2/2北京十二中2022—2023學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高一年級英語期末考試題考生須知1.本試卷共10頁，分為三部分。總分100分。考試時間90分鐘。2.將選擇題答案填涂在答題卡上，第二部分必須用黑色字跡的簽字筆作答在答題卡上，在試卷上作答無效。3.考試結(jié)束時，收答題卡。第一部分知識運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié)，25分)第一節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑．AGood-luckDumplingWhenIwasinmymiddleage,somethingterriblehappenedtome.AsIwasawayfrom___1___foralmostayear,mywifeandchildrenwereextremelyworried.Andmymother,alreadyinhereighties,wasontheedgeofanervousbreakdown.OntheeveoftheSpringFestival,Iwasfinallyallowedtoreturnhome.Motherlookedatme,hereyesfilledwith___2___.Butsoonshesaid,“Let’sstartmakingdumplingsfortheFestival.”Andthenanidea___3___her,“Let’sputinacoinandmakeagood-luckdumpling.Whoevereatsitwillbeblessed(有福的).”Whilemakingthegood-luckdumpling,mymothersecretlymadea(n)___4___onit.Shepretendednothinghadhappened,butthetrickdidn’tescapemy___5___.AfterMotherboiledthedumplingsallbyherself,sheputthegood-luckdumplingontopoftheothersinabowlonpurposeandpushedthebowltome.Feelingloved,Istaredatherin___6___eyes.Ihadthoughtitwouldgiveheralovelysurpriseifsheatethegood-luckdumpling.Takingtheopportunitywhenshewenttothekitchen,Iputthedumplingintoherbowl.Obviously,whenMotherreturned,shedidn’t___7___itandwentoneatingwithhereyesonmeallthetime.“Ouch!”suddenlyshecriedout.Thecoinhadhurtherteeth.“Oh,Grannyisblessed”,mywife___8___.“I...howcome?”Motherwas___9___.Justatthatmoment,thecoinfelloutofhermouth.SoIjoinedmywifeandchildren,“Grannyisblessed!Motherisblessed!”Motherburstintolaughter,andthentears,asmywifeandI____10____withherallhersadnessandjoy.1.A.market B.office C.factory D.home2.A.disbelief B.curiosity C.horror D.calm3A.interested B.impressed C.struck D.changed4.A.mark B.decision C.try D.note5.A.hands B.mind C.lips D.eyes6.A.anxious B.sorrowful C.grateful D.sincere7.A.take B.notice C.accept D.permit8.A.argued B.cheered C.warned D.suggested9.A.touched B.inspired C.confused D.attracted10.A.shared B.discussed C.remembered D.found【答案】1.D2.A3.C4.A5.D6.C7.B8.B9.C10.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了離家很久的作者，在返回家中時，思念成疾的母親為他做幸運(yùn)餃子的感人故事。【1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：由于我離家將近一年了，我的妻子和孩子們都非常擔(dān)心。A.market市場；B.office辦公室；C.factory工廠；D.home家。根據(jù)下文“OntheeveoftheSpringFestival,Iwasfinallyallowedtoreturnhome.”可知，在春節(jié)前夕，我終于獲準(zhǔn)回家了，所以此處是說我離開家已將近一年，我的妻子和孩子們都非常擔(dān)心。故選D項(xiàng)。【2題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：母親看著我，眼里充滿了懷疑。A.disbelief懷疑；B.curiosity好奇；C.horror榮耀；D.calm平靜。根據(jù)上文“Andmymother,alreadyinhereighties,wasontheedgeofanervousbreakdown.”可知，我離家近一年，母親非常想念我，所以在我返回到家中時，她難以置信我回來了。故選A項(xiàng)。【3題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：然后她想到了一個主意：“我們放一枚硬幣，做一個幸運(yùn)餃子。誰吃到，誰就有福氣。”A.interested使……感興趣；B.impressed對……印象深刻；C.struck擊中；D.changed改變。根據(jù)上文“Let’sstartmakingdumplingsfortheFestival.”可知，母親開始只是要為春節(jié)做餃子，所以做一個幸運(yùn)餃子，這是她后來想到的一個主意。Anideastrucksb.意思是“某人突然想到一個主意”。故選C項(xiàng)。【4題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在做這個幸運(yùn)餃子的時候，母親偷偷地在上面做了個標(biāo)記。A.mark標(biāo)記；B.decision決定；C.try嘗試；D.note筆記。根據(jù)下文“sheputthegood-luckdumplingontopoftheothersinabowlonpurposeandpushedthebowltome.”可知，母親在餃子煮好后，準(zhǔn)確地找到這個幸運(yùn)餃子并放到了我的碗里，所以說她在包餃子時就做好了標(biāo)記。故選A項(xiàng)。【5題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她假裝什么也沒發(fā)生，但這個伎倆沒有逃脫我的眼睛。A.hands手；B.mind思想；C.lips嘴唇；D.eyes眼睛。根據(jù)下文“Feelingloved,Istaredatherin___6___eyes.”