第第頁上海市嘉定區2022-2023學年高二下學期期末統考英語試卷一、GrammarandVocabulary（20分）Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Mostunderratedpleasuresofone'slifeOneofthebiggestdriversofgoodrelationshipsinourlivesisadevelopedlevelofunderstandinginthoserelationships.Therelationships1．thisunderstandingendupcreatingtoomuchmaintenancework.Soitbecomesmorelikeluggageoratleastsomethingthatneedsattentionorcareratherthanfun.Irealizeditwithacoupleoffriendsofmine.Recentlymy"friendecosystem"hadasuddenchange.Acoupleofthem2．(leave)althoughIstillhaveacouplearound.Iamalsoaddingacoupleofnewones.Thewholechangemademethoughtful.Istartedtothinkaboutthecauseofbeingbetterfriendswithsome.Itturnsoutthatamongthelargenumberofotherfactors,oneofthekeyonesis3．(understand).Itcanthenbeextendedtopersonalandevenbusinessrelationships.While4．(hire)akeyemployee,onecanbesurethatitwillworkwelliftheotherpersonenjoysandunderstandsyouwell.Itwillbefar5．(productive)astherelationshiprelatedmaintenanceislowandyoucanfocusonactualoutput.It6．helpyouevenwhenyouarelookingforfundingpartners,seedcapitalorbusinessjointventures(企業).Finally,howdoyouensureyouareunderstood?Tostartwith,makesurethatthepeoplewho7．(matter)toyouinanycapacitylikebusiness,managerial,personalorfamilyhaveanopenrelationshipwithyou.Creatinganopenenvironment8．otherscandiscussconstructiveaspectsordifficultdiscussionisimportant.Beingcaringandrespectfulto9．andbeingtruthfularetwodifferentthings.Truthfulnessisasimportantasbeingrespectfulandcaring.Inthelongterm,truthfulnesswillresultinacaringrelationship,10．youareunderstoodwellandhaveanopenrelationship,youcan'tbetruthful.Whenyougettothatlevelwiththepersonwhereyouarecompletelyunderstood,itwillbeanawesomefeeling!Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillineachblankwithaproperwordgiveninthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonemorewordthanyouneed.A.appearancesB.imitatingC.distinguishD.isolateE.advantageousF.diverseG.identicalH.criterionI.markingsJ.poisonousK.threateningWhydifferentspeciesstartlookingexactlythesameIsitbettertostandoutfromthecrowdorbesimilartothebackground?Forbirds,theansweriscomplicated.Whilepeacocks(孔雀)showofftheirbrightlycoloredfeatherstoattractmatesandwardoffpredators(捕食者),otherbirdsfindit11．tohidethemselvesbyimitatingthelooksofotherbirds.Groupsofbirdsflyingtogetheroftencomefromthesamespecies,makingithardto12．onefromanother.However,somegroupsofbirdsincludingtwoormorespeciestakeonsimilar13．,whichisanuncommonphenomenon."Theyallsharerandomfeatures,likefeathersonheadoryellowbellies(腹部),whichmakesthemalmost14．.Youcan'treallytellthemapartwithoutlookingattheir15．."saysScottRobinson,afamousscholar.Hisnewstudysuggests16．anotherbird'sappearanceisnotacoincidence(巧合)butratheranevolutionarymethodtoincreasetheirchancesofsurvival.Lookinglikeabirdfromadominantspecterhelpsreduceattackfromothermembersandappearmore17．