PAGEPAGE13專題3介詞框架結構圖介詞的句法功能1.介詞不能單獨運用，但“介詞＋賓語”構成的介詞短語可在句中作狀語、定語、表語、賓語補足語、主語補足語等。2.介詞后的賓語可以是名詞、代詞、動名詞、疑問詞＋不定式、wh-從句等。介詞的核心考點介詞是虛詞，不能單獨作句子成分，必需與名詞、代詞(或相當于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等)構成介詞短語，在句中充當一個成分。1.介詞搭配(1)“動詞＋介詞”搭配：留意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個動詞搭配意義不同的狀況。①robsb.ofsth./cleartheroadofsnow(表示“奪去，除去”意義的動詞與of連用)②supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(表示“供應”意義的動詞與with連用)③makeadeskofwood/makebreadfromflour/makethematerialintoacoat(表示“制作，制造”意義的動詞與of，from，into連用)④“介詞＋the＋部位”與動詞的關系(＝動詞＋sb.’s＋部位，可換用)strikehimonthehead(表示“擊；拍；碰；摸”意義的動詞與on連用)catchhimbythearm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意義的動詞與by連用)hittheboyintheface(表示“肚；胸；眼；臉”等人體前部的器官名詞與in連用)⑤prevent(stop，keep)sb.fromdoingsth.(表示“阻擋，禁止”意義的動詞與from連用)⑥persuade(advise，warn)odoingsth.(表示“勸服；建議；警告”意義的動詞與into連用)⑦buy(leave，get，win，gain，lose)sth.forsb.(表示“得失”意義的動詞與for連用)⑧tell(show，teach，sing，write，read)sth.tosb.(表示“告知”意義的動詞與to連用)⑨give(allow，promise，pass，hand)sth.tosb.(表示“授予”意義的動詞與to連用)留意：⑦⑧⑨可換成buysb.sth.，tellsb.sth.，givesb.sth.雙賓結構。⑩saytosb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等與“對象”連用必需用to)不行說suggestsb.sth.。(2)同一介詞與不同動詞搭配，意義各異。replytotheletter回信，sing/dancetothemusic和著音樂唱/跳，amountto達到，加起來有……，devote...to把……貢獻給，drinkto為……干杯，objectto反對，lookforwardto渴望，cometo醒悟，belongto屬于；searchfor搜尋……，askfor懇求，use...for把……用作，leavefor前往……，take...for把……誤以為，callfor要求，waitfor等待，carefor喜愛，makeupfor彌補；turnto求助/救于，helponeselfto隨意，agreeto同意，compare...to把……比作，sendfor派人去請/拿……，sailfor駛向，起航，setoutfor動身去，goinfor愛好……(3)常見的“形容詞＋介詞”搭配。beworthyof值得的，befarfrom離……遠，begratefultosb.forsth.為某事感謝某人，befreefrom沒有……/免除……，beproudof為……驕傲，besatisfiedwith/by對……滿足，besureof/about確信，befondof喜愛，befitfor適合，bebusywithsth./indoingsth.忙著做某事，befullof充溢，bereadyfor打算，besimilarto與……相像(4)“名詞＋介詞”習慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。theabsenceofwater缺水thehopeofsuccess勝利的希望haveachanceof/forenteringcollege上高校的機會takeprideinthem為他們感到傲慢thekeytothequestion問題的答案amedicineforcough治咳嗽的藥theticketfortomorrow明天的票hisabsenceeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(inBeijing他去了北京,fromBeijing他不在北京))thewayeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(tostudy學習方法,ofstudyingmaths學習數學的方法))2.核心介詞用法歸納與辨析(1)表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長時間內，如世紀、年、季、月、周等，一般用介詞in，如：inthe1990s，intheyear，inJanuary，in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring，inthefirstweekofMay。還可以用時段名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如：inawhile，innotime，inthedaytime，inashortwhile，intime，inthemorning(afternoon，evening)。留意：infivedays(weeks，months，years)中in意為“在……以后”。(2)表示詳細的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上，常用on。onSunday(s)，onTuesdaymorningonChristmasDay(區(qū)分atChristmas)，onChristmasEve(在圣誕節(jié)前夕)，onChildren’sDayonMarch8，onthemorning(afternoon，evening)ofOct.1earlyonthemorningofOct.1(區(qū)分inthelate/earlymorningofOct.1)onarainynight，onwarmwinterdays(3)表示某一時刻或某一時間點用at，如小時、分鐘等。