卡，完全加工 ” 等理念正在被更多人接受，復合加工機床發展正呈現多樣化的態勢。 2、數控機床的智能化技術有新的突破，在數控系統的性能上得到了較多體現。如：自動調整干涉防碰撞功能、斷電后工件自動退出安全區斷電保護功能、加工零件檢測和自動補償學習功能、高精度加工零件智能化參數選用功能、加工過程自動消除機床震動等功能進入了實用化階段，智能化提升了機床的功能和品質。 3、機器人使柔性化組合效率更高機器人與主機的柔性化組合得到廣泛應用 ，使得柔性線更加靈活、功能進一步擴展、柔性線進一步縮短、效率更高。機器人與加工中心、車銑復合機床、磨床、齒輪加工機床、工具磨床、電加工機床、鋸床、沖壓機床、激光加工機床、水切割機床等組成多種形式的柔性單元和柔性生產線已經開始應用。 4、精密加工技術有了新進展數控金切機床的加工精度已從原來的絲級（ 0.01mm）提升到微米級（ 0.001mm），有些品種已達到 0.05m 左右。超精密數控機床的微細切削和磨削加工，精度可穩定達到 0.05m 左右，形狀精度可達0.01m 左右。采用光、電、化學等能源的特種加工精度可達 到納米級（ 0.001m ）。通過機床結構設計優化、機床零部件的超精加工和精密裝配、采用高精度的全閉環控制及溫度、振動等動態誤差補償技術，提高機床加工的幾何精度，降低形位誤差、表面粗糙度等，從而進入亞微米、納米級超精加工時代。 5、功能部件性能不斷提高功能部件不斷向高速度、高精度、大功率和智能化方向發展，并取得成熟的應用。全數字交流伺服電機和驅動裝置，高技術含量的電主軸、力矩電機、直線電機，高性能的直線滾動組件，高精度主軸單元等功能部件推廣應用，極大的提高數控機床的技術水平。 發展問題 國內數控機床的需求日益 增長，數控機床的發展推動了數控機床功能部件的創新升級。目前我國高檔數控機床關鍵功能部件工業還不能滿足國內需要，國內數控功能部件產業主要存在以下問題。 1、適應性和滿足度遠達不到市場需求 從當前我國數控機床的發展趨勢來看，國產功能部件的適應性和滿足度遠遠達不到市場的需求。主要表現在： 1）我國功能部件的產品水平和國外有一定差距。我國生產的功能部件多數以勞動密集型為主，技術含量低，難以適應國產數控機床的發展速度和技術要求，特別是高檔數控機床。 2）我國功能部件開發能力較弱，新產品開發速度慢，多數功能部件需要與國 外合作開發、合作生產、合資經營，甚至只能組裝。雖然這兩年形勢有顯著變化，但高技術、最新型的功能部件，我國尚在研制過程中，市場占有率前景依然不容樂觀。 2、我國數控功能部件生產企業的規模小 據統計我國固定資產達到 1000 萬元以上的功能部件生產企業有 70 多家，占全部生產企業的 10%以下。我國的功能部件生產企業的 “ 出身 ” 有 4 種：一是從研究院所、大專院校以技術支撐發展而來的企業，可稱為 “ 院所型 ” 。這些企業的特點是：有一定技術基礎和人才基礎，有多項技術的發展潛力，但生產手段較弱，難以在短時間內形成產業規模，在成本、營 銷、服務等方面也存在一些差距；二是從主機廠逐步 “ 獨立 ” 、 “ 分離 ” 出來的以生產某種功能部件為主發展起來的企業，可稱之為 “ 主廠型 ” 。這些企業在生產能力、工藝水平和使用經驗上都可以適應市場需求，在一定程度上可以形成規模，但由于其與原主機廠有著千絲萬縷的聯系，在競爭中往往讓用戶產生疑慮，影響其市場開拓，同時，其開發能力也有一定的局限性，所以難以形成著名品牌；三是在江浙一帶大量涌現出的民營企業，可稱之為 “ 民企型 ” 。這些企業主要以勞動密集型、單一品種為主，如護鏈罩、拖板、噴油管、排屑器、照明設備等。由于競爭激烈，其質量 和價格都能滿足中低檔數控機床的市場需要。雖然這些品種的高檔產品尚不能制造，還需依賴進口，但在很大程度上，適應了我國數控機床發展的總體需求；還有一部分外商合資企業或獨資企業生產部分較高水平的功能部件，但批量較小，且沒有獨立的技術開發能力，難以成為功能部件的主體和主流。 3、核心零部件大量依靠進口 中國數控機床行業的發展令人矚目， 2008 年中國數控機床工具工業完成工業總產值 34723 億元，產品銷售產值 3348.3 億元，同比分別增長 27.5%和 26.0%。20022008 年中國是世界機床第一消費國和第一進口國。 但行業迅速發展的背后，一個不能忽視的事實是，我國關鍵零部件生產依然受制于人，出現了利潤不高、產品缺乏核心競爭力的局面。 4、缺乏高技術含量威脅產業安全 我國機床出口連年保持增長的喜人態勢，不過 “ 量增價減 ” 的尷尬直接反映出我們的技術水平。大量核心技術的缺乏和關鍵零部件的依賴直接影響到我國的機床產業安全。因此，我們需要強化預警工作意識，凝聚行業智慧和力量，維護產業安全。 Domestic CNC machine tools development Nc machine tools is by American inventor John parsons, invented in last century. Along with the development of electronic information technology, the world machine tool industry has entered the era of digital manufacturing technology as the core of electromechanical integration, one of nc machine tools is the representative product. Nc machine tools is the machining machine tool manufacturing and important basis of national economy. It provides the equipment and method for various sectors of national economy, has the infinite amplification effect of society and economy. Europe, America, Japan and other industrialized countries have successively completed the industrialization process, numerical control machine tool and started from the 1980 s, China is still in the stage of development. As the cornerstone of modern industrial machine tool industry, it is in the development of industrial economy could not bypass is a key problem, Chinas machine tool industry due to the congenital deficiency, have been in the high-end machine project on the development in foreign mainstream standards, are in a process of catch up. Nc machine tools are still relatively backward in China. CNC machine tool market is huge in China, compared with foreign products, Chinas gap mainly machine tools of high efficiency, and motors, China is in the middle of industrialization, that is, from opening and solve shortage of economic power shift to the construction, from poverty to get rich, coal, automobiles, steel, real estate, building materials, machinery, electronics, chemical industry and so on one batch of based on the heavy industry development momentum of high growth industry, form the market especially the huge demand for nc machine tool to machine tool. China machine tool industry to accelerate the transformation of the four big factors. Chinas CNC machine tool technology is the most can only achieve five-axis linkage, and according to relevant personage says the five axis or show ingredients, more than five axis is almost all imports, and also on the multipoint linkage technology and overseas technical level there is a very big gap. Internationalization of the domestic market increased competition, such as CNC machine tool market atrophy and excess production capacity, combined with the foreign products low price, market competition will further intensified. And because high-end products have long been dependent on imports, domestic products more faces the challenge of international competition. With leading technology of the strategy is to customer-focused strategy: the economic crisis tends to encourage the growth of large-scale industrial upgrading and transformation, realize