topotentialpredators."Inimitation,youoftenwanttolooklikesomethingbecausethere'sanadvantagetobeingthatotherthing.Youwantspeciestothinkyou're18．orlow-profitabletarget"saysRebeccaKimball,aprofessorofbiology."Ingroupingbirds,oneideaisthatthishasmoretodowithapredator'sabilityto19．atarget.Whenthereareagroupofbirdsmovingaround,itmaybeeasierforpredatorstoidentifyanindividualthathasadistinctcolorpattern."Whileitmaynotseemlikeitatfirst,imitatingotherbirdsishelpingtocreatemore20．species.Notonlydobirdsimitatemorethanonespeciesastheygrowup,buttheirappearancevariesovertime.二、ReadingComprehension(15分)Foreachblankinthefollowingpassage(herearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.MostpeoplehaveseenanimalssolveproblemsinonecontextoranotherWhetherit'sadoggettingfoodoutofapuzzletoy,asquirrel(松鼠)breakingintoa"squirrel-proof,birdfeeder,or—inwhatishopefullyararerexperience—abearopeningadoortogettothefoodinside!Doallindividualswithinaspeciescomeupwith21．solutionstoproblems?Oraresomeindividualsmoreinnovativethanothers?Inungulates(forexample,goatsandhorses),socialoutsidersaremorelikelytoinnovatethantheir22．groupmates:ifanindividualspendstimeontheouterareasoftheirgroup,theyaremorelikelytosucceedataproblem-solvingtask.23．,insomespeciesofprimates(靈長類動物)andbirds,ithasbeenshownthatindividualswithlowsocialstanding—thatis,thosewhoregularlylosefights,andwhodon'thave24．ofaccesstovaluableresources—tendtoinnovatemore.Theaboveexamplestieintothetheorythattheindividualswhoareleastabletogainaccesstogoodquality25．,suchasfoodandshelter,arethemostlikelytoinnovate.This"badcompetitor"theorysuggeststhatindividualsinnovatebecausetheymustdosoto26．.Imagineyou'reagoatwhocan'tgetaccesstothefeedingcontainerbecauseyou'renotinthein-group.You'dprobablybemore27．tofigureouthowtoopenacontainerwithfoodinsidethanyourmorepopular(andwell-fed)groupmates.However,whilethereissupportforthistheoryinsomespecies,manyspeciesshowopposingpatterns.28．,beinga"badcompetitor"doesn'tseemtobeageneraldriverofinnovationacrossspecies.29．appearstohaveamoregeneralinfluenceonanimalinnovativeness.Ameta-analysis(綜合分析)across37studiesofanimalinnovationfoundthatbeingbrave(thatis,approaching30．objectsandexploringnewenvironments)waslinkedtoinnovativebehavior.Forexample,braveCaribgrackles(aspeciesofbird)andungulatesaremorelikelytoinnovatethantheirmoreeasilyfrightenedgroupmates.31．hasalsobeenlinkedtoinnovationinavarietyofspecies,fromzebrafinches(斑胸草雀)toAsianelephants.Bothmakeinstinctivesense.Themorelikelyanindividualisto32．withanewproblem(thatis,thebravertheyare,andthemoretimetheyspendtryingtosolveaproblem(thatis,themorepersistenttheyare),themorelikelytheyaretofinda(n)33．.Regardlessofthereasonindividualsinnovate,onceanindividualfindsasolutiontoaproblem,34．aprobleminvolvingresourceaccess,theirbehaviorcanspreadlikewildfire.Otherindividualspayattentionwhenagroupmateinnovates,and35．