可知，在母親把幸運(yùn)餃子特意放在我的碗里時，我感受到了被愛，并且感激地看著她，說明我早已發(fā)現(xiàn)她做了標(biāo)記的真相。故選D項(xiàng)。【6題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我感受到了被愛，所以我充滿感激地看著她。A.anxious焦急的；B.sorrowful傷心的；C.grateful感激的；D.sincere真誠的。根據(jù)上文“sheputthegood-luckdumplingontopoftheothersinabowlonpurposeandpushedthebowltome.”和“Feelingloved”可知，母親把幸運(yùn)餃子特意放在我的碗里，由此我感受到了母親的愛，所以我充滿感激地看著她。故選C項(xiàng)。【7題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：母親回來了，她沒有注意到放在她碗里的幸運(yùn)餃子，繼續(xù)吃飯，眼睛一直看著我。A.take拿走；B.notice注意；C.accept接受；D.permit允許。根據(jù)下文“andwentoneatingwithhereyesonmeallthetime”可知，母親繼續(xù)吃飯時，眼睛一直看著我，所以她沒有注意到我把那個幸運(yùn)餃子放在她的碗里了。故選B項(xiàng)。【8題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：“哦，奶奶最有福氣”，我的妻子歡呼道。A.argued爭論；B.cheered歡呼；C.warned警告；D.suggested建議。根據(jù)上文“Whoevereatsitwillbeblessed(有福的).”可知，誰吃到幸運(yùn)餃子，誰就有福氣，所以妻子會歡呼，為母親吃到幸運(yùn)餃子而高興。故選B項(xiàng)。【9題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：“為什么是我？”母親很迷惑。A.touched被感動的；B.inspired受鼓舞的；C.confused迷惑的；D.attracted被吸引的。根據(jù)上文“sheputthegood-luckdumplingontopoftheothersinabowlonpurposeandpushedthebowltome.”和““I...howcome?””可知，母親把幸運(yùn)餃子特意放在我的碗里，所以現(xiàn)在她自己卻吃到了它，她感到很迷惑不解。故選C項(xiàng)。【10題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：母親突然大笑起來，然后流淚，我和妻子與她一起分享她所有的悲傷和喜悅。A.shared分享；B.discussed討論；C.remembered記住；D.found發(fā)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)上文“Motherburstintolaughter,andthentears”可知，母親一下明白了我對她的愛，她所受過的再多的苦也是值得的，這讓她悲喜交加，所以此時我和妻子陪著她，一起分享她所有的悲傷和喜悅。故選A項(xiàng)。第二節(jié)(共10小題:每小題1分;共10分)SectionA閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文或句子內(nèi)容填空.在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空.Festivals___11___(be)animportantpartofsociety.Theyreflectpeople’swishes,beliefs,faiths,andattitudestowardslife.Theyareoccasions___12___allowustorelaxandenjoylife,andforgetaboutourworkforalittlewhile.Theyhelpusunderstandwherewecamefrom,whoweare,and___13___toappreciate.Andifyoustudyfestivalscarefully,youmaybesurprisedtofindthatdifferentculturesactuallyhavealotincommonafterall.【答案】11.are12.that##which13.what【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章講述了節(jié)日是社會重要的一部分。它們反映了人們?nèi)藗兊脑竿⑿叛龊蛯ι畹膽B(tài)度。節(jié)日是讓我們放松和享受生活的場合，可以暫時忘記我們的工作。不同的文化中的節(jié)日實(shí)際上有很多共同之處。【11題詳解】考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：節(jié)日是社會重要的一部分。文章講述事實(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時，主語festivals是復(fù)數(shù)，故填are。【12題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：它們是讓我們放松和享受生活的場合，可以暫時忘記我們的工作。分析句子可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞occasions，指物，從句中缺少主語，用關(guān)系代詞which或者that引導(dǎo)定語從句，故填which/that【13題詳解】考查疑問句。句意：它們幫助我們了解我們從哪里來，我們是誰，以及應(yīng)該感激什么。分析句子可知，空處填疑問詞，“疑問詞+不定式”作賓語，與“wherewecamefrom,whoweare”作并列賓語，根據(jù)句意，what“什么”符合語境，作appreciate的賓語，故填what。SectionB閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文或句子內(nèi)容填空.在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空.I’mpartofanandroidfootballteam.Aboutonceayearwe___14___(allow)togettogethertoplayagameoffootball.I’masbigasahuman.Infact,Ilooklikeonetoo.OnthefootballteamI’minchargeofshooting___15___Imustrunveryfast.Mycomputerchipshelpmetomoveandthinklikeahuman.Forexample,Ihavelearnedtosendsignals___16___myteammatesincomputerlanguagetogivemetheballwhenIamopenandhaveagoodshotforagoal.【答案】14.areallowed15.so16.to【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是記敘文。文章是一名機(jī)器人足球運(yùn)動員講述自己的經(jīng)歷。