英語專項(xiàng)深度練習(xí)一一閱讀理解（四）

Itisfashionablenowadaystotalkabout“Englishes”-surelyoneoftheleastattractiveof

recentcoinages.ButitisanindicationthatthegreatcommunityofusersofEnglisharenow

consciousofthefactthattheydonotal1haveexactlythesameaccent,orhabitofgrammar

andidiom,orvocabulary.Theyhaveachoice,andtheyintendtouseit.HowdoesBritainstand

inthiscomparison?WhatistheroleoftheBritishCouncil,andotherBritisheducational

interests?HowdoesamajDrinitiativeliketheCobuildprojectfurthertheimageofBritain

abroad?BornwithEnglish

InBritainonthewholewedonothavemuchofachoice.WecanlakestepstomodifyourIanguage

alittle,andtherearesomefamousrecentexamplesoftheperilsattendingthatpolicy.But

byandlargewejustusethelanguagethatsomehowemergesinearlydevelopmentandusuallyseems

adequateforourdailycoirmunicationneeds.

WeshouldneverforgetwhatanassetitistousallthatthislanguageisEnglish.Everyonewho

hasEnglishasabirthrighthasaninbui11（固有的）advantageininternationalcommunication.

Notonlyarewesparedthe:roubleandexpenseofmasteringthelanguagelateron,wealschave

accesstoamasteryofitwhichisofsuchhighqualitythatfewforeignerseverreachthesame

level.

SuchanassetbeatsNorthSeaOilhandsdown.Itmustbeworthbillionsofpoundsayearandit

isrenewedsolelybytheoperationofnormalsocialprocesses.OnlyEnglish

Therearcsomedisadvantageswhichmustatleastbementioned.WeinBritainarcindangerof

turningthisassetintoarrogance,insularityandcomplacency.Sincethereisnocommercial

pressureonustolearnanyparticularforeignlanguage,we.endasanationtobeverybadlearners

ofotherlanguages.。Thiscutsusofffromtheabilitytoappreciatefullythecultureofothers,

anddeniesustheabi1itytomakethewonderfuloutwardgestureofusingsomeoneelse'sown

language.Bothpersonallyandcommercially,mostBritishpeopledonotknowwhattheyaremissing,

andourcompetitorsarewel1abletotakeadvantageofthisweakness.

Busyandimportantpeoplenowadaystrave1alotandfindthemselvesfrequentlyattendingmeetings

andgivingtalks,whichhavetobeinEnglishalthougheveryoneelsesharesacommonlanguage.

11wou1dimprovethesituationifoneachoccasiontheunfortunatemonolingualweretogivea

simpleandsincereapology.Theoldadage（格言）?thati:youjustspeakEnglishloudlyenough

everyonewi11understand,istruerthaneverbefore,butisgettinglessandlesseffective.

Inpracticalterms,ofcourse,thepersonrestrictedtoEnglishcouldnotbeexpectedtospeak

allsortsofotherlanguages,andthisisaninhibitingfactor-anyoneelseknowsexactlywhich

languageisbestworthinvestingin.ButwenativespeakersofEnglishshouldalwaysbekept

consciousofthefactthatwefrequentlyforceourfriends,customersandcolleaguesintoa

disadvantageousposition.WhichEnglish?

TheEnglish1anguagehasbeensosuccessfullyexportedroundtheworldthatthenativespeakers

nolongerhavecontroloverit.Theyarenowinasnowminority,forastart,andtoday'slearners

ofEnglisharenotlearningitparticularlytotalktoEnglishmen,butalsototalktoeachother.

Theveryfeaturesthatdistinguishnativespeakersdisqualifythemfromkeydiscussionslike

"WhichisthebestEnglish?"

TherearealotofgoodmodelsofEnglishavailable.AswellasBritishEnglishthereisAmerican

English,theotherworld-widemodel,<,withCanadian.Australian,NewZealandandSouthAfrican

Englishalsoavailableasprominentmodels.