manufacturing machine tool industry as a service, the core is to the customer as the center, actively provide customers need personalized service. Therefore, from simple to sell products to provide the overall solution, from the technology as the center to take the customer as center into todays trends. Contrast China products and China market demand is bigger, the product structure need to be quick adjustments: although Chinas machine tool industry keep sustained and rapid development for many years, but the industry and product structure unreasonable phenomenon still exists, the entire industry is big but not strong, is also a large number of high-end products rely on imports. Though domestic machine tool of the domestic market share has been improve to a certain extent, but the high-grade numerical control machine tool, the core features in the domestic market share is still very low, the industrys potential to replace imported is enormous. Needs to improve enterprise technology innovation mode: because of Chinas machine tool enterprises status, industrialization level and brand influence in gradually improve, to become an industrial powerhouse, its technology can no longer rely on others. In the past, Chinese go a way from imitation to introduce, from now on to the road of independent innovation. Autonomy, enterprise technology meet new blockade, establish new, strategic innovation mode of production, study and was the only way to support product structure adjustment technology source. CNC machine tool industry in China will continue to structural adjustment of momentum, constantly to new products, new luminescent spot occupy a larger market. CNC cutting machine in cutting way can be divided into two categories, flame cutting and plasma cutting. With the constant improvement of the downstream industry demand, puts forward a greater demand on CNC machine tool accessories and higher requirements. Development of northeast area, the rest of the development is slow. Three is to effective structural adjustment to promote transformation. Experts believe that in the face of financial crisis, the enterprise should constantly adjust structure, improve quality, increase the varieties, and promote industrial upgrading, and strengthen enterprise management, reduce the cost, so enterprise efficiency improved significantly. CNC cutting machine development trend of decorative, CNC cutting machine is more emphasized in mechanical performance, easy operation, stable price economy, the processing precision, etc. In metal material processing increasingly demand popularization and booming today, CNC cutting machine in addition to meet the above functionality, but also has the applicability of the cutting way more. Development of northeast area, the rest of the development is slow. Three is to effective structural adjustment to promote transformation. Experts believe that in the face of financial crisis, the enterprise should constantly adjust structure, improve quality, increase the varieties, and promote industrial upgrading, and strengthen enterprise management, reduce the cost, so enterprise efficiency improved significantly. CNC cutting machine development trend of decorative, CNC cutting machine is more emphasized in mechanical performance, easy operation, stable price economy, the processing precision, etc. In metal material processing increasingly demand popularization and booming today, CNC cutting machine in addition to meet the above functionality, but also has the applicability of the cutting way more. Domestic nc machine tool enterprises in order to enhance their own strength, to expand the international market, faster to take a variety of means to speed up and fusion of foreign enterprises in order to improve product quality, improve the competitiveness. Continued to open up the United States, Japan and other countries market at the same time, in southeast Asia, the Middle East, Russia, Europe, Africa and so on also full bloom. It is understood that the current running metal cutting CNC machine tool industry has the following several characteristics: one is difficult to export enterprises. From the point of enterprises above designated size, give priority to with domestic brand enterprise development momentum is good. Without the brand development of small and medium-sized enterprises are difficult. Second, development is not balanced in different regions, zhejiang, shandong, hebei, Beijing and sichuan development faster, faster development of private enterprises in guangdong province. CNC cutting machine tool industry has relied on to reduce the product cost for most businesses, the consequences is the product price is low, the low added