theproblem-solvingbehavior.21．A．instant B．comprehensive C．fair D．creative22．A．friendly B．popular C．close D．faithful23．A．Similarly B．Inevitably C．Apparently D．Gradually24．A．purpose B．priority C．pressure D．potential25．A．services B．materials C．goods D．resources26．A．pretend B．compete C．survive D．evolve27．A．reluctant B．excited C．motivated D．confused28．A．Thus B．Besides C．Still D．Meanwhile29．A．Emotion B．Gender C．Appearance D．Personality30．A．living B．novel C．endangered D．ideal31．A．Persistence B．Intelligence C．Performance D．Confidence32．A．conflict B．compare C．interact D．identify33．A．position B．object C．solution D．chance34．A．absolutely B．fortunately C．definitely D．particularly35．A．copy B．change C．influence D．evaluate三、Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(30分)ReadingComprehensionAschoolgirlhascreatedasolar-poweredbackpackthatfilters(過濾)outairpollutionafterbeinginspiredbyherasthmatic(患哮喘病的)mother.EleanorWoods,12,fromatowninnorthernEngland,enteredthe"BackpacktotheFuture"competitionafterhermotherputtheapplicationforminherroom.Shewentontowintheawardforherinnovativebag.The"BackpacktotheFuture"competitionwaslaunchedtochangeperceptions,encouragemorediversitywithinengineeringandtoshowchildrenhowtheycouldcombineaninterestinfashionwithacareerinSTEM(science,technology,engineeringormaths).Poweredbygreenenergyfromsolarpowerandadynamo—amachinethatchangesmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy—thebackpackfilterspollutedairbeforefanningoutcleanerairnearby."Ihaveanairfilterathomebecausemymumhasmildasthma.MyBreatheBetterBackpackisallaboutkeepingmyfriends,familyandclassmatessafeusinganairfilter.Itlookscoolandwillhelpgetkidsoutsideandfightoffcolds,"saidEleanor."Thefirstthingthatcametomindisthatblueisoneofmyfavoritecolorsandbluefeelscleanandthebubblesontheoutsidehaveacleanthemeforbreathing."ThepandemicencouragedEleanor'sawarenessofhowpollutionaffectsaperson'shealthandthespreadofdiseases.Spendingalotoftimewithherasthmaticmumoverseverallockdownsgavethe12-year-oldfoodforthought.Theschoolgirladded,"Mygenerationisreallyawareofpollution,andwehavelessonsonitatschoolalongwithdiseasesspreading,andthisisanotherreasonIdesignedthis,becauseitisgettingmuchworse."Theyoungdesignersaidsheisbecomingincreasinglyawareofthepollutionthatsurroundsher,asshelivesonamainroad.Eleanorsaid,"Iwalktoschool,nexttotheroad,andcantastethepetrolwhenbusescomethrough."Speakingafterwinningthecompetition,Eleanorsaidtheimpactofherbackpackwillhefar-reaching."Ifjustafewpeoplestartusingit,itcouldbereallygoodfortheplanet,"shesaid.36．Accordingtothepassage,the"BackpacktotheFuture"competitionaimsto____.A．introducethediversitywithinengineeringB．developpeople'sinterestinfashiondesignC．encourageapplicationofSTEMtofashionD．raisethepublicawarenessofairpollution37．EleanorinventedtheBreatheBetterBackpackto____.A．