AndwhatabouttheEnglishwhichisestablishedasasecond1anguageinmanyCommonwealth

countries?IndianEnglish,West.AfricanEnglish,WestIndianEnglish.SingaporeanEnglish

andothershaveadaptedtolocalcircumstancesovermanyyearsandareintheprocessofbeing

re-exported.Becausetheyareusedintheeverydaylivesofmillionsofnon-nativespeakers,

theyhavefeatureswhichcouldmakethemveryattractiveESpracticalalternativestoanative

speakervariety.Whennativespeakingteachersarcnotwelcomepoliticallyinacountry,for

example,therewi11befoundplentyofwell-qualifiedandexperiencedcolleaguesfromsuch

countries.

Further,wcarewitnessatthepresenttimetothedevelopmentofEnglishasanadditionallanguage

inanumberofcommunities1Vhichhaveacommonlanguagealreadyandwhichareundernopolitical

pressuretoadoptEnglish.PeoplefromScandinavia.WestGermanyandHolland,forinstance,

haveEnglishavailableasamatterofcourse.Theirwayofteachingitismovingfromtheconcerns

ofaccesstoaforeignculture-thegreat1iteratureetc.—totheprioritiesofaworking1anguage

inacommunity-howtogetthingsdone.Gradually?forinternationalmatters,itwi11bemore

sensibletouseEnglishratherthantranslate.Englishlanguagefilmswi11notbedubbed（配

音）orsubtitledanymore.Englishlanguagejournalismwillbeeditedandreadbyforeign

communities,andgraduallywrittenbythemalso.

Verysoontherewillbepowerfulnewmode1sofEnglishofferedtotheworld-modelswhichcan

claimtohavearisenwithouttheattentionsofnativespeekers,tohavenoneofthemystique,

andyettobeusableastheprincipallanguageofexternalandpub]icaffairs.Thesemode1swi11

deriveauthorityfromanimpressivegroupofscholarsandadministratorswhomustneverbe

overlooked-thethousandsofexpertsonEnglishandtheteachingofitwhoarenotthemselves

nativespeakers.InPractice

Practicalityisakeyfeatureofanyone*schoiceofalanguagemodel.Quiteapartfromthevarious

reasonsadvancedabove,thelearnermayinanactualsituationhaveaveryrestrictedchoice

oflanguagemodels?intheavailableteachersandinaccesstomaterials.Recordedmaterieland

radioandtelevisiontransmissionsofferalternatives,buttheymayconfuseasmuchasextend

thechoiceavailabletothelearner.

Teachersandlearnersjusthavetomakethebestofwhatisavailabletothematthetimeand

intheplacewheretheyareworking.Thesustainedeffortsofauthors,scholarsandpublishers

arekeyfactorsinthestrongpresenceofBritishEnglishabroad,andinthemaintenanceofthat

presence.

Pronunciationisagoodcasewithwhichtoillustratethispoint.Throughouttheworld,learners

ofBritishEnglishareaimingatapronunciationthatfewoftheirteachersuse-theReceived

Pronunciation(RP)associatedwiththepublicschools.ThereasonisthatRPisthevariety

ofEnglishwhichisbestdocumentedandmostreadilyavailableinteachingmaterials.Because

ofitsorigins,itisunassailableasamodelandcontributestotheelitistatmospherecfthe

BritishvarietyofEnglish.

Butifwepulthesecompellingargumentstooneside,ancviewiIdispassionately,RPisnot

averyusefulmodelofpronunciation.Ithassomeverycomplexsoundcombinations,particularly

diphthongs,anditisnotverycloselyrelatedtothespellingsystem.Uniikeothervarieties,

RPspeakersmakemuchthesamenoisesayingpoor,paw,pour,andpore,anddonotdistinguish

betweenionandiron.SoitisnotthelinguisticfeaturesofRPthatgiveitsuchanappeal,

butitssocialstatusand,aboveall.itsavailabilityintheclassroom.

