動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式；動名詞和分詞。分詞又包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。一、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點(diǎn)有：1. 非謂語動詞由于不能用作謂語，因而沒有語法上的主語，但它往往有邏輯上的主語。如：How can I get to know her? 我怎么能認(rèn)識她呢？（不定式to know 的邏輯主語是 I ）The boss ordered them to start the work.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語是them）I cant bear him staying up so late. 我不能忍受他這么晚睡。（動名詞 staying up 的邏輯主語是 him）We being League member, the work was well done.（現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是We）Who is that speaking? 您是哪一位？（現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是 that）They plan further talks with interested parties on this question.他們就此問題打算與有關(guān)各方進(jìn)一步談判。（過去分詞interested parties 的邏輯主語是 parties）2. 非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語。非謂語動詞短語往往可以轉(zhuǎn)化成各種從句。如：The man standing there is our English teacher. The man who is standing there is our English teacher. 站在那兒的那個人是我們的英語教師。（現(xiàn)在分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句）3. 非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。The foreign guests hope to join the National Day celebration of Beijing. The foreign guests hope that they can join the National Day celebration of Beijing.外賓希望參加北京的國慶慶祝會。（不定式短語轉(zhuǎn)化為賓語從句）I regret being unable to help. I regret that I cannot help.我感到抱歉，不能幫助你。（動名詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為賓語從句）4. 非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。非謂語動詞在句子中能夠做的成分：二、非謂語動詞用法：（一）動名詞：動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。1、動名詞的形式：Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。（一般式）He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。（被動式）We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。（完成式）He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。（完成被動式）I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。（否定式）2、動名詞的句法功能：1）作主語：Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。當(dāng)動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。Its no use crying. 哭是沒用的。2）作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。Our work is serving the people我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。His hobby is collecting stamps他的愛好是集郵。3）作賓語：They havent finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。要記住如下動詞及短語要跟動名詞作賓語：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider,admit（承認(rèn)），deny（否認(rèn)）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險）,appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of,dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keep from, stop（from）, protectfrom,set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to,object to, pay attention to, insist on4）作定語：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。5）作同位語：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.他收聽收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。（二）現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。Having done his homework, he played basketball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動的動作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。2、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前，如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。I like the book lying there.In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改為the man who is speaking.2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：The argument is very convincing他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動作是進(jìn)行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave,catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：A）作時間狀語：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。B）作原因狀語：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。C）作方式狀語，表示伴隨：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。D）作條件狀語：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就會浪費(fèi)寶貴的時間。E）作結(jié)果狀語：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。F）作目的狀語：He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。G）作讓步狀語：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。H）與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.我等汽車時，一只鳥落到我頭上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習(xí)。有時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。H）作獨(dú)立成分：Judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個演員。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細(xì)心。目標(biāo)測試1.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime _ the lastbus.A. tohavecaught B. tocatch C. catching D. havingcaught2.Imustmakefulluseofthetime _ lefttomeanddoasmuchasIcan forthepeople.A. there beingB. there isC. there areD. there to be3.He does nothing but_ .A. complainingB. to complainingC. complainD. to complain4.YouregoingtoEnglandnextyear.Youshouldnowpractise _ Englishas muchaspossible.A. speakB. to speakC. speakingD. Speak about5.Thestudentsexpectedthere _ morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexam.A. isB. beingC. have beenD. to be6.Ifwedontstartoutnow,wemustrisk _ thetrain.A. missB. missingC. being missedD. to miss7.Surelyherdaughterwouldmakeanevenbiggereffort _ her?A pleaseB pleasedC to pleaseD having pleased8.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper _ inbroaddaylightyesterday.A. to be robbedB. robbedC. to have been robbed D. having been robbed9.Heisan _ teacher.A. advancingB. advancedC. being advancingD. advance10._ exceptions,therulemaystand.A. Allow forB. Allowing forC. To allowD.To allow for11.Thelocalhealthorganizationisreported _ twenty-fiveyearsagehenDr.Adudonbecameitsfirstpresident.A. to be set upB. being set upC. to have been set upD. having been set up12.Theystopped _ ,butnowImgettinginterested.A. listeningB. to listenC. listenD. having listening13.Iheardhim _ thedoorA. lockingB. to lockC. lockD. being locking14. Wedontwant _ anycomradeslaggingbehind.A. there beingB. there to beingC. there to beD. there is15.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalways _ withotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.A. combinedB. having combinedC. combineD. being combined16.Johnpaintedhersittinginachairwithherhands _.A. foldingB. to have foldedC. to foldD. folded17.ThePortuguesegiveagreatdealofcredittoonemanforhavingpromotedseatravel,thatman _ princeHenrythenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury.A. wasB. beingC. isD. havingbeen18.Hisvictoryinthefinalwasnomore _ thanIhadexpected.A. convincingB. convincedC. toconvinceD. beingconvincing19.Lotsofemptybootswerefoundundertheoldmansbed. Hemusthavedonenothingbut_ .A. drinkB. todrinkC. drinkingD. drunk20.Iappreciated _ theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.A. havingbeengiven B. havingbeenC. tohavebeengivenD. tohavegiven21.Ihavegotaloafofbread;nowImlookingforaknife_ .A. tocutitwithB. tocutwithitC. withittocutD. ittocutwith22.Thereisnopoint_ further.A. argueB. toargueC. arguingD. beingarguing23.The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was _ large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.A. to provideB. providingC. having providingD. provide24.On seeing the young child _ into the lake, John sprang to his feet, and went to the rescue.A. fellB. fallC. fallingD. to fall25.I am sorry to hear that you resorted _ .A. to cheatB. to cheatingC. cheatingD. cheat26.He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _ insufficiently popular with all members.A. being consideredB. considering.C. to be consideredD. having considered27The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each _ one major point in contrast with the other.A. makeB. madeC. istomakeD. making28. All flights _ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.A. were canceledB. had been canceledC. having canceledD. having been canceled參考答案：1-5BBCCD6-10BCCBB11-15CBCCD16-20DBAAA21-25ACABB26-28ADD動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都是由ving構(gòu)成，在句中都能作表語和定語，而且都保留著動詞的一些特征，有其完成式和被動態(tài)。那么ving形式到底是現(xiàn)在分詞還是動名詞呢？下面有五種區(qū)別方法：（1）如果ving形式與被修飾名詞邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，就是現(xiàn)在分詞，它相當(dāng)于定語從句；如果邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系，則是動名詞，它