atbreakfast(supper，lunch)，atsixatnoon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)attheageof15，atthetimeofwar(區(qū)分intimeofdanger/trouble)留意：①有些時間名詞前不接介詞，如nextday，lastSunday，thatmorning，theseyears。②one，each，any，every，some，all修飾時間名詞時，一般不用介詞，如someday，oneday，allafternoon。(4)till，until的用法。till(until)與持續(xù)動詞連用一般用于確定句中，與短暫動詞連用一般用在否定句中。Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a.m.留意：在句首出現(xiàn)或強調句型中一般不用till而用until。Notuntil9a.m.didMrSmithcomebacktoschool.(5)in，later，after的用法。①in＋一段時間：表示說話時為起點的一段時間之后，與一般將來時連用；但表示“在……之內”時，用于各種時態(tài)。②一段時間＋later(later是副詞)：表示某一詳細時間或某一方面詳細時間算起的一段時間后。③after＋一段時間：表示“在……之后”，用于一般過去時；但時間為時間點時，只能用after，即after＋時間點，用于各種時態(tài)。Thedoctorwillbewithusinsixminutes.Shegraduatedin1981，andeightyearslatershebecamethemanagerofthefactory.Hereceivedherletterafterfourweeks.另外，in＋一段時間＋’s＋time與within＋一段時間的用法如下：inaweek’stime＝inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.(與將來時連用)Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表語)I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.(within＝inlessthan...用于各種時態(tài)，意為“不超出，在……之內”)(6)地點介詞at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。①at在較小的場所；in在較大的場所；on在……的平面上。如attheairport，atthestation，at55ParkStreet，inChina，inthenorth，inAsia，onthedesk，onthewall等。②on，at，in，off還可以表示兩地的相對位置。若A地屬于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣連接，用on；無邊緣的連接，用to；A在B旁邊，用off。JapanliestotheeastofChina.(范圍之外)TaiwanliesinthesoutheastofChina.(范圍之內)HunanProvinceliesonthewestofHubeiProvince.(毗鄰)TheislandliesoffthecoastofChina.(相隔確定距離)③across在物體表面“穿過”；through則表示在三維空間內部“穿過”。Theywalkedacrosstheplayground.Iwalkedthroughtheforest.④over，above譯作“在……之上”；under，below譯作“在……的下面”，其區(qū)分在于over，under表示一種干脆的、垂直的上下關系；而above，below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不確定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。Alittleboatisnowunderthebridge.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Thesunsinksbelowthehorizon(地平線).Thewindowiswellabovethetree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介詞。①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小時/天。如：Herentsahousebytheyear(day，hour).(留意tothepound按磅算，totheton按噸計)。②表泛指的方式、手段bypost/mail郵寄，bytelephone(radio)(但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV)，byelectricity用電，bymachinery用機器，byhardwork，learnsth.byheart，throughthesatellite，throughpractice，throughhisownefforts，throughexperience，throughthetelescope交通工具類bybus/train/car/taxibybike/bicycle，onhorseback/footbyplane/jet/spaceship/airbyship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外：bymeansof用……方法；bywayof經由，取道于，用……方法；withthehelp(permission)ofsb./withsb.’shelp(permission)在某人的幫助(許可)下。③表方式、手段的其他用法Hebeatthedogwithastick.(with＋工具/器械)Onesmellswithhisnose.(with＋人體器官，區(qū)分byhand手工，用手)Hestoodupwithpride.(with＋心情、情感、看法的名詞)留意：運用語言、材料、文字等用in。如：inEnglish(ink，pencil)。(8)表示“除……之外”的常用詞。①besides除……以外(還有)。作副詞時意為“而且，更何況”。