【14題詳解】考查時態(tài)語態(tài)。句意：大約一年一次，我們被允許聚在一起踢足球。分析句子可知，空處在句中作謂語，句子描述一般性事實(shí)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時，且動詞allow與主語we是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動，主語是we，故填areallowed。【15題詳解】考查連詞。句意：在足球隊(duì)我負(fù)責(zé)射擊，所以我必須跑得很快。連接兩個句子需用連詞，根據(jù)句意，前后文是因果關(guān)系，故填so。【16題詳解】考查介詞。句意：例如，我學(xué)會了用計(jì)算機(jī)語言向我的隊(duì)友發(fā)送信號，讓他們在我處于空位并有機(jī)會射門時把球給我。sendsth.tosb.“發(fā)送……給某人”，是固定短語，故填to。SectionC閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文或句子內(nèi)容填空.在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空.Thecolourwasrushingtohischeeks,andhiseyeswerewideopen,___17___(shine)withjoy,andinthecentreofeacheye,rightintheverycentre,intheblackpupil,alittlesparkofwildexcitement___18___(dance)slowly.Thentheoldmantookadeepbreath,andsuddenly,withnowarningwhatsoever,anexplosionseemedtotakeplaceinsidehim.Hethrewuphisarmsandyelled‘Yippeeeeeeee!’Andatthesametime,hislong___19___(bone)bodyroseupoutofthebedandhisbowlofsoupwentflyingintothefaceofGrandmaJosephine,andinonefantasticleap,thisoldfellowofninety-sixandahalf,who___20___(be)inbedtheselasttwentyyears,jumpedontothefloorandstarteddoingadanceofvictoryinhispajamas.【答案】17.shining18.wasdancing19.bony20.hadbeen【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章是英文名著《查理和巧克力工廠》的節(jié)選。講述了一位96歲的老人的心理和動作變化。【17題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：紅暈涌上了他的臉頰，他的眼睛睜得大大的，閃爍著喜悅的光芒，在每只眼睛的中央，在黑色瞳孔的正中央，有一點(diǎn)瘋狂興奮的火花在慢慢跳動。分析句子可知，“(shine)withjoy”作狀語，用非謂語動詞形式，shine與邏輯主語hiseyes是主動關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。故填shining。【18題詳解】考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意同上。分析句子可知，and連接兩個分句，dance在后一分句中作謂語，文章主時態(tài)是一般過去時，根據(jù)句意，此處表示過去一段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作，用過去進(jìn)行時，主語spark是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。故填wasdancing。【19題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：與此同時，他那瘦長的身體從床上跳了起來，他那碗湯飛到了約瑟芬奶奶的臉上。這個九十六歲半的老人，過去二十年一直躺在床上，奇妙的一個跳躍，跳到地板上，開始穿著睡衣跳起了勝利的舞蹈。分析句子可知，空處修飾名詞body，用形容詞作定語，故填bony。【20題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意同上。分析句子可知，who引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾thisoldfellow，根據(jù)句意，“躺在床上二十年”先于jumped，表示“過去的過去”，用過去完成時。故填hadbeen。第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，40分)第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題2分，共30分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑．AThisTinyBoxWillHelpYouRelaxInTerribleSummerHeat!TraditionalAirConditioners(AC)areoutdated.Theycostalottoinstallandevenmoretorun.Theyarehuge,noisy,anddangeroustoclean.Youcan’tmovethemaroundthehousewithyouortakethemoutside!Thousandsofpeoplearenowusingamuchcheaperalternativetocoolthemselvesintheheatandcleantheirpersonalair.Withovermillionunitssoldworldwide,thisdeviceisbecomingoneofthemostsuccessfulgadgetsof2019.EVERYONEwantsthisawesomelookingboxforsummer!WhatAreWeTalkingAbout?MeetthenewAirFreez,aninnovativealternativetoACthatcoolsyoujustthesame!It’saperfectsolutionforthoseveryhotdaysandnights!TheAirFreezwasdesignedbytwoSwissengineerswhowerefedupsufferingthehotsummers.TheyrealizedthatACunitsaresuperinefficientandcostalotofmoneytouse.TheengineersalsodiscoveredthatnoneofthetraditionalACunitsweremadetotravelwith.So,theydesignedthislight-weight,portableAirCoolingbox.ItusesaverysmallamountofelectricityandallwithoutsacrificinganyofthemainbenefitsofatopACmodel!It’stiny,easytouseanditcancoolyouinseconds!WhatIsSoSpecialAboutThisLittleBox?ThemainbenefitsofAirFreezareitsportabilityandprice.Itisnolargerthanalunchbox.Besides,itcanbepoweredbyapocketsolarpanelorbatterypackandyouprobablyhavetheworld’smostportableACunit.AndThereIsOneMoreThing.Thepriceisjustamazing.MostACunitscostatleast$300ANDyouhavetopayforinstallationPLUScovertheexpensiveelectricitybillseachmonth.AirFreezcostslessthan$100(Actually$53foreachifyoubuymorethanonehere).Nomessyinstallationnoexpensiveelectricitybills.ForaCoolingunitofthisquality,thismustbethesinglebestprice-qualityACunitthereis!HowCanYouGetAnAirFreez?Nowthatyouareawareofthisamazingnewinvention,hereishowtogetone-orderitfromtheOfficialWebsiteforBESTPRICE.21.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeAirFreez?A.Smartbutheavy. B.Costlybutmulti-functional.C.Foldableandlasting. D.Handyandenergy-saving.22.WhatcanwelearnaboutAirFreez?A.Itcostslessthan$53.B.Itrequiresnocomplexinstallation.C.Itdoesn’tconsumeelectricity.D.Itisalittlelargerthanalunchbox.23.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.ToadvertiseAirfreezB.ToexplainthefunctionsofAirFreez.C.TointroducetheinventorsofAirFreez.D.TocompareAirFreezwithtraditionalAC.【答案】21.D22.B23.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇廣告類文章。主要介紹了一個被稱作AirFreez的小盒子能幫你在酷暑中放松。【21題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)WhatAreWeTalkingAbout?中“So,theydesignedthislight-weight,portableAirCoolingbox.ItusesaverysmallamountofelectricityandallwithoutsacrificinganyofthemainbenefitsofatopACmodel!It’stiny,easytouseanditcancoolyouinseconds!”（所以，他們設(shè)計(jì)了這個重量輕，便攜的空氣冷卻盒。它使用非常少的電力和所有沒有犧牲任何一個頂級交流模式的主要好處！它很小，容易使用，可以在幾秒鐘內(nèi)使你涼快！）可知，“方便和節(jié)能”可以最好地描述AirFreez。故選D項(xiàng)。【22題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)WhatIsSoSpecialAboutThisLittleBox?中“Nomessyinstallation,noexpensiveelectricitybills.”（沒有凌亂的安裝，沒有昂貴的電費(fèi)。）可知，關(guān)于AirFreez我們能了解到它不需要復(fù)雜的安裝。故選B項(xiàng)。【23題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章大意以及最后一段“HowCanYouGetAnAirFreez?Nowthatyouareawareofthisamazingnewinvention,hereishowtogetone-orderitfromtheOfficialWebsiteforBESTPRICE.”（如何獲得airfreeze？現(xiàn)在，你已經(jīng)意識到這個驚人的新發(fā)明，這里將是如何從官方網(wǎng)站獲得一個訂單，并且以最好的價格呈現(xiàn)給你。）故可推知，這篇文章的目的是為Airfreez做廣告。故選A項(xiàng)。BIgotmarriedjustafterIgraduatedfromcollegeandfoundajobtosupportourfamilyatthenearbyMassachusettesInstituteofTechnology(MIT).ItwasinthelaboratoryofProf.EdwardLorenzthatIlearnedwhatacomputerwasandhowtodevelopsoftware.Onedaymyhusbandsawanewspaperadvertisement.TheMITInstrumentationLaboratorywaslookingforpeopletodevelopsoftwareto“sendmantothemoon”.Deeplyattractedbothbytheideaandthefactthatithadneverbeendonebefore,Ibecamethefirstprogrammertojoinandthefirstwomanthelabhired.Atthebeginning,nobodythoughtsoftwarewassuchabigdeal.Butthentheybegantorealizehowmuchtheywererelyingonit.Oursoftwareneededtobeveryreliableandabletodetectanerrorandrecoverfromitatanytimeduringthemission.Mydaughter,Lauren,likedtointimateme—playingastronaut.Oneday,shewaswithmewhenIwasdoingasimulation(模擬)ofamissiontothemoon.Shestartedhittingkeysandallofasudden,sheselectedaprogramwhichwassupposedtoberunbeforelaunch.Thecomputerhadsolittlespacethatitwipedthenavigationdatatakinghertothemoon.Ithought:myGod—thiscouldhappenbyaccidentinarealmission.Isuggestedaprogramchangetopreventaprelaunchprogrambeingselectedduringflight.Butthehigher-upsatMITandNASAsaidtheastronautsweretoowelltrainedtomakesuchamistake.Ontheverynextmission,Apollo8,oneoftheastronautsonboardaccidentallydidexactlywhatLaurenhaddone.TheLaurenbug!Itcreateddestructionandrequiredthemissiontoberearranged.Afterthat,theyletmeputtheprogramchangein.ItwastheprogramchangethathadacrucialinfluenceonthesuccessofthemissionofApollo11.DuringtheearlydaysofApollo,softwarewasnottakenasseriouslyasotherengineeringdisciplines(學(xué)科).ItwasoutofdesperationIcameupwiththeterm“softwareengineering”.Thenonedayinameeting,oneofthemostrespectedhardwareexpertsexplainedtoeveryonethatheagreedwithmethattheprocessofbuildingsoftwareshouldalsobeconsideredanengineeringdiscipline,justlikewithhardware.Itwasamemorablemoment.24.Whatdoweknowabouttheauthor?A.Shecreatedtheterm“softwareengineering”.B.SheisthefirstwomaneverhiredbyMIT.C.ShetaughtLaurentowritesoftware.D.Shegothermaster’sdegreefromMIT.25.“TheLaurenbug”inPara.5refersto______.A.apettoaccompanyLauren B.amistakecausingdatalossC.asoftwareendingprelaunch D.amissiontolandonthemoon26.WhatgreatlycontributedtoApollo11’ssuccessaccordingtothepassage?A.Thein-timeuploadofdata. B.Astronauts’richexperience.C.Experts’newattitude. D.Theprogramchange.27.WhatcanwelearnfromMargaret’sstory?A.Honestyisthebestpolicy. B.Twoheadsarebetterthanone.C.Chancesfavorthepreparedmind. D.Agoodbeginningishalfdone.【答案】24.A25.B26.D27.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文，講述了作者是一個學(xué)習(xí)軟件開發(fā)的女性，一次偶然的機(jī)會她從事了開發(fā)“載人登月”軟件的工作，作者基于女兒在游戲中犯的一個錯誤建議更改程序以防止在飛行過程中選擇預(yù)啟動程序，事實(shí)證明這對阿波羅11號任務(wù)的成功產(chǎn)生了至關(guān)重要的影響。【24題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“ItwasoutofdesperationIcameupwiththeterm“softwareengineering”.(在絕望中，我想到了“軟件工程”這個術(shù)語。)”可知，作者創(chuàng)造了“軟件工程”這個術(shù)語。故選A。【25題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中的“sheselectedaprogramwhichwassupposedtoberunbeforelaunch.Thecomputerhadsolittlespacethatitwipedthenavigationdatatakinghertothemoon.(她選擇了一個應(yīng)該在發(fā)射前運(yùn)行的程序。電腦空間太小了，把她去月球的導(dǎo)航數(shù)據(jù)都抹去了。)”可知，作者的女兒勞倫犯了一個錯誤——選擇了一個程序，這個程序應(yīng)該是在啟動前運(yùn)行的，計(jì)算機(jī)的空間太小，以至于它抹去了帶她去月球的導(dǎo)航數(shù)據(jù)，再根據(jù)第五段的“oneoftheastronautsonboardaccidentallydidexactlywhatLaurenhaddone(一名宇航員意外地做了勞倫做過的事)”可知，一名宇航員不小心做了勞倫做過的事（犯的錯誤），由此可知“TheLaurenbug”指的是“造成數(shù)據(jù)丟失的錯誤”，故選B。【26題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“ItwastheprogramchangethathadacrucialinfluenceonthesuccessofthemissionofApollo11.(正是計(jì)劃的改變對阿波羅11號任務(wù)的成功產(chǎn)生了至關(guān)重要的影響。)”可知，正是程序的改變對阿波羅11號任務(wù)的成功產(chǎn)生了至關(guān)重要的影響，故選D。【27題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的“Isuggestedaprogramchangetopreventaprelaunchprogrambeingselectedduringflight.(我建議對程序進(jìn)行更改，以防止在飛行過程中選擇發(fā)射前程序。)”及倒數(shù)第二段中的“ItwastheprogramchangethathadacrucialinfluenceonthesuccessofthemissionofApollo11.(正是計(jì)劃的改變對阿波羅11號任務(wù)的成功產(chǎn)生了至關(guān)重要的影響。)”可知，作者建議更改程序以防止在飛行過程中選擇預(yù)啟動程序，正是程序的改變對阿波羅11號任務(wù)的成功產(chǎn)生了至關(guān)重要的影響，由此可知，作者的故事告訴我們機(jī)會總是垂青有準(zhǔn)備的人，故選C。