curehermother'smildasthmabytransformingenergyB．helpthosewhoneedairfiltersbyreducingairpollutionC．attractkids1attentionbyitscolorsandbubblesoutsideD．preventdiseasesspreadingbyfanningoutcleanerair38．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthebackpack?A．Theoutsidedesignofitshowsthethemeofthecompetition.B．Eleanor'sinspirationtoinventitcomesfrombubbles.C．Itisequippedwithanenergytransfertoproducefreshair.D．Itsimpactonthecompetitionwillbefar-reaching.39．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．UseofBackpackBringsBenefitstoEnvironmentB．YoungDesignersareBecomingAwareofPollutionC．MotherassistsSchoolgirlinWinningCompetitionD．SchoolgirlCreatesBagthatFiltersoutAirPollutionReadingComprehensionBBCScienceFocusMagazineSubscriptionIdeas,discoveries,andthebigquestionsansweredAnnualfrequency:14IssuesPerYearDelivery:UK&WorldwideNextissueavailable:08Jul2023CancellationAboutthemagazineFAQGiveagiftQ.Whenwillmysubscriptionstart?A.YoucanchoosethefirstissueofyoursubscriptionduringourcheckoutIfyouarebuyingasagiftyoucanmakesuretheirfirstmagazinedoesnotarrivebeforeacertaindate.Ifyoudonotselectafuturedateyourfirstmagazinewillthenextissueavailable.Weareunabletostartasubscriptionforapreviousissueorthelatestcopyonsaleinshops.Whenyousubscribethroughyouwillreceiveanorderconfirmationemailstatingthedateofyourfirstissue.Q.IselectedanofferwithanAddedExtra.Whenwillthisarrive?A.IfthesubscriptionofferyouselectincludesanAddedExtrawewillsendittotheaddressofthepersonpayingforthesubscription.OurAddedExtrasaresentseparatelyfromthemagazineandwillarrivewithin28workingdaysofyourpaymentbeingprocessed.AddedExtraitemsarecurrentlyonlyavailablefordeliverywithintheUK.Q.HowcanIkeeptrackofmysubscriptionorchangemydeliveryaddress?A.Bycreatinganaccountonyouareabletoseewhenyournextissueisduet,howmanyissuesyouhaveremainingonyourcurrentpayment,changeyourdeliveryaddress,andIrenewyoursubscription.40．Accordingtothepassage,ifreaderschoose"Singlepayment",thepriceofanissueoftheprinteditionisabout____.A．$6 B．$8 C．$14 D．$2041．Accordingtothepassage,you'llreceive____asafirstmagazineifyouforgettosetadate.A．thefirstissue B．thelatestcopyC．thenextissue D．thepreviousissue42．Thepassageismainlyintendedto____.A．describethefeaturesandfunctionsofthemagazineB．offerdetailedinformationaboutbuyingthemagazineC．explainthedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitaleditionD．answersomequestionsraisedbytheregularreadersReadingComprehensionAsplasticwasteincreasesrapidlyaroundtheworld,anessentialquestionremainsunanswered:Whatharm,ifany,doesitcausetohumanhealth?Afewyearsago,asmicroplasticsbeganturningupintheorgansoffishandshellfish,theconcernwasfocusedonthesafetyofseafood.Shellfishwereaparticularworry,becauseintheircase,unlikefish,weeattheentireanimal—stomach,microplasticsandall.In2017,Belgianscientistsannouncedthatseafoodloverscouldconsumeupto11,000