Therewillbefiveofusfordinner，besidesJohn.Itwastoolatetoseeafilm，andbesides，Iwastired.②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。WeallwentexceptJohn.留意：在否定句中，besides與except可以換用。Hehasnootherhatsexcept/besidesthisone.③exceptfor除了……(對句子主要意思進行細微環(huán)節(jié)校正或附加說明)，后接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時與“exceptthat＋句子”意思相同。Hewasverycleverexceptforcarelessness.④exceptthat...除了……以外。Hehasnotchangedexceptthatheiswearingdarkglasses.⑤but與exceptbut和except在表示“除了……以外”時可以通用，但應留意以下三點：(A)前面有不定代詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時，多用but。Allbutonearehere.NobodybutIlikesmakingmodelships.(B)后接不定式短語為解除對象時，多用but。Hehasnothingtodobutwait.(前有do，后省to)(C)but與一些固定結構連用。havenochoicebuttodosth.只得做某事，cannotbutdosth.不得不做某事，cannothelpbutdosth.不得不做某事，butfor...若不是……(9)between與among①between通常指兩者之間，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每兩者之間的相互關系。AnnisbetweenTomandBill.SwitzerlandliesbetweenFrance，Germany，AustraliaandItaly.Theysoonfinishedtheworkbetweenthemselves.(共同，合作)Shewasbusybetweencooking，washing，sewingandlookingafterthebaby.(表示接連不斷地，一個接一個地忙這忙那)Ahorsecanbeseenbetweentreesnow.②among表示三者以上之間。Thestoryissaidtohavehappenedinavillageamongthehills.Hewashappytobeamongfriendsagain.Wemustagreeamongourselves.(在……內部達成一樣)Londonisamongthelargestcities.(＝oneof，可與最高級連用)(10)表緣由的介詞(短語)for，becauseof，dueto。Hedidn’tcometothemeetingbecauseofhisillness.Thereasonforhiscominglateisthathewasill.Hewaspraisedforhisbraveryandcourage.Theaccidentisduetoyourcarelessdriving.(11)不定式的復合結構中的for，of。這里所說的不定式的復合結構形式指的是for或of加上人或事，作動詞不定式的邏輯主語的結構。Itiscleverofyoutoansweritlikethat.Itisquitehardformetoexplainwhy.留意：Itis＋adj.＋of/forsb.todosth.中，假如表語形容詞是說明不定式邏輯主語的性質、特征與面貌時用of；假如說明不定式行為本身的性質、狀態(tài)等時則用for。(12)兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。①after，since，till/until，before這些詞既是介詞，又可作連詞。Theywenttobedaftertheyhadfinishedthejob.(連詞)Thechildrenwenthomeatonceafterschool.(介詞)②in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介詞可兼作副詞。Herandownthehill.(介詞)Canyouliftthatboxdownfromtheshelfforme？(副詞)③有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。Allthestudentsgottoschoolbeforeme.(介詞)Wedowanttobuysomethingnowbeforepricesgoup.(連詞)Haven’tIseenyoubefore？(副詞)(13)介詞的省略。某些動詞搭配中的介詞可以省略。Nothingcanpreventme(from)doingthejob.Shespentnearlytwohours(in)translatingit.(14)某些名詞與介詞構成的固定搭配。①要求接to的名詞有：key，answer，solution，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。Thekeytosuccessispreparation.②要求接in的名詞有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。Heisanexpertinteachinglittlechildren.1.句尾介詞往往由于受到漢語的影響而缺少eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤HeisthemanIjustspoke.,正HeisthemanIjustspoketo.))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤Idon’tknowwhichschoolhestudies.,正Idon’tknowwhichschoolhestudiesin.,正Idon’tknowinwhichschoolhestudies.,正Idon’tknowwherehestudies.))2.因不熟識介詞的語法功能和不同搭配而造成的語句混亂、搭配不當等錯誤(誤)Ioftencometoschooltakebus，butsometimesIcomebymyfather’scar.(正)Ioftencometoschoolbybus，butsometimesIcomeinmyfather’scar.3.