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Chapter10

MedicalRobots

TextARecentdecadeshavewitnessedanoticeabledevelopmentininformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT1).Thisdevelopmenthasledtoadventofvarioustypesofrobotsinvastmajorityofindustries,namelymanufacturing,military,medicalandhealthcare,entertainment,andhousehold.Inthemedicalsector,assistivemedicalrobotsanddevicesplaysubstantialroleinseniorcitizenslives.Thepopulationofseniorcitizensisgrowingsubstantiallyovertheworld;therefore,thedemandforspecificneedsrises.Growthinagingpopulationresultsinnoticeablenumberofissuessuchasdearthofhealth-carecenters,professionals,andservicesaswellashugeburdensofhealth-carecosts.Inordertodiminishcostsrelatedtoreadmissionandtransportation,andalsotoamelioratequalityofhealth-careservicesandolderadult’sindependency,health-careservicesareshiftedtoolderadults’homefrommedicalcenters.Therefore,differenttypesofassistivemedicalrobots,namelyremotepresencerobot,paro-robot,telerobot,skillegentrobot,RIBA2,anddevicessuchaswheeledwalkers,arecreatedtofulfillvariousneedsandcompensatedisabilities.Assistivemedicalrobotsanddevicesnotonlyhavefacilitatedolderadult’stasks,butalsohavepromotedtheirlifequalityandkepttheirautonomy.Forinstance,mobilemanipulatedrobotofferstobringobject(s)toolderadultsorbytheirrequest,telerobotmonitorshealthconditionandmedicationofelderly,petrobotcompaniesolderadults,androllingwalkerassistselderlytohavebettermobility,stability,andbalance.近幾十年來,信息和通信技術(shù)(ICT)取得了顯著的發(fā)展。這一發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了大多數(shù)行業(yè)出現(xiàn)了不同種類型的機(jī)器人,即制造業(yè)、軍事、醫(yī)療、保健、娛樂和家庭。在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域中,輔助醫(yī)療機(jī)器人和設(shè)備在老年人的生活中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。世界各地的老年人口的數(shù)量正在迅速增長(zhǎng)。因此,對(duì)特定需求也在不斷地增加。人口老齡化的增長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致了對(duì)應(yīng)資源匱乏的問題,例如缺乏醫(yī)療中心,專業(yè)人員和服務(wù)以及醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的巨大問題。為了減少入院和交通相關(guān)的費(fèi)用問題,以及改善保健服務(wù)的質(zhì)量和老年人的獨(dú)立性,醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)從醫(yī)療中心轉(zhuǎn)移到老年人的家中。因此,創(chuàng)建了不同類型的輔助醫(yī)療機(jī)器人,即遠(yuǎn)程控制機(jī)器人,paro機(jī)器人,遙控機(jī)器人,skillegent機(jī)器人,RIBA和輪式步行器的設(shè)備,以滿足各種需求和補(bǔ)償。輔助醫(yī)療機(jī)器人和設(shè)備不僅促進(jìn)了老年人的需求,而且提高了他們的生活質(zhì)量并維護(hù)了他們的自主權(quán)。例如,操縱機(jī)器人根據(jù)老年人的要求給他們提供物品,遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)器人監(jiān)測(cè)老年人的健康和藥物情況,老年人的輔助機(jī)器人,以及滾動(dòng)助行器幫助老年人具有更好的活動(dòng)性,穩(wěn)定性和平衡性。OverviewandcontributionThereareanoticeablenumberofassistiverobotsanddevicestoempowerolderadultstocarryouttheirdailyroutinetasksindependently.Yetinaccordancewithconductedresearchstudies,olderadultsdonotinclinetowardtheuseoftechnology.Inotherwords,thereisagapforimprovingassistivetechnologytoincreaserobotacceptanceandfulfillelderly’sneeds.Theauthorsofthispaperprovideareviewofassessmentofassistivemedicalrobotsanddevicesfromolderadults’perspectivetoidentifythefactorsassociatedwithassistivetechnologyacceptance.Theauthorsofthispaperbelievethatadequateandaccurateunderstandingofseniorcitizens’needsandexpectationswillinformrobotdesigners,programmers,anddeveloperstocreateuser-friendlyanduser-centeredrobotsanddevicesmeetingrequiredfeaturesandfunctions.Weaimatidentifyingthereasonscausingdeclineofrobotacceptanceandalsotoassessolderadults’needsandexpectations.Webelievethatinordertoboostacceptanceofolderadultstouserobots,itisimportanttoassessnotonlytheirneedsandexpectations,butalsotheirattitudestowardtechnology.概述和貢獻(xiàn)有大量的輔助機(jī)器人和設(shè)備可以讓老年人獨(dú)立完成日常的工作。