value, low profits, enterprises do not have enough capital to sustainable development. Along with the development of the industry and competition upgrade, improve product technology content, with independent patent, design, pay attention to brand building and marketing is the best choice of the enterprise long-term development. China machine tool industry in the past few years to realize the sustained development of ultra-high speed, until the first half of 2011, is still very strong demand, but starting from the second half of the year, significantly slowing demand growth, the new orders fell sharply, the economic situation gradually become serious, profit margins continued to decline. During the twelfth five-year, the state implemented a proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy, along with the progress of science and technology, product upgrade and national key projects, the advancement of local investment projects of the national economy industry demand for machine tools product level will increase further, defense modernization would be more urgent demand for high levels of machine tool, the market demand to develop to a higher level, a new round of competition in the market will also be more intense. Due to the boom of industry downturn, the downstream manufacturing enterprises fall in demand for machine tools, has been in the doldrums, Chinas machine tool industry upgrading transformation become keywords of industry in recent years, economical nc machine tools has become one of the highlights of the revitalization of equipment manufacturing industry. Casting machine tool industry in China has made some achievements, but its development is still faced with many problems conditionality, technology innovation has been the domestic casting machine tool industrys shortcomings. Compared with foreign casting machine tool industry, casting machine tool industry in China lags behind at the manufacturing level, which makes it run in the core parts of technical level and running speed, product accuracy stable, and the reliability of the machine tool has obvious shortage. Our casting machine tool enterprises lack the consciousness of independent innovation and the basic theory study and ability, it is restricting the development of China foundry machine tool technology, to change the status quo, to delve into the characteristics and requirements of industry products process, combined with process characteristics developed a high level of processing equipment, at the same time, also pay attention to the basic theoretical research, so as to make casting machine tool industry in China in the near future have a better development. The country issued a series of policy, vigorously construction of emerging enterprises, high-tech enterprises, seized this opportunity, enterprise internal issued adjustment and revitalization, independent innovation and a series of policies, upgrade enterprise machine tool technology, strictly ensure the quality of products, in order to speed up the casting machine tool industry development provides a good environment and market. Machine tool industry as a fundamental and strategic industry, in the twelfth five-year plan, has the independent innovation strategy as one of the main component, emphasized the need to support technology innovation project and lead the industry development. The development of Chinas machine tool industry must be based on the independent innovation, through independent research and development innovation, introduction of technology digestion, absorption and innovation, integrate existing methods such as technology innovation, a breakthrough in key technologies and industrial upgrading. Build and perfect with enterprises as the mainstay, market-oriented, with a combination of technical innovation system； Stick to increase r&d investment； Strengthen the key technology and common technology research, strive for a breakthrough on the basic and common technology research, improve the level of product development technology. Technology development High-speed, precision, composite, intelligent and green is the general trend of nc machine tool technology development, in recent years, in the practical application and industrialization has made gratifying achievements. Mainly displays in: 1, compound machine tool technology to further expand with nc machine tool technology, composite processing technology matures, including milling composite - car, car milling compound, car - boring - drill - compound gear processing, grinding compound, forming composite processing, special composite processing, composite processing precision and efficiency is greatly increased. A machine tool is a processing plant, a card, complete processing idea is accepted by more people, such as compound machine tool development is diversified. Intelligent technology have new breakthrough in 2, CNC machine tools, on the performance of the numerical control system gets more. Such as: automatic collision interference power function, the workpiece automatically when the power is out of safety protection function, the processing parts detection and automatic compensation intelligent learning function, high precision machining parts, process parameter selection function, automatically eliminate machine tool vibration, and other functions into the practical phase, intelligent improve the machines function and quality. 