plasticparticles(粒子)ayearbyeatingmussels(貽貝),afavoritedishinthatcountry.Bythen,however,scientistsalreadyunderstoodthatplasticscontinuouslyfragmentsmallpiecesintheenvironment,tearingovertimeintofibersevensmallerthanastrandofhumanhair—particlesaresosmallthattheyeasilyflyintheair.AteamattheU.K.'sUniversityofPlymouthdecidedtocomparethethreatfromeatingpollutedwildmusselsinScotlandtothatofbreathingairinatypicalhome.Theirconclusion:Peoplewilltakeinmoreplasticbybreathinginortakingtiny,invisibleplasticfibersfloatingintheairaroundthem—fibersfromtheirownclothes,carpets,andsoftcoveringonfurniture—thantheywillbyeatingthemussels.So,itwasn'tmuchofasurprisewhen,in2022,scientistsfromtheNetherlandsandtheU.K,announcedtheyhadfoundtinyplasticparticlesinlivinghumans,intwoplaceswheretheyhadn'tbeenseenbefore:deepinsidethelungsofsurgicalpatients,andinthebloodofunknowndonors.Neitherofthetwostudiesansweredthequestionofpossibleharm.Buttogethertheysignaledashiftinthefocusofconcernaboutplasticstowardthecloudofdustparticlesintheair,someofthemaresosmallthattheycangetintodeepinsidethebodyandeveninsidecells,inwaysthatlargermicroplasticscan'tDickVethaak,aprofessorofecotoxicology(生態毒理學),doesn'tconsidertheresultsalarming,exactly—"but,yes,weshouldbeconcerned.Plasticsshouldnotbeinyourblood.""Weliveinamulti-particleworld,"headds,referringtothedust,pollen(花粉),andsmogthathumansalsobreatheineveryday."Thetrickistofigureouthowmuchplasticscontributetothatparticleburdenandwhatdoesthatmean."43．Whatdoestheword"fragment"inpara.3probablymean?A．breakinto B．takein C．pickout D．makeup44．ThestudydonebyateamattheUK.'sUniversityofPlymouthshowsthat____.A．microplasticsfromthingsinourdailylifeantmorepoisonousB．peopleeatingpollutedmusselsaremorelikelytogetdiseasesC．invisibleplasticfibersaremoreharmfultotheenvironmentD．theinfluenceofmicroplasticsinmusselsislessthanthought45．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat____.A．microplasticsinpollutedwildmusselscancauseseriousdiseasesB．there'snoneedtoworryabouttheplasticsfoundinhumanbloodC．wecanavoidbreathingparticlesbyfiguringoutparticleburdenD．moreattentionshouldbepaidtothedustparticlesthanplastics46．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AreMicroplasticsHarmfultoUs?B．ShouldMicroplasticsbeinOurBlood?C．CanMicroplasticsGetintoOurBodies?D．DoWeKnowAnythingaboutMicroplastics?Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Buttextinginsteadoftalkingcanseemantisocial.B.Itcanalsobequickerthanhavingtochatwithsomeone,althoughIfeelyoucanstillendupwastingtimebyhavingafulldiscussionbytext!C.Butdespitehavingtheinstantabilitytotalktooneanother,itseemsmanyofusprefertocommunicatebytext.D.Ifit'stakingyoumorethan10minutestocomposearesponse,youmaybebetteroffcallingtheperson.E.Theprivacyofmessagessentandreceivedisprotected.F.Butwhatoursmartphonesnowallowustodoenablesustocommunicateinanynumberofquick,cheapbutsilentways.TextingorTalking?Thetelephonewasanamazinginvention.Peoplecouldfinallyspeaktoeachotherinstantlyfromonehometoanother.Themobilephonetookthistechnologyfurther,meaningwecouldmakecontactwithpeopletoandfromalmostanywhereintheworld.47．