英漢差異造成的介詞錯用eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤Hegotmarriedwithherlastmonth.,正Hegotmarriedtoherlastmonth.,正Hemarriedherlastmonth.))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤Hehasaknifewoundwiththeleg.,正Hehasaknifewoundintheleg.))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤Hedroveontoatreeyesterday.,正Hedroveintoatreeyesterday.))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤AisdifferentwithB.,正AisdifferentfromB.))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤underthehelpoftheteacher,正withthehelpoftheteacher))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(誤Hemadeholesonthewall.,正Hemadeholesinthewall.))考向1常見介詞的考查Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Isuggestthatthenexttimeyougotoyourmum’shomefordinner，getafewcookingtipsfromher.(2024·浙江)解析此處指去母親家吃飯，表示目的用介詞for，故填for。2.Thistrend，whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(醫(yī)學界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease，hashadsomeunintendedsideeffectssuchasoverweightandheartdisease.(2024·全國Ⅰ)解析此處指作為反抗心臟病的一種方法，所以用介詞as。3.Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfull-timebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegreeinengineeringorarchitecture.(2024·全國Ⅲ)解析關于某個專業(yè)的學位要用介詞in。adegreeinengineeringorarchitecture工程學或建筑學學位。4.ChopsticksarenotusedeverywhereinAsia.InIndia，forexample，mostpeopletraditionallyeatwiththeirhands.(2024·全國Ⅲ)解析withone’shands用某人的手。介詞with意為“用”。5.Themothercontinuedtocarefortheyoungpandaformorethantwoyears.(2024·四川)解析“for＋時間段”表示持續(xù)一段時間。熊貓媽媽對孩子的照看會持續(xù)兩年多。6.ForthosewhoflytoGuilin，it’sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.(2015·全國Ⅰ)解析依據句意可知，此處表示“驅車只有一小時的路程”。“by＋交通工具名詞”表示乘坐交通工具。7.Oneday，thecowwaseatinggrasswhenitbegantorainheavily.Whilemakinggreateffortstorunaway，shefelloverthehillanddied.ThentheJohnsonshadtomakealivingwithoutthecow.(2015·廣東)解析依據文意可知，奶牛在慌張躲雨的時候，不當心摔死了，因此Johnson一家就不得不在沒有了奶牛的狀況下生活。故填without。Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.Attheendofourtrip，ItoldmyfatherthatIplannedtoreturnforeverytwoyears.(2024·全國Ⅰ)解析時間名詞有every，each，last等詞修飾時，其前不用介詞。故刪除for。2.StillIwasunwillingtoplaythegameseq\f(for,with)themsometimes.(2024·全國Ⅱ)解析playthegameswithsb.表示“和某人一塊玩嬉戲”，故把for改為with。3.Oneday，littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparents.Itwasverycrowded.Tonysawatoyeq\f(on,in)ashopwindow.(2015·全國Ⅱ)解析玩具是擺放在商店的櫥窗里面的，故用介詞in。4.Mysoccercoachretiredinlastweek.(2015·陜西)解析lastweek上個星期，前面無需加介詞。考向2短語搭配中的介詞Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.IwassearchingforthesethreewesternlowlandgorillasI’dbeenobserving.(2024·全國Ⅲ)解析searchfor找尋，為固定搭配。2.It(thefirstundergroundpassengerrailway)ranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowdsontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.(2024·全國Ⅱ)解析traveltoandfromwork上下班。3.ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s.(2024·全國Ⅰ)解析gobackto為固定短語，意為“回到，追溯到”。