然而,根據(jù)研究顯示,老年人并不傾向于使用技術(shù)。換句話說,改善輔助技術(shù)以增加機(jī)器人的接受度和滿足老年人的需求存在差距。本文作者回顧了從老年人的角度評(píng)估輔助醫(yī)療機(jī)器人和設(shè)備,以確定與輔助技術(shù)接受相關(guān)的因素。本文作者認(rèn)為,充分準(zhǔn)確地了解老年人的需求和期望將使機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)師,程序員和開發(fā)人員能夠創(chuàng)建滿足所需特性和功能的用戶友好型和以用戶為中心的機(jī)器人和設(shè)備。我們的目標(biāo)是確定導(dǎo)致機(jī)器人接受度下降的原因有哪些,并評(píng)估老年人的需求和期望。我們認(rèn)為,為了提高老年人對(duì)機(jī)器人的接受程度,不僅要評(píng)估他們的需求和期望,還要評(píng)估他們對(duì)技術(shù)的態(tài)度。PaperorganizationThispaperisorganizedasfollows:“Assistivetechnologiesoverview”sectionpresentsadetailedoverviewofassistivetechnologiesandtheirassociatedfeatures.“Assessmentofassistivemedicalrobots”sectionintroducesanoverviewofassessmentofmedicalrobotsfromolderadults’perspectives.In“Assessmentofwalkingdevicesandrelatedtechnologies”section,weinvestigatetheassessmentofassistivewalkingaidsandinparticularwalkingdevices.論文組織本文的結(jié)構(gòu)如下:“輔助技術(shù)概述”部分詳細(xì)介紹了輔助技術(shù)及其相關(guān)功能。“輔助醫(yī)療機(jī)器人的評(píng)估”部分介紹了從老年人的角度評(píng)估醫(yī)療機(jī)器人的概況。在“步行裝置和相關(guān)技術(shù)的評(píng)估”部分,我們研究了輔助助行器,特別是步行裝置的評(píng)估。“Olderadultssatisfactionofotherassistivedevices”sectionfocusesonpresentingolderadults’satisfactionofotherassistivedevices.Thepaperisconcludedin“Conclusion”sectionwhereweemphasizeonspecificattitudesofolderadultstowardtheuseofassistivetechnologiesindailylife.“老年人對(duì)其他輔助器具的滿意度”部分重點(diǎn)介紹老年人對(duì)其他輔助器具的滿意度。該論文在“結(jié)論”部分得出結(jié)論,其中我們還強(qiáng)調(diào)了老年人在日常生活中使用輔助技術(shù)的具體態(tài)度。AssistivetechnologiesoverviewDifferenttypesofrobotshavebeendevelopedtoprovidevariousaidsforolderadults.TheinformationinTable10-1revealsthatenhancementsintechnologyhavecompensatedelderly’sdisabilities,whichimprovedtheirlifequalityandhealthconditionsthroughremotecontrollingrobots.Moreover,assistiverobotsanddevicesaredevelopedtoprovidephysicalaidtoelderlytoaccomplishtheirroutineactivitiessuchasfeeding,managementofmedication,andemergencycontrol.Besides,itisobviousthatolderadultsbenefitfromassistiverobotsanddevicestoretaintheirautonomy,diminishhealth-careneeds,accomplishdailytasks,andincreasesocialcommunication.Albeitagreatnumberofusefulassistiverobotsanddevicesaredeveloped,yetsomeolderadultsdeclinetoaccepttechnologyintheirroutinelife.輔助技術(shù)概述已經(jīng)開發(fā)了不同類型的機(jī)器人來為老年人提供各種輔助設(shè)備。表10-2中的信息顯示,技術(shù)的增強(qiáng)已經(jīng)彌補(bǔ)了老年人的殘疾,通過遠(yuǎn)程控制機(jī)器人改善了他們的生活質(zhì)量和健康狀況。此外,還開發(fā)了輔助機(jī)器人和裝置,以便為老年人提供物理上的幫助,以完成他們的日常活動(dòng),例如喂食,藥物管理和緊急控制。此外,顯而易見的是,老年人受益于輔助機(jī)器人和設(shè)備,以保持他們的自主權(quán),減少醫(yī)療保健需求,完成日常工作,并增加社交溝通。即使開發(fā)了大量有用的輔助機(jī)器人和設(shè)備,但還是有一些老年人在日常生活中是拒絕接受技術(shù)的。AssessmentofassistivemedicalrobotsThoughagreatnumberofassistivemedicalrobotsanddevicesaredevelopedforolderadults,yetthereislackofresearchstudiesrelatedtoacceptanceofassistivetechnologyfromolderadultsandtheircaretakers’perspective.Webelievethatitisimportanttoconductfurtherresearchworksurroundingthisfield.Thedeclinedacceptanceofolderadultsofassistivetechnologiesismainlyrelatedtothelimitedknowledgeandtheembarrassedemotions.Moreover,itisfoundoutthattherearetwoprimaryfactorsaffectinguseofassistivetechnology:abilitiesandattitudes.Inaccordancewithconductedethnographicstudies,olderadultsinclinetoutilizeassistivetechnologywhenthedignityandautonomyofthemaremaintained.Ethnographicstudiesprovidedaseriesofrecommendationstorobotdesignersanddevelopers.Therecommendationsareintermsofrobotdimensionswhichshouldbefitwithinelderly’splace,robotinterfacewhichshouldbeeasytouse,andinteractionfeaturewhichshouldmeetelderly’sabilities.輔助醫(yī)療機(jī)器人的評(píng)估雖然有大量的醫(yī)療輔助機(jī)器人和設(shè)備是為老年人開發(fā)的,但是目前缺乏從老年人和他們的照顧者的角度來考慮接受輔助技術(shù)的研究。我們認(rèn)為圍繞這一領(lǐng)域開展進(jìn)一步的研究工作非常重要。老年人對(duì)輔助技術(shù)的接受度下降主要與知識(shí)有限和窘迫的情感有關(guān)。此外,發(fā)現(xiàn)影響輔助技術(shù)使用的兩個(gè)主要因素是:能力和態(tài)度。根據(jù)進(jìn)行的人種學(xué)研究,老年人傾向于在維持其尊嚴(yán)和自主權(quán)時(shí)使用輔助技術(shù)。人種學(xué)的研究為機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)師和開發(fā)者提供了一系列建議。建議機(jī)器人的尺寸應(yīng)該適合老年人的位置,機(jī)器人界面應(yīng)該易于使用,以及應(yīng)該滿足與老年人能力相當(dāng)?shù)幕?dòng)功能。Olderadults’attitudetowardhealth?carerobotsTherearetwoprimaryfactorsinfluenceadoptionoftechnologybyolderadults:easeofuseandusefulness.Easeofusefactorreferstolevelofolderpeople’sknowledgeaboutassistivetechnology.Olderadults,whoareintermediateandfamiliarwithassistivetechnology,showpositiveperspectives.Robotusefulnessreferstoprovisionofphysicalassistanceandtaskmonitoringsuchascarryingandpickingupaheavyitem.Thebehaviorofolderadultshasprovedthatelderlydeclinetoutilizeassistiverobotsiftheirtasksarenotfounduseful.Findingsoftheaforementionedresearchstudieshaveshownthatrobotfunctionalities,relatedtononsocialtasksandrobotinteraction,arethemostinfluentialfactorsintechnologyacceptancebytheolderpeople.老年人對(duì)保健機(jī)器人的態(tài)度影響老年人采用技術(shù)的主要因素有兩個(gè):易用性和實(shí)用性。易用性系數(shù)是指老年人對(duì)輔助技術(shù)的了解程度。年齡較大的中年人,熟悉輔助技術(shù),表現(xiàn)出積極的觀點(diǎn)。機(jī)器人的實(shí)用性是指提供物理輔助和任務(wù)監(jiān)控,例如攜帶和拾取重物。老年人的行為證明,如果他們沒有做事,老年人就會(huì)拒絕使用輔助機(jī)器人。上述研究的結(jié)果表明,與非社會(huì)任務(wù)和機(jī)器人互動(dòng)相關(guān)的機(jī)器人功能是老年人接受技術(shù)的最有影響力的因素。Itisstatedthatolderadultscommonlyrefusetouseassistivetechnologybecauseofbeingnoviceataccomplishingtaskswithtechnology.Inaddition,itissaidthatolderadults,unlikeyoungpeople,areconcernedaboutlearningtechnologyskills.Thistendstomakethemrefusingtousetechnology.Fromalarge-scaleresearchstudy,itisfoundthatolderadultsshowpositiveattitudestowardassistivetechnologyadoptionwhentheyareassistedwithsignificanttask.Anumberofresearchstudiesrevealedthatcostisoneoftheprimaryfactorswhichmakeolderpeopleconcerned.Theyinclinetoadoptassistivetechnologyiftheadvantagesoutweighthecost.Inaccordancewithpreviousstudies,theuseoftechnologyappealsolderadultsifitonlyoffersthemgreaterautonomy.Moreover,unlikeyoungsters,olderadultsshowdifferentattitudetowardtechnologyacceptance.Olderadultsdeclinetotrustontechnology,andalsotheythinkitiscomplextoutilize.Moreover,thebehaviorsofolderadultshaveprovedthatwhentheyfacedifficulties,theytendtogiveupratherthanaskingforhelp.據(jù)稱,老年人通常拒絕使用輔助技術(shù),因?yàn)樗麄兪峭瓿杉夹g(shù)任務(wù)的新手。此外,據(jù)說與年輕人不同,老年人關(guān)心學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)技能。這往往使他們拒絕使用技術(shù)。從一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),老年人在輔助重大任務(wù)時(shí)表現(xiàn)出對(duì)輔助技術(shù)采用的積極態(tài)度。許多研究表明,成本是使老年人關(guān)注的主要因素之一。如果優(yōu)勢(shì)超過成本,他們傾向于采用輔助技術(shù)。根據(jù)以前的研究,如果只為老年人提供更大的自主權(quán),那么技術(shù)的使用就會(huì)吸引他們。此外,與年輕人不同,老年人對(duì)技術(shù)接受表現(xiàn)出不同的態(tài)度。老年人不再信任技術(shù),他們認(rèn)為使用起來很復(fù)雜。此外,老年人的行為證明,當(dāng)他們面臨困難時(shí),他們傾向于放棄而不是尋求幫助。InotherconductedresearchworkbyWuetal.theyinvestigatedadoptionofassistiverobotsbyelderlyandalsoanalyzedelderly’sperspectiveafter1monthofdirectinteractionwithassistiverobots.Twogroupsofcognitivelyintacthealthy(CIH)andmildcognitiveimpairment(MCI3)participatedinthisstudy.Bothgroupsdeclinedtoshowwillingnesstoutilizeassistiverobots.在Wu等人的其他研究工作中。他們調(diào)查了老年人對(duì)輔助機(jī)器人的采用情況,并在與輔助機(jī)器人直接互動(dòng)一個(gè)月后分析了老年人的觀點(diǎn)。兩組認(rèn)知完整的健康(CIH)和輕度認(rèn)知障礙(MCI)參與了這項(xiàng)研究。兩組都拒絕表示愿意使用輔助機(jī)器人。