Idon'tmeanwehavetakenupletterwritingagain.Althoughahandwrittenletterhasapersonaltouch,sendingitbypostistooslowtosatisfyourdesiretokeepintouchimmediately.48．AstudyintheUKafewyearsagofound49percentofteenagerspreferredtosendatextratherthanspeaktosomeone.CertainlysendinganSMS,textormessagethroughachatappmeanswecancomposewhatwewanttosay,andwecanbemoreefficientinsayingit—especiallyifweexpressourselvesbyusingemojis(表情符號).49．Textmessagingalsoallowsprivacy—otherpeoplecan'toverhearyourtextifyou'reinapublicplacesuchasonatrain.50．Wemayevenforgettheartofpleasantries(客套).Atextcanbemisinterpretedtoobecauseyoumissoutonaspeaker'sintonation(語調).Wealwaysspeakwithmelodyandintonationtoourvoice…youtakethatchannelofinformationoutofcommunication,youloseanotherwaythatsenseisbeingconveyed.四、TranslatetheexpressionsaccordingtotheChinesegiven.(14分)51．Thesinger(得到鋼琴伴奏)byhersister.52．Mychoice(基于假設)thathousepricewouldremainsteady.53．Afterfourmonths'study,he(被授予證書).54．Whatthewitnesssaidincourt(與……不一致)thestatementhemadetothepolice.55．Thereportincludes(公司未來發展的全面評估).56．Ialwayshavesomeextracashwithme(以備急需).57．Thetermsofthesupermarket(使顧客有權換貨或全額退款)whentheybuylow-qualityproducts.五、TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.(3+4+4+5=16分)58．在網上下單時，記得核對信息。(order)59．這個古鎮以許多傳統活動為特色，是絕佳的旅游勝地。(featurev.)60．有了這個應用程序，用戶很容易就能在手機上進行個性化學習。(it)61．籃球隊的成功有賴于學校的大力支持，學校提供了充足的資金用于購買訓練設施等必需品。(provide)六、Guidedwriting(25分)62．WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowinChinese.假設你是明啟中學的學生李華，你校圖書館打算開展一次主題為"閱讀的力量"的讀書活動，現向全校學生征集活動方案，寫一封信給圖書館，推薦活動方案，內容須包括：

1.具體的活動安排；

2.活動的意義。

答案解析部分【答案】1．without；2．left/haveleft/wereleaving；3．beingunderstood；4．hiring；5．moreproductive；6．can/may；7．matter；8．where；9．someone/somebody/one；10．Unless【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文，分析并表達了人與人之間要保持良好的關系，最關鍵的就是能夠被理解，這也是人生中最被低估的樂趣這一觀點。

【點評】考查語法填空，本題考點涉及介詞，時態，主謂一致，非謂語動詞，形容詞，情態動詞，定語從句，代詞，狀語從句以及固定搭配等多個知識點的考查，要求考生在理解細節信息的基礎上，進一步根據上下文的邏輯關系，并結合相關語法知識，進行分析推理，從而寫出正確的單詞形式。1．句意：沒有這種理解的關系，最終會產生過多的維護工作。空處應為介詞，后接名詞短語"thisunderstanding"，表示"沒有"。故填without。2．句意：他們中的一些人離開了，盡管我還有幾個朋友在身邊。此處是謂語動詞；根據上一句中的謂語動詞"had"和句意可知，本句表達一些朋友已經離開或是當時正在離開，應用一般過去時、現在完成時或過去進行時；主語是"Acoupleofthem"，謂語應為復數形式。故填left/haveleft/wereleaving。3．句意：事實證明，在眾多其他因素中，其中一個關鍵因素是被理解。空處應用非謂語動詞作表語，表示一般情況，應用動名詞；結合第五段中的"Finally,howdoyouensureyouareunderstood?"最后，你如何包保證自己被理解？；以及本句句意可知，關鍵因素之一是被理解，應用動名詞的被動語態。故填beingunderstood。4．句意：在雇傭一名關鍵員工的時候，如果對方很喜歡你，也很理解你，那肯定會很順利。此處是非謂語動詞，作時間狀語，與one形成主動關系，應用現在分詞。故填hiring。5．句意：這樣做的效率會高得多，因為與關系相關的維護成本較低，你可以專注于實際產出。此處以形容詞，作表語；far作副詞，一般修飾形容詞的比較級形式，表示"……得多"。故填moreproductive。6．句意：它能夠/可能會幫助你，甚至當你在尋找投資伙伴，原始資本或商業合資企業時。