4.Mostofusaremorefocusedonourtasksinthemorningthanwearelaterintheday.(2024·全國Ⅱ)解析befocusedon用心于，集中于，為固定短語。5.Whenanewdaybreaks，thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenoughtocoolthehouseduringthehotday；atthesametime，theywarmupagainforthenight.(2015·全國Ⅱ)解析atthesametime意為“同時”，是一個常用的介詞短語。6.Hesoldorexchangedsomeofthemilkinthetownsnearbyforotherfoodandmadecheeseandbutterforthefamilywithwhatwasleft.(2015·廣東)解析句意為：他去旁邊的鎮(zhèn)里賣牛奶，或用牛奶換其他的食物。這里用短語exchange...for...，故填介詞for。Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.Someofuswereconfidentandeagereq\o(\s\up7(∧),\s\do5(to))takepartintheclassactivity.(2024·全國Ⅲ)解析(be)eagertodosth.渴望做某事，為固定搭配。2.ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenstopjustinthemiddleeq\f(on,of)theroad.(2024·全國Ⅰ)解析inthemiddleof...在……的中間，是固定搭配。3.Theyhavealsoboughtforsomegardeningtools.(2024·全國Ⅱ)解析表示“買某物”干脆用buysth.。buy還可用于buysb.sth.或buysth.forsb.，表示“為某人買某物”。4.WhenIlookatthispictureofmyself，Irealizeofhowfasttimeflies.(2024·全國Ⅲ)解析realize相識到，意識到，是及物動詞，后面干脆跟賓語。5.Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamseq\o(\s\up7(∧),\s\do5(of))becomingrichinashortperiodoftime.(2024·全國Ⅰ)解析固定短語dreamofdoingsth.意為“幻想做某事”。6.Whiletheychatted，myfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositeq\f(in,on)thetopofthefridge.(2024·浙江)解析onthetopof...為固定搭配，意為“在……的上面/頂端”。故將in改成on。7.Dadcleanedthehouse，andthenwentonshopping.(2024·四川)解析goshopping去購物；goonshopping接著購物。8.Pleasehelpwithmeandgivemesomeadvice.(2015·四川)解析動詞help為及物動詞，其后接賓語時無需加介詞，故刪除with。9.Unfortunately，eq\f(on,with)thedevelopmentofindustrialization，theenvironmenthasbeenpolluted.(2015·全國Ⅰ)解析withthedevelopmentof...為固定短語，意為“隨著……的發(fā)展”。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Ithasnoreligioussignificance；thefoundersofthemovementadopteditinhonorofSwitzerland.2.“Ifyouseeus，”Veleztellsthem，“don’thide！Wehavecometorescueyou，”VelezgiveshispresentationsinEnglish.3.Hespentalldayhelpingothers，handingoutcharitytothepoor，andlookingafterabandonedanimals.Veryseldomdidheeverdothatforanything.4.ManyofmyfriendsmetonWednesdayintheearlymorningtogotoaspecificparkinglotsaleheldatastore.5.Theglobaljourneyisledbyanexpeditionleader，SteveMoore，inmemoryofhisfather，afirefighterwhodiedoflungcancerattheageof63.6.Thepaperhadfallendownbetweenthedeskandthewall.7.ThankstotheInternet，therearemanywaystomakefriendsnowwithoutevenleavingyourhome.8.Anagreementseemstobeimpossiblebecausethemajorityofthecommitteemembersareagainstit.9.Nowadayssomehospitalsrefertopatientsbyname，notcasenumber.10.Sometimesproperanswersarenotfartoseektofoodsafetyproblems.Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.It’seasytosaysorry，butwhowillmakeupeq\o(\s\up7(∧),\s\do5(for))theloss?2.ThebookI’mreadingoftalksaboutafternoonteainBritain.3.MrJohnsonisahard-workingteacher.Everyday，hespendstoomuchtimeeq\f(with,on)hiswork.4.Gradually，IbecameinterestedinbiologyandchosetolearnbiologywhenIenteredintothecollege.5.Therehadbeenaterribleaccidentonthehighway