Moreover,negativeattitudestowardrobotsandnegativeimageofrobotswerenoticed.Thesameattitudehasbeenreportedaftercarryingthesamestudyforonemoremonthofinteraction.Olderpeoplerespondedthatassistiverobotsarenotuseful,whereastheyfoundrobotssafe,interesting,andeasytouse.Thisfindingrevealsatotalcontrastwithpreviousstudies,indicatingthatolderadults’behaviortowardassistiverobotsamelioratesafterdirectinteraction.Ithasbeennoticedinthisstudythatolderpeoplefoundthemselvesnotinneedsofassistiverobots.此外,人們也關(guān)注到對(duì)機(jī)器人的負(fù)面態(tài)度和機(jī)器人的負(fù)面形象。在進(jìn)行了一個(gè)月的互動(dòng)后,老年人還是持有同樣的態(tài)度。老年人回應(yīng),稱輔助機(jī)器人沒用,而他們發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)器人安全,有趣且易于使用。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了與之前研究的完全對(duì)比,表明老年人對(duì)輔助機(jī)器人的行為在直接相互作用后得到改善。在這項(xiàng)研究中已經(jīng)注意到,老年人發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不需要輔助機(jī)器人。IntheworkdonebyMorrisetal.andHeartandKalderon,elderlyshowedfearofdehumanizationtowardadoptionofassistiverobots.Ethicalandsocietalissueswereconsideredasabarrierofadoptionofassistivetechnologies.Participantsrespondedthatuseofassistiverobotsgivesthemtheimpressionofbeingwatchedandmonitored.Thisgivesrisetoexceedingtheimportanceofelderly’sprivacy.Heart,Kalderon和Morris等人發(fā)現(xiàn)老人對(duì)采用輔助機(jī)器人的非人化表現(xiàn)出恐懼。道德和社會(huì)問題被視為采用輔助技術(shù)的障礙。與會(huì)者回答說,使用輔助機(jī)器人給他們留下了被監(jiān)視和監(jiān)視的印象。這導(dǎo)致超出老年人隱私的重要性。BeerandTakayamaassessedmobileremotepresence(MRP4)systemsfromolderadults’pointofview.TheyreportedthatbenefitsofMRPsystemswereobvioustoelderly;therefore,olderadultsshowedwillingtoutilizesuchasysteminsocialandmedicalcontexts.Olderadultshadpositiveattitudestonumberofbenefitsfromassistiverobots,namelydecreasedtravelingcost,improvedvisualization,andreductioninsocialisolation.Ontheotherhand,theywereconcernedaboutcallmanagement,lackofface-to-facecommunication,andprivacy.Beer和Takayama從老年人的角度評(píng)估了移動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)程存在(MRP)系統(tǒng)。他們報(bào)告說,MRP系統(tǒng)對(duì)老年人好處是顯而易見的;因此,老年人愿意在社會(huì)和醫(yī)療環(huán)境中使用這樣的系統(tǒng)。老年人對(duì)輔助機(jī)器人的益處有積極的態(tài)度,即降低旅行成本,改善可視化和減少社會(huì)隔離。另一方面,他們擔(dān)心電話管理,缺乏面對(duì)面的溝通和隱私。Olderadults’preferencesfromhealth-carerobot’sfunctionsOlderpeopleprefertohavefarmorecommunicationwithhealth-carerobots.Forinstance,theyprefertoconversewithrobotsaboutthetopicrelatedtorobotitself,ratherthantalkingabouthealth-careandactivities.Moreover,olderpeopleconsiderrobotsasaperformance-directedmachine,ratherthanasocialdevice.Broadbentetal.conductedanimportantresearchworktoinvestigatenotonlyolderadults’perspectivestowardhealth-carerobots,butalsotheircaretakersaswell.Intheirstudy,itwasfoundthatcaregiverswereconcernedabouttheirjobsthatmaybereplacedbyhealthcarerobots.Ontheotherside,thisresearchhighlightedthatolderadultshavepositiveperspectiveabouthealthcarerobotapartfromconcernsrelatedtoreliability,privacy,andsafety.Intermsofrobot’sfunctionality,falldetectionfeatureappealedvastmajorityofelderly.Moreover,functionssuchasbigbuttons,clearvoice,andvisiblescreensaresignificantlyfavorable.Olderadultspreferrobotstoautomaticallydetectandmonitorfallincidentswithoutwearinganydeviceorbeingnearbyacallbutton.老年人偏愛保健機(jī)器人的功能老年人更愿意與保健機(jī)器人進(jìn)行更多溝通。例如,他們更喜歡與機(jī)器人談?wù)撆c機(jī)器人本身相關(guān)的主題,而不是談?wù)撫t(yī)療保健和活動(dòng)。此外,老年人認(rèn)為機(jī)器人是一種性能導(dǎo)向的機(jī)器,而不是社交設(shè)備。Broadbent等人。進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)重要的研究工作,不僅調(diào)查了老年人對(duì)保健機(jī)器人的看法,也調(diào)查了他們的看護(hù)人員。在他們的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)護(hù)理人員擔(dān)心他們的工作可能被醫(yī)療機(jī)器人取代。另一方面,這項(xiàng)研究強(qiáng)調(diào),除了與可靠性,隱私和安全相關(guān)的擔(dān)憂之外,老年人對(duì)醫(yī)療機(jī)器人有積極的看法。在機(jī)器人的功能方面,跌倒檢測(cè)功能吸引了絕大多數(shù)老年人。此外,大按鈕,清晰的聲音和可視屏幕等功能也非常受歡迎。老年人喜歡機(jī)器人在不佩戴任何設(shè)備或在靠近呼叫按鈕的情況下自動(dòng)檢測(cè)和監(jiān)控跌倒事件。