根據謂語動詞help和句意可知，空處應為情態動詞，表示"能夠/可能"。故填can/may7．句意：首先，確保那些在商業、管理、個人或家庭等方面對你很重要的人與你保持開放的關系。此處時謂語動詞，表示"要緊、有關系"；根據have和句意可知，應用一般現在時，表示客觀現實；主語是who，指代先行詞thepeople，應用謂語動詞應為復數。故填matter。8．句意：創造一個開放的環境是很重要的，在這里其他人可以討論建設性的問題或進行困難的討論。otherscandiscussconstructiveaspectsordifficultdiscussionisimportant.是限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞environment，在從句中作狀語，表示"在這個環境中"，應用關系副詞where。故填where。9．句意：關心、尊重別人和誠實是兩回事。空處應為代詞，作賓語，泛指"某人、一個人"，故可用不定代詞someone/somebody/one。故填someone/somebody/one。10．句意：除非你被很好地理解，并且有一個開放的關系，否則你不可能誠實。youareunderstoodwellandhaveanopenrelationship是狀語從句；根據前文"Truthfulnessisasimportantasbeingrespectfulandcaring."誠實與尊重、關心同樣重要。可知，一個人只有在獲得關心和尊重，能被別人很好地理解時，才會對對方誠實，根據句意，空處應用unless，表示"除非"；句首字母大寫。故填Unless。【答案】11．E；12．C；13．A；14．G；15．I；16．B；17．K；18．J；19．D；20．F【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了不同物種模仿其他物種特征的原因。

【點評】考查選詞填空，考查詞匯在篇章中的運用能力，答題時首先要跳過空格通讀文章掌握其大意，然后細讀文章字斟句酌逐一作答，注意考慮句型、語法、搭配、語境等因素，最后通讀一遍檢查驗證。11．句意：雖然孔雀炫耀其色彩鮮艷的羽毛來吸引配偶和抵御捕食者，但其他鳥類則發現通過模仿別的鳥類的外表來隱藏自己是有利的。"findit+adj.+todosth."是固定句型，所以空處應用形容詞作賓補。根據"Whilepeacocks(孔雀)showofftheirbrightlycoloredfeatherstoattractmatesandwardoffpredators(捕食者)"，While引導讓步狀語從句，所以這里與上文形成轉折，表示的是雖然孔雀展示自己色彩鮮艷的羽毛，但其他鳥類發現模仿別的鳥類外表是有利的。advantageous意為"有利的，有好處的"。故選E。12．句意：成群的鳥類經常來自同一物種，使得很難區分彼此。根據空前的不定式符號to，這里應用動詞原形。根據空后的"onefromanother"，這里是說難以區分彼此。distinguish意為"區分，辨別"。故選C。13．句意：然而，有兩個或兩個以上物種的一些鳥類群體具有相似的外觀，這是一種罕見的現象。根據空前的"similar"可知，這里應用名詞作賓語。根據下文中的"Theyallsharerandomfeatures"，這里是說這些鳥的外表相似。appearance意為"外表"，此處不止一只鳥的外表，應用復數。故選A。14．句意：它們都有隨機的特征，比如頭上的羽毛或黃色的腹部，這使它們幾乎完全相同。"make+賓語+賓補"是固定結構，分析句子結構，這里應用形容詞作賓補。根據下文中的"Youcan'treallytellthemapart"，這里是說這些鳥看起來幾乎一樣。identical意為"完全同樣的，相同的"。故選G。15．句意：如果不看它們的標記，你就無法真正區分它們。根據空前的their，空處應用名詞作賓語。根據空前的"withoutlookingattheir"，這里是說如果不看這些鳥的標記，就不能把它們區分開，"標記"為名詞marking，表示不止一個標記，應用復數。故選I。16．句意：他的新研究表明，模仿另一只鳥的外表并不是巧合，而是一種增加它們生存機會的進化方法。根據空后的"anotherbird'sappearance"和第一段中的"byimitatingthelooksofotherbirds"，這里是說模仿另一只鳥的外表。imitate意為"模仿"，分析句子結構，suggests后面是一個賓語從句，空處作主語，應用動名詞形式imitating。故選B。17．句意：看起來像一只優勢種類的鳥有助于減少其他成員的攻擊，并顯得對潛在的捕食者更有威脅。空處應用形容詞，作appear的表語。根據句中的"Lookinglikeabirdfromadominantspecieshelpsreduceattackfromothermembers"，這里是說外表像優勢種類的鳥可以看起來對潛在的捕食者更有威脅。threatening意為"威脅的"。故選K。18．句意：你想讓物種認為你是有毒的或好處少的目標。根據空前的you're，空處應用形容詞作表語。根據or后的low-profitable，前后表達的特征相近，這種特征可以讓捕食者打消獵捕的念頭，所以讓對方認為有毒可以達到目的。poisonous意為"有毒的"。故選J。19．句意：在對鳥類進行分組時，一種想法是，這更多地與捕食者找出目標的能力有關。空前有不定式符號to，所以空處應用動詞原形。根據下文中的"itmaybeeasierforpredatorstoidentifyanindividualthathasadistinctcolorpattern"，捕食者更容易識別有不同特征的鳥，即有找出目標的能力。isolate意為"將……剔出（以便看清和單獨處理）"。故選D。20．句意：雖然一開始可能看起來不像，但模仿其他鳥類有助于創造更多樣化的物種。根據空前的more和空后的species，這里應用形容詞作定語，修飾名詞species。根據下文中的"theirappearancevariesovertime"，這里是說模仿有助于創造出更加多樣的物種。diverse意為"多樣化的"。故選F。【答案】21．D；22．B；23．A；24．B；25．D；26．C；27．C；28．A；29．D；30．B；31．A；32．C；33．C；34．D；35．A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文，通過對動物行為的研究探索創新的原因。