1.GA(generalAmericanpronunciation)isbecomingmoreandmorepopularwithBritishyouth.

2.Britishnativespeakersareignorantofculturesinothercountries.

3.TheEnglish1anguageisdiverseingrammar,vocabulary,orpronunciation.

4.Englishislearnedtocommunicatewithnativespeakers.

5.RPisappealinginthatitsstatusispeculiar.

6.ItisnottroublesomeatalltosubstitutequalifiedEnglishteachersfornativespeaking

teachers.

7.Choiceofalanguagemodelisdeterminedbyitspopularity.

8.NativespeakersofEnglishhaveaninnateadvantagein_____communication.

9.CompetitorsofEnglishspeakersmaywelltakeadvantageoftheweakness-mostBritishpeople

donotknow.

10.NewmodelsofEnglisharelikelytoemergewithoutthe_____.

答案：1.NG2.N3.Y4.N5.Y6.Y7.N

8.international9.whattheyaremissing10.attentionsofnativespeakers

Aresomepeoplebornclever,andothersbornstupid?Orisintelligencedevelopedbyour

environmentandourexperiences?Strangelyenough,theanswertoboththesequestionsisyes.

Tosomeextentourintel1ijcnccisgivenusatbirth,andnoamountofspecialeducationcan

makeageniusoutofachiIdbornwithlowintel1igence.Ontheotherhand,achildwhoIives

inaboringenvironmentwilldevelophisintelligencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvaried

surroundings.Thusthelimitsofaperson'sintelligencearefixedatbirth,butwhetheror

nothereachesthoselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.Thisview,nowheldbymostexperts,

canbesupportedinanumberofways.

Tliseasytoshowthatintel1igenceistosomeextentsonethingwearebornwith.Thecloser

thebloodrelationshipbetweentwopeople,theclosertheyare1ikelytobeinintelligence.

Thusifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandom（任意的）fromthepopulation,

itislikelythattheirdegreesofintelligencewillbecompletelydifferent.Ifontheother

handwetaketwoidentical（完全相同的）twinstheywillvery1ikelybeasintelligentaseach

other.Relations1ikebrothersandsisters,parentsandchildren,usuallyhavesimilar

intelligence,andthisclearlysuggeststhatintelligencedependsonbirth.

Imaginenowthatwetaketwoidenticaltwinsandputthemindifferentenvironments.Wemight

sendone,forexample,toauniversityandtheothertoafactorywheretheworkisboring.

Wewouldsoonfinddifferencesinintelligencedeveloping,andthisindicatesthatenvironment

aswellasbirthplays

apart.Thisconclusionisalsosuggestedbythefactthatpeoplewholiveinclosecontactwith

eachother,butwhoarenotrelatedatall,arelikelytohavesimilardegreesofintelligence.

26.Whichofthesesentencesbestdescribesthewriter*spointinParagraph1?

A.Tosomeextent,intelligenceisgivenatbirth.

B.Intelligenceisdevelopedbytheenvironment.

C.Somepeopleareborncleverandothersbornstupid.

D.Intelligenceisfixedatbirth,butisdevelopedbytheenvironment.

27.Itissuggestedinthispassagethat

A.unrelatedpeoplearenotlikelytohavedifferentintelligence

B.closerelationsusuallyhavesimilarintelligence

C.thecloserthebloodrelationshipbetweenpeople,themorediTferenttheyare1ikelytobe

inintelligence

D.peoplewholiveinclosscontactwitheachotherarenotlikelytohavesimilardegreesof

intelligence

28.Brothersandsistersarclikelyto.

A.havesimilarintelligenceB.havedifferentintel1igence

C.gotothesameuniversityD.gotothesamefactory

29.InParagraph1,thewordusurroundingsMmeans_______.

A.intel1igenceB.1ife

C.environmentsD.housing

30.Thebesttitleforthisarticlewouldbe.