Pastresearchworkrevealedthatintermsofrobotappearance,unlikeyoungsters,olderadultspreferlesshuman-likeandmoreseriousrobots.Itisstatedthattherobot’stasksshouldbecommensuratewithappearanceandshape.Moreover,therobotisnotnecessarilyrequiredtobehuman-likeifitsfunctionsdonotrequire.Intermsofsize,adjustablerobotswithminimumoffivefeetarehighlyaccepted.過去的研究工作表明,在機(jī)器人外觀方面,與年輕人不同,老年人喜歡較少人性而更多功能的機(jī)器人。據(jù)說機(jī)器人的任務(wù)應(yīng)該與外觀和形狀相稱。此外,如果機(jī)器人不需要,機(jī)器人不一定要像人一樣。在尺寸方面,至少5英尺的可調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)器人是可以接受的。FurtherresearchworkhasbeenconductedbySmarretal.withthepurposeofidentifyingthetasksthatneedrobotassistance.Inthisstudy,taskswerecategorizedintothreecategories:self-maintenanceactivitiesofdailyliving(ADLs),instrumentalactivitiesfordailyliving(IADLs),andenhancedactivitiesofdailyliving(EADLs).AssistanceforIADLtasksconsistsofhousekeepingsuchaslaundryandmedicationreminder.Ontheotherhand,taskssuchasnewlearningandpastimerefertoEADL.OlderpeopleprefertohaverobotassistanceratherthanhumanassistanceforIADLsandthenEADLs.Incontrast,itwasfoundthatolderpeoplefavortohaveassistanceforADLsandalsosomespecifictasksofIADLsandEADLs,namelydecisiononmedication,mealpreparation,andsocialinteraction.TheresultsofthisstudyaresimilartoBroadbentetal.findings.Thismakesusabletoconcludethatolderadultsprefertohaverobotassistanceformonitoringandphysicalaid,whiletheypreferhumanaidfordecision-makingtasks.Smarr等人進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步的研究工作。目的是確定需要機(jī)器人幫助的任務(wù)。在這項(xiàng)研究中,任務(wù)分為三類:日常生活的自我維持活動(dòng)(ADL),工具性日常生活活動(dòng)(IADL)和日常生活活動(dòng)(EADLs)。對(duì)IADL任務(wù)的幫助包括家務(wù)管理,如洗衣和藥物提醒。另一方面,新學(xué)習(xí)和消遣等任務(wù)參考EADL。老年人更愿意為IADL和EADL提供機(jī)器人援助而不是人工援助。相比之下,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)老年人傾向于幫助ADL以及IADL和EADL的某些特定任務(wù),即決定藥物,膳食準(zhǔn)備和社交互動(dòng)。該研究的結(jié)果與Broadbent等人的研究結(jié)果相似。可見我們能夠得出結(jié)論,老年人更喜歡機(jī)器人幫助監(jiān)測(cè)和物理援助,而他們更喜歡人工援助來做決策任務(wù)。Consideringmedicationmanagementasaprimeexample,olderadultspreferhealth-carerobotstoeitherbringthemmedicineorremindthemoftheregulardoses.However,theyfavorhumanassistancetomakedecisionwhatand/orwhenmedicinetotake.Thisconceptassistsdesignersanddevelopersofhealth-carerobotstofurnishrobotwithhighlevelofintelligenttoenablethemtomaketherightdecision.作為藥物管理的一個(gè)例子,老年人更喜歡醫(yī)療保健機(jī)器人給他們帶藥或提醒他們常規(guī)劑量。然而,他們贊成人類協(xié)助決定什么和/或什么時(shí)候服用藥物。這個(gè)概念幫助醫(yī)療保健機(jī)器人的設(shè)計(jì)者和開發(fā)者為機(jī)器人提供高水平的智能,使它們能夠做出正確的決定。AssessmentofwalkingdevicesandrelatedtechnologiesWheeledwalkersprovidewalkingsupportforabignumberofolderpeopletocompensatetheirmovingandwalkingdisabilities.Wheeledwalkersareusedprimarilyformaintainingmobilityandbalanceaswellasalleviatingfallincidents.Thoughtheyareusedbyanoticeablenumberofusers,yetthereisaneedforimprovementtofulfillolderadults’needsandexpectations.Thissectiongivesareviewofpreviousconductedresearchstudiesontheassessmentofassistivewalkingdevicesfromolderadults’perspective.行走裝置和相關(guān)技術(shù)的評(píng)估輪式助行器為大量老年人提供步行支持,以補(bǔ)償他們的移動(dòng)和行走障礙。輪式助行器主要用于保持機(jī)動(dòng)性和平衡以及減輕墜落事故。雖然它們被相當(dāng)多的用戶使用,但仍需要改進(jìn)以滿足老年人的需求和期望。本節(jié)回顧了之前進(jìn)行的關(guān)于從老年人角度評(píng)估輔助步行裝置的研究。