CIfthereisoneplaceyoudon’twanttostickyourfinger,it’sthemouthofaPacificlingcod.Thesefearsomefishhavearound500needleliketeethstickingoutofjaws(頜)thatarestrongenoughtocrushcrustaceans(甲殼動物).Howlingcodmaintainthesharpnessoftheirterrifyingteethhaslongbeenapuzzle.Butastudy,publishedinNovemberintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyB,claimsthatPacificlingcodkeeptheirteethsharpandshinybyreplacingaboutthreepercentofthemeveryday.Foralingcod,that’supto20teethreplaceddaily.Inordertodeterminethefrequencyatwhichlingcodreplacetheirteeth,Ms.Cohen,acoauthorofthenewstudy,andhercolleagueskept20lingcodattheUniversityofWashington’sFridayHarborLaboratoriesandtrackedhowmanyteeththeylostandregrewoverseveraldays.Thefishwereplacedinatankofseawatermixedwithareddye(染料)thatcoloredtheirteeth,thenreturnedtotheirregulartankfor10days.Whenthe10dayswereup,thefishwereplacedinatankcontainingagreendyeandthenexamined.Theteeththatwerepresentsincethestartoftheexperimentwerebothredandgreen,whereasthenewteethwereonlygreen.Aftercollectingandexaminingatotalof10,000teeth,thescientistswereabletodeterminehowquicklylingcodlostandregrewtheirteethandwhichteethwerereplacedmostoften.Lingcod,likemostfish,havetwosetsofjaws:oraljawsandpharyngealjaws.Theiroraljawsareusedtocatchfoodwhiletheirpharyngealjaws,whicharepositionedintheirthroats,areusedtochewtheirfoodandmoveitfromtheirmouthstothestomach.Ms.Carr,theleadauthor,andcolleaguesfoundthatteetharereplacedmorefrequentlyinthebackofthemouth,wheremostofthechewingandcrushingtakeplace.Thewaylingcodreplacetheirteethislikelycrucialtotheirhuntingstrategy,saysKoryEvans,afishecologistatRiceUniversityinHouston.“Thedulleralingcod’steethare,theharderitisgoingtobeforittoholdontoitstarget.Sohavingtheabilitytoshedteethandreplacethemisprettyimportant.”Dr.Evanssaid,“Inordertomakeitasalingcod,youneedsharppointyteethandallyourteethneedtobeonpoint.”28.WhatdoesParagraph3mainlytalkabout?A.Whatroleseawaterplayed. B.Whatconclusionwasreached.C.Howthestudywasconducted. D.Howteethchangedtheircolors.29.Accordingtothepassage,lingcod’steetharereplaced___________.A.every10days B.tobetterhuntforfoodC.fasterintheoraljaw D.withbiggerandsharperones30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shed”inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Repair. B.Sharpen. C.Lose. D.Examine.31.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthispassage?A.Towarnpeopleofthedangerofafish.B.Tointroducethefindingsofanewstudy.C.Tostresstheimportanceofreplacingteeth.D.Tosuggestnewwaystoconductstudiesonfish.【答案】28.C29.B30.C31.B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹一項(xiàng)新研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)，太平洋鱈魚通過每天更換大約3%的牙齒來保持牙齒鋒利和閃亮。【28題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Inordertodeterminethefrequencyatwhichlingcodreplacetheirteeth,Ms.Cohen,acoauthorofthenewstudy,andhercolleagueskept20lingcodattheUniversityofWashington’sFridayHarborLaboratoriesandtrackedhowmanyteeththeylostandregrewoverseveraldays.Thefishwereplacedinatankofseawatermixedwithareddye(染料)thatcoloredtheirteeth,thenreturnedtotheirregulartankfor10days.Whenthe10dayswereup,thefishwereplacedinatankcontainingagreendyeandthenexamined.Theteeththatwerepresentsincethestartoftheexperimentwerebothredandgreen,whereasthenewteethwereonlygreen.(為了確定鱈魚換牙的頻率，這項(xiàng)新研究的合著者科恩女士和她的同事們在華盛頓大學(xué)的周五港實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存了20條靈鱈魚，并跟蹤了幾天內(nèi)它們失去和再生的牙齒數(shù)量。這些魚被放置在一個海水中混合了一種紅色染料的水箱里，這些染料可以給它們的牙齒上色，然后再回到正常的水箱中10天。10天過后，這些魚被放置在一個裝有綠色染料的容器中，然后進(jìn)行檢測。實(shí)驗(yàn)開始后出現(xiàn)的牙齒是紅色和綠色的，而新牙齒只有綠色。)”可知，本段陳述研究是如何進(jìn)行的。故選C。【29題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Thewaylingcodreplacetheirteethislikelycrucialtotheirhuntingstrategy,saysKoryEvans,afishecologistatRiceUniversityinHouston.“Thedulleralingcod’steethare,theharderitisgoingtobeforittoholdontoitstarget.Sohavingtheabilitytoshedteethandreplacethemisprettyimportant.”