A.OnIntelligence

B.WhatIntel1igenceMeans

C.WeAreBornwithIntelligence

D.EnvironmentBlaysaPartinDevelopingIntelligence

答案：26.D27.B28.A29.C30.A

Homingpigeonsareplaced:natrainingprogramfromaboutthetimetheyaretwenty-eightdays

ofage.Theyarctaughttoenterthecagethroughatrapandtoexerciseaboveandaroundthe

loft（鴿棚），andgraduallytheyaretakenawayforshortdistancesinwi1lowbasketsandreleased.

Theyarcthenexpectedtofindtheirwayhomeintheshortestpossibletime.

Intheirtrainingflightsorinactualraces,thebirdsarctakentoprearrangeddistantpoints

andreleasedtofindtheirwaybacktotheirownlofts.Oncethebirdsareliberated,theirowers,

whoarcstandingbyatthehomelofts,anxiouslywatchtheskyforthereturnoftheirentries.

Sincetimeisoftheessence,thespeedwithwhichthebirdscanbeinducedtoentertheloft

trapmaymakethedifferencebetweengainingawinorasecondplace.

Theheadofahomingpigeoniscomparativelysmall>butitsbrainisonequarterlargerthan

thatoftheordinarypigeon.Thehomingpigeonisveryintelligentandwillperseveretothepoint

ofstubbornness：somehavebeenknowntoflyahundredmilesoffcoursetoavoidastorn.

Somehomingpigeonexpertsclaimthatthisbirdisgiftedwithaformofbuilt-inradarthathelps

itfinditsownloftafterhoursofflight,forhiddenundertheheadfeathersaretwovery

sensitiveears,whilethesharp,prominenteyescanseegreatdistancesindaytime.

Whydohomingpigeonsflyhome?Theyarenotuniqueinthisinherentskill:itisfoundinmost

migratorybirds,inbees,ants,toads,andeventurtles,whichhavebeenknowntotravel

hundredsofmilestoreturntotheirhomes.Butintheanimalworld,thehomingpigeonalone

canbetrustedwithitsfreedomandtrainedtocarryoutthemissionsthatpeopledemand.

1.Thispassageismainlyabout.

A.homingpigeonsandtheirtraining

B.howtobuyahomingpigeon

C.protectionofhomingpigeonsagainstthethreatofextinction

D.liberationofhomingpigeons

2.Accordingtothepassage,whathappenstohomingpigeonswhentheyareaboutamonthold?

A.Theyarekeptinatrap.

B.Theyentertheirfirstrace.

C.Theybeginatrainingprogram.

D.Theygettheirwingsclippedandmarked.

3..Accordingtothepassage,thedifferencebetweenahomingpigeonandanordinaryoneis.

A.thespanofthewingsB.theshapeoftheeyes

C.thetextureofthefeathersD.thesizeofthebrain

4.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingattributesthatenableahomingpigeonto

returnhomeEXCEPT______.

A.instinctB.airsacs

C.sensitiveearsD.goodeyes

5.Whydoestheauthormentionbees,ants,toads,andturtlesinthelastparagraph?

A.Todescribesomeunusualkindsofpets.

B.Tomeasuredistancestraveledbyvariousanimals.

C.Tocomparetheirhome-findingabilitieswiththoseofhomingpigeons.

D.Tointerestthereaderinlearningaboutotheranimals.

答案：1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C

Thedifferencebetweenaliquidandagasisobviousundertheconditionsoftemperatureand

pressurecommonlyfoundatthesurfaceoftheEarth.Aliquidcanbekeptinanopencontainer

andfil1ittothelevelofafreesurface.Agasformsnofreesurfacebuttendstodiffuse

throughoutthe_1_available;itmustthereforebekeptinaclosedcontainerorheldbya

gravitationalfield,asinthe2ofaplanet'satmosphere.Thedistinctionwasa3—feature

ofearlytheoriesdescribingthephasesofmatter.Inthenineteenthcentury,forexample,one

theorymaintainedthataliquidcouldbe“dissolved"inavaporwithoutlosingitsidentity,

andanothertheory_4_thatthetwophasesaremadeupofdifferentkindsofmolecules.The

theoriesnowprevailingtakeaquitedifferentapproachbyemphasizingwhatliquidsandgases

havein_5_Theyarebotnformsofmatterthathaveno_6_structure,andtheybothflow

readily.