【點評】考查完形填空，本題考點涉及動詞，名詞，形容詞，副詞，固定短語等多個知識點的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，要求考生在理解細節信息的基礎上，進一步根據上下文的邏輯關系，進行分析推理，從而選出正確答案。21．句意：一個物種中的所有個體都能想出創造性的解決方案嗎？A.instant"速食的，短暫的"；B.comprehensive"綜合的"；C.fair"公平的"；D.creative"創造性的，有創造力的"。根據下文"Oraresomeindividualsmoreinnovativethanothers?"可知本空應和innovative意思相近。故選D。22．句意：在有蹄類動物（例如山羊和馬）中，社會中的局外者比它們受歡迎的群體伙伴更有可能創新：如果一個人花時間在群體的外部區域，他們更有可能成功完成解決問題的任務。A.friendly"友好的"；B.popular"受歡迎的"；C.close"親密的"；D.faithful"忠誠的"。根據空前"socialoutsidersaremorelikelytoinnovate"和空后"ifanindividualspendstimeontheouterareasoftheirgroup,theyaremorelikelytosucceedataproblem-solvingtask."可推知社會中的局外者比它們受歡迎的群體伙伴更有可能創新受歡迎的。故選B。23．句意：同樣，在一些靈長類動物和鳥類物種中，研究表明，社會地位較低的個體——即那些經常輸掉戰斗的人，以及那些沒有優先獲得寶貴資源的人——往往會進行更多的創新。A.Similarly"相似地，同樣"；B.Inevitably"不可避免地"；C.Apparently"顯然地"；D.Gradually"逐步地"。根據空后"insomespeciesofprimates(靈長類動物)andbirds,ithasbeenshownthatindividualswithlowsocialstanding—thatis,thosewhoregularlylosefights,andwhodon'thave4ofaccesstovaluableresources—tendtoinnovatemore."可推知此處所描述的情況和上一句描述的情況差不多。故選A。24．句意：同樣，在一些靈長類動物和鳥類物種中，研究表明，社會地位較低的個體——即那些經常輸掉戰斗的人，以及那些沒有優先獲得寶貴資源的個體——往往會進行更多的創新。A.purpose"意圖，目的"；B.priority"優先，優先權"；C.pressure"壓力"；D.potential"可能性，潛力"。根據空前"losefights"和空后"accesstovaluableresources—tendtoinnovatemore."可推知這些動物不能優先獲得好的資源。故選B。25．句意：上述例子與這樣一種理論相吻合，即最不可能獲得優質資源（如食物和住所）的個體最有可能進行創新。A.services"公共服務系統，公共事業"；B.materials"材料"；C.goods"商品"；D.resources"資源"。根據上文"valuableresources"；以及空后"suchasfoodandshelter"可判斷最不可能獲得優質資源的動物最有可能進行創新。故選D。26．句意：這種"不良競爭對手"理論表明，個體創新是因為他們必須這樣做才能生存。A.pretend"假裝"；B.compete"競爭"；C.survive"生存，幸存"；D.evolve"發展，進化"。根據上文"whoareleastabletogainaccesstogoodquality5,suchasfoodandshelter"，可知這些不良競爭對手生存艱難，必須創新才能生存下去。故選C。27．句意：你可能會比你更受歡迎（而且吃得很好）的同伴更有動力想出如何打開一個裝有食物的容器。A.reluctant"不情愿的"；B.excited"激動的"；C.motivated"有積極性的"；D.confused"困惑的"。根據上文"This‘badcompetitor'theorysuggeststhatindividualsinnovatebecausetheymustdosoto6"可知"不良競爭對手"為了生存更有動力想去解決問題。故選C。28．句意：因此，成為一個"糟糕的競爭對手"似乎并不是跨物種創新的一般驅動力。A.Thus"因此"；B.Besides"此外"；C.Still"還，還是，仍然"；D.Meanwhile"同時"。根據上文"However,whilethereissupportforthistheoryinsomespecies,manyspeciesshowopposingpatterns."和空后"beinga‘badcompetitor'doesn'tseemtobeageneraldriverofinnovationacrossspecies."可知空格后為空格前句子的結論。故選A。29．句意：性格似乎對動物的創新能力有更普遍的影響。A.Emotion"情感"；B.Gender"性別"；C.Appearance"外表"；D.Personality"性格，個性"。根據下文"beingbrave(thatis,approaching10objectsandexploringnewenvironments)waslinkedtoinnovativebehavior"可知性格對動物的創新能力有更普遍的影響。故選D。30．句意：一項對37項動物創新研究的綜合分析發現，勇敢（即接近新物體和探索新環境）與創新行為有關。A.living"活的"；B.novel"新穎的"；C.endangered"瀕危的"；D.ideal"理想的"。根據空后"andexploringnewenvironments"可推知and前想表達"接近新物體"與"andexploringnewenvironments"相對應。故選B。31．句意：堅持不懈也與從斑胸雀到亞洲象等多種物種的創新有關。A.Persistence"持久性"；B.Intelligence"智力"；C.Performance"表演"；D.Confidence"信心"。根據下文"thatis,thebravertheyare,andthemoretimetheyspendtryingtosolveaproblem"可知此處想表達堅持不懈創新。故選A。32．句意：一個個體越有可能與一個新問題互動（也就是說，他們越勇敢，花越多的時間試圖解決一