WheeledwalkerslimitationsVanRieletal.reportedthattheuseofwheeledwalkersusuallyresultsinseverefallinjuries.BasedonpreviousresearchbyLindemannetal.therearevariouslimitationsassociatedwiththeuseofwheeledwalkerswhichcausesseriousfallincidentstoolderadultsincludingwalkingbackward,downhillanduphill,holdinganitemwhenfrontingobstacle(s),encounteringobstaclessuchasstairsinpublictransportation,andwalkingonunevensurfaces.Olderadultsencounterdifficultiestoretaintheirbalanceandcontroltoopenadoorwhichisinreversedirectionoftheirassistivewheeledwalker.Thissituationbecomesmorechallengingwhenauserholdsanitemwhilepassingthroughadoor.Forthisreason,olderadultsstatedthatitiseasiertowalkthroughadoorortoopenthedoorwithoutwheeledwalker.Despitetherehavebeennumerousapproachesanddevelopmentstoovercomethementionedlimitationsofwheeledwalkers,theproposedsolutionswerenotsatisfactory.Forinstance,walkingbackwardthroughadoorusingawalkerisstillachallengeformostusers.Thisisduetothefactthatfrontwheelsofthewalkerprovide360°rotation,whereastherotationofbackwheelsisrestricted.Rentschleretal.recommendedawalkerwitharotationfeatureandintelligentobstaclepreventiontoovercomethoselimitations.輪式步行者的局限性VanRiel等人報(bào)道說,使用輪式助行器通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的跌倒傷。基于Lindemann等人先前的研究。輪式助行器的使用存在各種限制,導(dǎo)致老年人嚴(yán)重跌倒事故,包括向后走,下坡和上坡,在前方遇到障礙物時(shí)遇到物品,在公共交通中遇到諸如樓梯等障礙物,以及在不平路面上行走。年長(zhǎng)的人難以保持平衡,也難以控制與其輔助輪式助行器相反方向的門。當(dāng)用戶手提東西并開門時(shí),這種情況變得更具挑戰(zhàn)性。出于這個(gè)原因,老年人表示,沒有輪式助行器,走路或打開門更容易。盡管已經(jīng)有許多方法和發(fā)展來克服上述輪式助行器的局限性,但所提出的解決方案并不令人滿意。例如,使用助行器向后走過一扇門對(duì)大多數(shù)用戶來說仍然是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。這是因?yàn)橹衅鞯那拜喬峁?60°旋轉(zhuǎn),而后輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)受到限制。Rentschler等人建議使用具有旋轉(zhuǎn)功能和智能障礙預(yù)防功能的助行器來克服這些限制。Olderadults’satisfactionofotherassistivedevicesAnoticeablenumberofresearchworkshavebeenaccomplishedtoevaluateolderadults’experiencefeedbackandsatisfactionlevelfromassistivetechnologies.Privacyisconsideredtohaveasignificantconcerntoolderpeople.Forinstance,theyprefertohavefaintpicturesattheirprivateplacesofthehouse(bedrooms)whiletheydonothesitatetohavetransparentimagesinothergeneralareas(diningroomandlounge).Camerasandvisualsurveillancesystemsareunfavorabletotheolderadults.Moreover,disabilitiesinhavingcontrolovertheassistivedeviceareoneofthemainreasonsthatolderpeopledeclinetoadoptICT.Theyalsopreferhavingcompletecontrolovertheassistivedevice.Forinstance,olderpeopleinclinetoswitchofffalsealarmbythemselves.Inaddition,costofassistivedeviceandmaintenancechargesareofagreatconcerntoolderadults.Thismakesthemdeclineacceptanceofexpensiveassistivedevices.Onemoreobservationisolderpeoplefavorattractiveanddaintydevicescreatedindifferentcolors.Additionally,findingsofthisresearchshowthatitisdifficultforthemtopressthebuttonofdeviceandreadthegraycolortextandbackground.Olderadultsencounteredlesshardshiptowearwristdevices;therefore,thistypeofdevicedesignimpressedthemsubstantially.BrownSellandHawleyindicatethatICTdevicesempowerelderlytofeelindependentandsafetotakerisk.老年人對(duì)其他輔助器具的滿意度已經(jīng)完成了大量的研究工作,以評(píng)估老年人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)反饋和輔助技術(shù)的滿意度。隱私被認(rèn)為是老年人非常關(guān)注的問題。例如,他們喜歡在房子(臥室)的私人場(chǎng)所拍攝光線微弱的照片,他們也會(huì)毫不猶豫地選擇在其他一般區(qū)域(餐廳和休息室)擁有通透照片。攝像機(jī)和視覺監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)對(duì)老年人不利。此外,控制輔助設(shè)備是殘疾老年人拒絕采用信息通信技術(shù)的主要原因之一。他們還希望完全控制輔助設(shè)備。例如,老年人傾向于自己關(guān)閉誤報(bào)。此外,輔助設(shè)備和維護(hù)費(fèi)用是老年人非常關(guān)注的問題。這使得他們拒絕接受昂貴的輔助設(shè)備。另一個(gè)觀察結(jié)果是老年人喜歡用不同顏色創(chuàng)造的有吸引力和精致的設(shè)備。此外,該研究的結(jié)果表明,他們很難按下設(shè)備按鈕并閱讀灰色文本和背景。老年人戴手腕設(shè)備的困難較小;因此,這種類型的設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)給他們留下了深刻的印象。BrownSell和Hawley表示,信息通信技術(shù)設(shè)備使老年人能夠感到自己能安全地承受風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。