Thefundamentalsimilarityofliquidsandgasesbecomesclearlyapparentwhenthetemperature

andpressureare_7_somevhat.Supposeaclosedcontainer_8_filledwitha1iquidishealed.

Theliquidexpands,orinotherwordsbecomeslessdense;someofitevaporates.Incontrast,

thevaporabovetheliquidsurfacebecomesdenserastheevaporatedmoleculesare_9toit.

Thecombinationoftemperatureandpressureatwhichthedensitiesbecome_10_iscalledthe

criticalpoint.

A.addedB.caseC.prominentD.held

E.equalF.partiallyG.exampleH.previous

I.spaceJ,liftedK.pemanentL.particularly

M.extendedN.raised0.common

答案：I.I2.B3.C4.D5.06.K7.N8.F9.A10.E

Youhaveprobablyhearditsaidthatifyouputahorsehairinacontainerofrainwaterandplace

itinthesunshine,asna<ewilldevelop.Itishardtoconvincepeopleeventodaythatthis

isnottrue,yetitisnotdifficulttogelahorsehairandsomerainwatertotrytheexperiment.

Sinceveryearlytimesmenhavebelievedthatlivingthingscouldcomefromnon-livingthings.

Somepeoplethoughtthatfrogsandtoadsdevelopedfromthemudofponds,ratsfromtheriver

Nile,andinsectsfromdeworfromrottingwaste.Vergilwrotethatslimebegat（產(chǎn)生）frogs.

Centurieslater,othermenwrotethatwaterproducedfishesandthatmicecamefromoldrags.

Thisnotionthatlivingthingscancomefromlifelessmatterisknownasthetheoryof**spontaneous

generation."Todayweknowthatlivingthingscancomeonlyfromlivingthings.Redi,inthe

seventeenthcentury,wasthefirsttoexperimenttoprovethatinsectsdonotoriginatefrom

rottingmatter.Fromhisexperiment,Rediconcludedthatnaggotsappearindecayingmeatsimply

becausetheeggsofflieshatchthere,andnotfromMspontaneousgenerationM。

AtthetimeofLeeuwenhoekthemicroscopewasnotwelldeveloped,butwithithediscovered

bacteria.Thestudyofthesetinyformsoflifewhichlookedlikespecks（小污點(diǎn)）tohimwas

notpracticaluntilmoretian150yearslater,whenmicroscopesweremuchimproved.However>

thediscoveryledsomemedicalmenalthetimetothinkthatcontagiousdiseaseswereduetogerms

passedfromthesicktothewell.

Dr.EdwardJenner,ayoungEnglishphysician,overheardamiIkmaidsaythatshewasnotafraid

ofsmallpoxbecauseshehadjustrecoveredfromanattackofcowpox.ThisgaveJennertheclue,

andin1796heprovedthatapersonvaccinatedwithcowpoxgermsisquitecertaintoescapefrom

gettingsmallpox.Althistimesmallpoxwassocommonthataboutonlyonepersoninahundred

escaped.