3, robot flexible combination is more efficient robot is widely used and the flexible combination of the host, making flexible line more flexible, further expansion of functions, flexible line further shorten, the efficiency is higher. Robot, car milling compound machine tools and machining center, grinder, gear cutting machine tool, tool grinding machine, electric machine, sawing machine, punching machine, laser machine, water cutting machine and so on many kinds of forms of flexible units and flexible production line has been used. 4, precision processing technology have made new progress CNC metal-cutting machine tools machining accuracy has (0.01 mm) from the original yarn to micron level (0.001 mm), some species has reached to 0.05 mu m or so. Ultra-precision CNC machine tool cutting and grinding, fine precision can achieve stable around 0.05 mu m, shape accuracy can reach 0.01 mu m or so. Use the energy such as light, electricity, chemical special machining precision can reach nanoscale (0.001 microns). Through the machine tool structure design optimization, superfinishing machine parts and precision assembling, using high-precision full closed loop control and dynamic error compensation technology, such as temperature, vibration, improve the volumetric accuracy of machine tool processing, reduce the form error, surface roughness, etc., thus into the era of submicron and nanometer level superfinishing. 5, more functional unit performance features to high speed, high precision, high power and intelligent direction development, and achieved mature application. Full digital ac servo motor and drive device, high technology content of motorized spindle, torque motor, linear motor, high-performance linear rolling components, features such as high precision spindle unit application, greatly improve the level of nc machine tool technology. Development issues Growing domestic demand for CNC machine tools, the development of numerical control machine tool is the function of nc machine tool parts of innovation to upgrade. At present our country high-end CNC machine tool industry cant meet the needs of the domestic key features, and domestic nc feature industry mainly exist the following problems. 1, adaptability, and satisfaction is far can not meet the market demand From the developing trend of nc machine tools in China, domestic features of adaptability and satisfaction is far less than the demand of the market. Mainly displays in: 1) feature level of products in China and abroad have a certain gap. Our country majority mainly labor-intensive production features, technical content is low, difficult to adapt to the development of domestic CNC machine speed and technical requirements, especially high-end CNC machine tools. 2) feature development ability is weak in our country, new product development speed is slow, most of the features needs to be developed with foreign cooperation, cooperative production, joint venture, even only for assembly. Although the situation changes significantly over the past two years, high technology, the latest features, our country is still in the process of development, market outlook is still not optimistic. 2, the small scale of nc feature production enterprises in China According to statistics, Chinas fixed assets reached 10 million yuan of above features more than 70 production enterprises, less than 10% of the total production enterprises. Feature production enterprises in China origin has four kinds: one is from research institutes, colleges and universities for technical support the development of enterprises, can be referred to as the institutes. The characteristics of these enterprises is: there are certain technical foundation and talent base, there are many technology development potential, but the means of production is weak, difficult to form industrial scale in a short time, in such aspects as costs, marketing and service also exist some gaps； Step by step from the hosts, independent, separation out to produce a ce