(休斯敦萊斯大學(xué)的魚類生態(tài)學(xué)家KoryEvans說，鱈魚更換牙齒的方式可能對它們的狩獵策略至關(guān)重要。“鱈魚的牙齒越鈍，它就越難抓住目標(biāo)。所以擁有牙齒脫落和更換的能力是非常重要的。”)”可知，鱈魚的牙齒被替換是為了更好地尋找食物。故選B。【30題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章最后一段劃線詞前句“Thedulleralingcod’steethare,theharderitisgoingtobeforittoholdontoitstarget.(鱈魚的牙齒越鈍，它就越難抓住目標(biāo)。)”和后半句“andreplacethemisprettyimportant.(更換的能力是非常重要的。)”和常識可知，鱈魚牙齒更換前舊的牙齒會脫落。所以shed為“脫落”之意。故選C。【31題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Butastudy,publishedinNovemberintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyB,claimsthatPacificlingcodkeeptheirteethsharpandshinybyreplacingaboutthreepercentofthemeveryday.(但是11月發(fā)表在《英國皇家學(xué)會學(xué)報B》上的一項(xiàng)研究稱，太平洋鱈魚通過每天更換大約3%的牙齒來保持牙齒鋒利和閃亮。)”及全文可知，文章主要介紹一項(xiàng)新研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)，太平洋鱈魚通過每天更換大約3%的牙齒來保持牙齒鋒利和閃亮。所以推斷寫此篇文章的目的是介紹一項(xiàng)新研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選B。DAscollegesportscontinuetobehugelypopularandtheNationalCollegiateAthleticAssociation(NCAA)bringsinlargeamountsofmoney,peoplehaverestartedthedebateonwhethercollegeathletesshouldgetpaid.Supportersoftheideabelievethat,becausecollegeathletesarebringinginaudiences,theyshouldreceivesomesortofcompensation(補(bǔ)償).Infact,theNCAAbringsinabout$1billionincomeayear,butcollegeathletesdon’treceiveanyofthatmoneyintheformofapaycheck.Additionally,peoplewhobelievecollegeathletesshouldbepaidstatethatpayingcollegeathleteswillactuallyencouragethemtoremainincollegelongerandnotturnprofessionalsasquickly,eitherbygivingthemawaytobeginearningmoneyincollegeorrequiringthemtosignacontract(合同)sayingthey’llstayattheuniversityforacertainnumberofyearswhilemakinganagreed-uponsalary.Peoplewhoargueagainsttheideaofpayingcollegeathletesbelievethepracticecouldbedisastrousforcollegesports.Payingathleteswouldturncollegesportsintoabidding(競拍)war,whereonlytherichestschoolscouldaffordtopathletes,andmostschoolswouldbeshutoutfromdevelopingatalentedteam.Itcouldalsoharmthecamaraderiewithinmanycollegeteamsifplayersbecomeunhappythatcertainteammatesaremakingmoremoneythantheyare.Thoseagainstpayingcollegeathletesalsobelievethattheathletesarereceivingenoughbenefitsalready.Thetopathletesreceivescholarshipsthatareworthtensofthousandsperyear.Theyreceivefreefoodandtextbooks,gettravelbonusesandfreeequipment,andcanusetheirtimeincollegeasawaytoattracttheattentionofprofessionalcoaches.Noothercollegestudentsreceiveanywherenearasmuchfromtheirschools.Whilebothsideshavegoodpoints,it’sclearthatthenegativesofpayingcollegeathletesfaroutweighthepositives.Collegeathleteshavebeencompensatedenough.Addingasalarywouldresultinacollegeathleticsystemwhereonlyafewathletesarepaidbysomeschoolswhoenterbiddingwarstosignthemup,whilemoststudentathleticsandcollegeathleticprogramssufferorevenshutdownforlackofmoney.Continuingtoofferthepresentbenefitstostudentathletesmakesitpossibleforasmanypeopletobenefitfromandenjoycollegesportsaspossible.32.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatcollegeathletes________.A.haveearnedwhattheyarepromisedB.tendtoservecollegelongerwhenpaidC.shouldsignacontracttomakeanagreed-uponsalaryD.prefertostayatuniversityratherthanturnprofessionals33.Theunderlinedword“camaraderie”inParagraph3issimilarto“________”.A.friendship B.competition C.spirit D.communication34.Peopleagainstpayingcollegeathletesbelieve________.A.schoolswouldbeunabletoafforditB.itcouldbeharmfultocollegesportsC.noothercollegestudentsreceivebenefitsDstudentswouldvaluepaymentsoverachievements35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardspayingcollegeathletes?A.Uncertain. B.Satisfied. C.Unsupportive. D.Expectant.