InAristotle'sdays,itwasthecommonbeliefthataircausedfoodstospoil.Peoplebelieved

thatthiswastrueuntiltheseventeenthcentury.In180'0,Napoleonofferedaprizeforthe

successfulinventionofacontainerwhichwouldkeepfoodsfromspoilinginwartimes.Theprize

waswonbyFrancoisApperl,whohadworkedal1his1ifeon:hisproblem.Hepackedfoodsinglass

orchinajars,pouredinenoughwatertocoverthefood,corkedandsealedthem,thenplaced

thejarsinacontainerofwaterwhichwasgraduallyheatedtotheboilingpoint.Hethought,

however,thatitwasairthatcausedthefoodstospoil.Izwasnotuntilfiftyyearslaterthat

LouisPasteurprovedthatitwasnotairthatspoiledfoods,buttinylivingorganismsthatfloat

ahoulintheair.Thefirst.1in-cancontainerwasmadein1807byPeterDurand.Thecanningindustry

intheUnitedStatesbeganin1819whensalmon,lobster,andoysterswerefirstcanned.

Theideathatgermscausediseasedidnothavemanyfollowerswhenitwasfirstsuggested.Interest

begantobeshownagainwhenBassi?in1837,showedthatasilkwormdiseasewastransmitted

tohealthywormsbythepassingoftiny^glitteringparticles."Later,Henlesaidthat

“catching“diseaseswerecausedbygerms.

About1850,LouisPasteurbeganexperimentingwithtinylivingorganismsandwasabletodiscover

manvimportantthings.Heprovedthatveastplantscausesubstancestoferment,thatbacteria

causemilktosour>andthatfloatingparticlesintheaircontainlivinggermswhichcause

spoilinganddecay.

SoonafterPasteurhadannouncedthesediscoveries,JosephListerprovedthatwoundswerepoisoned

bygermsfromtheairorfromthesurgeon*sinstrumentsusedduringoperations.Heprovedthat

iftheinstrumentswereperfectlycleanorsterileandifantiseptic（防腐劑）dressingswere

usedonwoundstopreventtheentranceofgerms,woundswouldhealwithoutdecayorbloodpoisoning.

ThefirstantisepticListerusedwascarbolicacid（石炭酸）。ThewardsintheGlasgowinfirmary

ofwhichListerhadchargewereespeciallyaffectedbygangrene（壞相）?Inashorttimethey

becamethehealthiestofanyknown,becauseheappliedhisknowledgeofantisepticstothehealing

ofwounds.Withsomeimprovements,Lister'$methodsareusedtoday.

MajorLaveranwasthefirs:todiscoverthatacertaingermwasalwayspresentinthebloodof

patientswhohadmalaria.Eightyearslater,in1888,MajorRossprovedthathefoundasimilar

germinthebodyoftheAnophelesmosquito.Then,byotherexperiments,itwasshownthatthe

germsthatcausemalariacanbetransmittedonlybythebiteofthemosquito.Toprovethis,

twophysiciansinLondonpermittedthemselvestobebittenbymosquitoeswhichhadpreviously

bittenmalarialpatientsinItalyandtenwereshippedinaboxtoLondon.Ineighteendaysafter

beingbittenbythesemosquitoes,bothphysiciansdevelopedmalarialfever.Soonitwasproved

thatthegermsofyellowfeverwerecarriedbytheAedesmosquito.

AboutthistimethereweremanydogswithrabiesinParis,andPasteursetabouttoshowhow

toinoculateforhydrophobia,thediseasewhichiscausedbythebiteofamaddog.Hehaddone

manyexperimentsbuthadnotyettriedhissuccesswithahumanbeing,whenaboywhohadbeen

bittenbyamaddogwasbroughttoPasteur,slaboratorybyhisparents.Pasteur'$workwasstill

beingcriticizedbymany,andhehesitatedtoinoculatetheboy.Theparentspleaded,andPasteur

agreed,ifthebovwouldleftunderhiscare.Theinoculationonthebovwithhydrophobia

germswassuccessful,andPasteur'sfamespreadrapidly.Threeyearslater,thefirstPasteur

InstituteforthetreatmentofrabieswasestablishedinParis.Thousandsofcaseswere

successfullytreatedhere,andherealsoRouxdiscoveredtheantitoxinfordiphtheria.

Them