TextBMedicalroboticsencompassesmanipulatorsandrobotsusedinsurgery,therapy,prosthetics,andrehabilitation.Thegoalofimplementingsurgicalrobotsistoincreasetheeffectivenessandreproducibility(standardization)ofsurgicalproceduresaswellastoreducetheirinvasiveness.Robotsareusedforthetelemanipulationofsurgicaltools:anendoscopicvideosystemand/orendoscopicoperatingtools.RobinHeartaPolishfamilyofsurgicalrobotsisnowatthebeginningofitswayintoclinics.DowestandachanceofimplementingaPolishrobot?Doescardiacsurgeryneedrobots?Whatkindofrobots?WasittherightdecisiontostartwithavideosystemrobotRobinHeartPVA?Thesearethequestionsthatgaverisetothedeliberationsdescribedbelow.Threemodelsweredevelopedduringthefirstphaseoftheproject:RobinHeart0,RobinHeart1,andRobinHeart2.Then,thefirstprototypeofarobotforcontrollinganendoscopicvideosystemwascreated–theRobinHeartVisionrobot.In2010,themulti-set,modularRobinHeartmc2robotwasimplemented.Initsfullconfiguration,itiscapableofreplacingthreepeopleattheoperatingtablethefirstandsecondsurgeonandtheassistanthandlingthevideosystem.MechatronicRobinHeartUniSystemtoolswerealsodeveloped–theycanbequicklydismountedfromtherobot’sarmandusedmanuallywithaspecialhandle.Experimentsconductedonanimalsin2009–2010provedtheadequacyoftheimplementedstructuralsolutionsandcontrolmethods;thevideosystemrobotmetalltheexpectationsofthemedicalteam.ThefirstrobotfromtheRobinHeartfamilyisnowbeingpreparedforimplementation;itisalight,single-arm,portablevideosystemrobothencethename:PortVisionAble(PVA).醫(yī)療機(jī)器人包括用于手術(shù)、治療,假肢和康復(fù)的操縱器和機(jī)器人。實(shí)施手術(shù)機(jī)器人的目的是提高外科手術(shù)的有效性和再現(xiàn)性(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化)以及降低其侵入性。機(jī)器人用于手術(shù)工具的遠(yuǎn)程操作:內(nèi)窺鏡視頻系統(tǒng)和/或內(nèi)窺鏡操作工具。RobinHeart是一家波蘭手術(shù)機(jī)器人家族,目前正在進(jìn)入診所。我們是否有機(jī)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)波蘭機(jī)器人?心臟手術(shù)需要機(jī)器人嗎?什么樣的機(jī)器人?從視頻系統(tǒng)機(jī)器人RobinHeartPVA開始是正確的決定嗎?這些是導(dǎo)致下述審議的問題。在項(xiàng)目的第一階段開發(fā)了三個(gè)模型:RobinHeart0,RobinHeart1和RobinHeart2。然后創(chuàng)建了第一個(gè)用于控制內(nèi)窺鏡視頻系統(tǒng)的機(jī)器人原型——RobinHeartVision機(jī)器人。2010年,實(shí)施了多套模塊化RobinHeartmc2機(jī)器人。在其完整配置中,它能夠在手術(shù)臺(tái)上替換三個(gè)人,即第一和第二外科醫(yī)生以及處理視頻系統(tǒng)的助手。還開發(fā)了機(jī)電一體化RobinHeartUniSystem工具——它們可以從機(jī)器人手臂上快速拆卸下來,并通過特殊手柄手動(dòng)使用。2009—2010年對(duì)動(dòng)物進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)證明了實(shí)施解決方案和控制方法的充分性;視頻系統(tǒng)機(jī)器人滿足了醫(yī)療團(tuán)隊(duì)的所有期望。RobinHeart家族的第一個(gè)機(jī)器人正在準(zhǔn)備實(shí)現(xiàn)。它是一種輕型、單臂、便攜式視頻系統(tǒng)機(jī)器人,因此得名PortVisionAble(PVA)。GlobalrobotmarketOpportunitiesforexpandingtheuseofrobotsinsurgeryareassociatedwiththeprogressofsurgicaltreatment(medicine)andtechnology(includingrobotics).Ananalysisofthemedicalmarketofthelastfewyears,basedonreportsfromtheInternationalFederationofRobotics,showsthatmedicalrobotsconstitute5–10%ofallservicerobotssold.Despitethefactthatmedicalrobotsconstituteasmallpercentageofallrobotssold,thesalesvalueofmedicalrobotsconstitutesapproximately40%ofallservicerobotsales.Amongthemostexpensivedevicesarerobotsusedforsofttissuesurgery(daVinci)andradiosurgery(CyberKnife).全球機(jī)器人市場(chǎng)在手術(shù)中擴(kuò)展機(jī)器人使用的機(jī)會(huì)與手術(shù)治療(醫(yī)學(xué))和技術(shù)(包括機(jī)器人技術(shù))的進(jìn)展相關(guān)。根據(jù)國(guó)際機(jī)器人聯(lián)合會(huì)的報(bào)告,對(duì)過去幾年醫(yī)療市場(chǎng)的分析表明,醫(yī)療機(jī)器人占所有銷售機(jī)器人的5%~10%。盡管醫(yī)療機(jī)器人占所有機(jī)器人銷售的一小部分,但醫(yī)療機(jī)器人的銷售額約占所有服務(wù)機(jī)器人銷售額的40%。最昂貴的設(shè)備包括用于軟組織手術(shù)(daVinci)和放射外科手術(shù)(CyberKnife)的機(jī)器人。AccordingtotheforecastsoftheInternationalFederationofRoboticspublishedinareportfrom2015,152400professionalservicerobotswithatotalvalueof19.6billiondollarswithbesoldbetween2015and2018.Thisincludes7800medicalrobots,whichgivesayearlyaverageof1950robots,indicatinganincreaseof750incomparisonto2014.Theanalyzedreportspredictthatthecompoundannualgrowthrateoftheglobalmedicalrobotmarketwillbe10–20%intheyears2015–2020.Over3660daVincirobotshavealreadybeensoldaroundtheworld;65%ofthemareintheUSA(dataasofthesecondquarterof2016).