【答案】32.B33.A34.B35.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇議論文。討論了是否應(yīng)該給大學(xué)運(yùn)動員發(fā)工資。【32題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Additionally,peoplewhobelievecollegeathletesshouldbepaidstatethatpayingcollegeathleteswillactuallyencouragethemtoremainincollegelongerandnotturnprofessionalsasquickly,(此外，那些認(rèn)為應(yīng)該給大學(xué)運(yùn)動員發(fā)工資的人表示，給大學(xué)運(yùn)動員發(fā)工資實(shí)際上會鼓勵他們在大學(xué)呆得更久，而不是更快地成為專業(yè)人士)”可知，大學(xué)運(yùn)動員被給予報酬后，可能傾向于繼續(xù)在大學(xué)服務(wù)。故選B。【33題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句中的“ifplayersbecomeunhappythatcertainteammatesaremakingmoremoneythantheyare.(如果球員對某些隊(duì)友賺的錢比他們多而感到不高興)”可推知，當(dāng)隊(duì)友之間因?yàn)槭杖氩煌a(chǎn)生不愉快時，就會影響到團(tuán)隊(duì)之間的團(tuán)結(jié)和友誼，由此可猜測“harmthecamaraderie”中的“camaraderie”與“friendship”同義，表示“友情；同事情誼”。故選A。【34題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Peoplewhoargueagainsttheideaofpayingcollegeathletesbelievethepracticecouldbedisastrousforcollegesports.(反對向大學(xué)運(yùn)動員付費(fèi)的人認(rèn)為這種做法可能會給大學(xué)體育帶來災(zāi)難)”可知，持反對意見的人們認(rèn)為給大學(xué)運(yùn)動員支付薪酬會對大學(xué)體育造成損害。故選B。【35題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Whilebothsideshavegoodpoints,it’sclearthatthenegativesofpayingcollegeathletesfaroutweighthepositives.(盡管雙方都有各自的道理，但顯然，給大學(xué)運(yùn)動員發(fā)工資的負(fù)面影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于正面影響)”可知，作者認(rèn)為負(fù)面影響大于正面影響，也就是說作者不支持給大學(xué)運(yùn)動員發(fā)工資。故選C。第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2分，共10分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑．選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)．BlindOlympicAthletesShowtheUniversalNatureTuneintoanysportscoverageonTV,andyouwillseemanyathletesproudlyraisetheirarmsandheadsinvictory,whileamuchlargernumberhangtheirshouldersandnecksindefeat.Studieshaverevealedwhy—theyareuniversalbehaviours,performedbyhumansinresponsetosuccessandfailure.ThediscoverycamefromJessicaTracyfromtheUniversityofBritishColumbiaandDavidMatsumotofromSanFranciscoStateUniversity,whowantedtoseehowpeopleshowedfeelingsofprideandshame._____36_____Theytriedtofindalargegroupofpeople,anditwascriticallyimportantthatsomeofthesesubjectshadneverseenotherpeoplereactingtosuccessorfailurebefore.TheanswerwasAthens,duringthe2004OlympicGames.Itssistercompetition—theParalympics—includedmanyathleteswhowerebornblind._____37_____Workingwithaprofessionalphotographer,TracyandMatsumotocomparedthebodylanguageof108competitors,41ofwhomhadlosttheirsight,and12ofwhomwereblindfrombirth.Thephotographerrepeatedlytookpicturesoftheseathletesaftertheircompetitions,andtheresearcherscarefullyrecordedthepositionsoftheirheads,armsandbodies._____38_____Thewinnerstiltedtheirheadsup,smiled,liftedtheirarmsandpuffedouttheirchests,whileshouldersbentforwardandnarrowedchestswerethemarksoflosers._____39_____Menandwomenwhohaveneverseenotherpeoplebehaveinthesewaysstillmakeexactlythesamemovements.Andwhileit’spossiblethatparentsmayhavetaughttheirblindchildrensomeoftheseactions,it’sveryunlikelythattheycouldhavetaughtthemall—particularlytheexpansionornarrowingofthechest.Theseactionswerealsoremarkablyconsistentbetweencontestantsfromeverypartoftheworld.TracyandMatsumotoarguethatprideandshame