根據(jù)2015年報(bào)告所發(fā)布的國(guó)際機(jī)器人聯(lián)合會(huì)的預(yù)測(cè),2015年至2018年間將售出152,400臺(tái)專業(yè)服務(wù)機(jī)器人,總價(jià)值為19.6億美元。這包括7800臺(tái)醫(yī)療機(jī)器人,每年平均為1950臺(tái)機(jī)器人,與2014年相比增加了750臺(tái)。分析報(bào)告預(yù)測(cè),2015—2020年全球醫(yī)療機(jī)器人市場(chǎng)的復(fù)合年增長(zhǎng)率將達(dá)到10%~20%。超過3660個(gè)機(jī)器人已經(jīng)銷往世界各地;其中65%在美國(guó)(截至2016年第二季度的數(shù)據(jù))。In2015almost652thousandprocedureswereconductedusingthedaVincirobots.Themajorityofsurgicalrobotsareusedingynecologicalandurologicalprocedures(250and200thousandprocedures,respectively),wheretheireffectivenessandsuperiorityoverclassicalmethodshavebeenprovennumeroustimes.Figure10-1showstheincreaseinthenumberofprocedures.IntheUnitedStates,almost90%ofallprostatectomiesandover80%ofhysterectomiesinvolvingmalignanttumorsareconductedwiththeaidofrobots(Figure10-2).2015年,使用daVinci機(jī)器人進(jìn)行了近652,000次手術(shù)。大多數(shù)手術(shù)機(jī)器人用于婦科和泌尿外科手術(shù)(分別為250和20萬次手術(shù)),其中有效性和優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)方法的優(yōu)勢(shì)已被證實(shí)多次。圖10-1顯示了程序數(shù)量的增加。在美國(guó),幾乎90%的前列腺切除術(shù)和超過80%的涉及惡性腫瘤的子宮切除術(shù)是在機(jī)器人的幫助下進(jìn)行的(圖10-2)。Only10%ofallthoracicsurgeryproceduresintheUnitedStatedareperformedusingrobotictechniques;onaglobalscale,itismerely1%.Moreandmoreclinicalcentersaremakingattemptstopopularizeroboticprocedures,andnewrobotsarebeingpreparedtojointhedaVinciseriesonthemarket.美國(guó)所有胸外科手術(shù)中只有10%使用機(jī)器人技術(shù)進(jìn)行;在全球范圍內(nèi),它僅為1%。越來越多的臨床中心正在嘗試推廣機(jī)器人手術(shù),并且正在準(zhǔn)備新的機(jī)器人加入市場(chǎng)上的daVinci系列。AnalysisofscientificreportsLiteraturereportsconcerningroboticcardiacsurgerywritteninEnglishinthelast5yearsweresubjectedtoareviewusingthePubMeddatabaseofmedicalarticles,whichwassearchedforthefollowingtermsfromtheMedicalSubjectHeading(MeSH)medicalvocabularyresource:科學(xué)報(bào)告分析關(guān)于過去5年用英文寫的機(jī)器人心臟手術(shù)的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告使用PubMed醫(yī)學(xué)文章數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行了審查,該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)從醫(yī)學(xué)主題標(biāo)題(MeSH)醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯資源中搜索以下術(shù)語(yǔ):RoboticSurgicalProcedures–surgicalproceduresconductedusingcomputersremotelycontrollingsurgicaltoolsmountedonspeciallydesignedmechanicalarms.CardiacSurgery–thefieldofsurgeryfocusedonthediagnosisandtreatmentofheartdiseases.機(jī)器人手術(shù)程序——使用計(jì)算機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程控制安裝在專門設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械臂上的手術(shù)工具進(jìn)行的外科手術(shù)。心臟外科——手術(shù)領(lǐng)域?qū)W⒂谛呐K病的診斷和治療。ThedataconcerningthenumberofrobotsusedintheselectedcountrieswereacquiredfrompublicationsbyIntuitiveSurgicalfromthesecondquarterof2015.ThedataconcerningthenumberofpatientsinPolandwereacquiredfromthedatabaseofthePolishNationalHealthFund.ThedataconcerningthenumberofcardiacsurgicalproceduresconductedinPolandandthemethodsusedwereacquiredfromKROK–thePolishNationalRegisterofCardiacSurgery.TheresultscollectedwerethenanalyzedinMSExcel.有關(guān)所選國(guó)家使用的機(jī)器人數(shù)量的數(shù)據(jù)來自IntuitiveSurgical從2015年第二季度開始的出版物。有關(guān)波蘭患者人數(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)來自波蘭國(guó)家衛(wèi)生基金數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。有關(guān)在波蘭進(jìn)行的心臟外科手術(shù)的數(shù)量和使用的方法的數(shù)據(jù)來自KROK——波蘭國(guó)家心臟外科手術(shù)室。然后在MSExcel中分析收集的結(jié)果。A

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