英語閱讀詞匯障礙分類克服（1）能源及自然災害類1、巴拿馬政府下令拉閘限電ThePanamaniangovernmenthasorderedschoolstocloseandgovernmentofficestoreducetheiropeninghoursasthecountrysuffersfromapowershortage.巴拿馬正面臨電力短缺的窘境，政府下令關閉學校以及政府辦公室以節約能源。Italsodeclaredadroughtemergencyinathirdofthecountry.Panamaderivesmorethanhalfofitsenergyfromhydroelectric（水力發電的）powerandalackofrainhashitthesupplyhard.Governmentofficialssaidtheyhadbeenforcedtotakethemeasuresafterpreviousdrivestosaveenergyhadfailedtomakemuchdifference.Havoc（大破壞，浩劫）Officialssaidbars,nightclubs,cinemasandsupermarketswouldalsoberequiredtoclosebetween22:00(03:00GMT)and06:00(11:00GMT)localtimefromMondaytoThursday.Businesseshavebeenaskedtoturnofftheirairconditioningbetween11:00(16:00GMT)and15:00(20:00GMT).PresidentRicardoMartinelliaskedPanamanians"tosaveenergybecausethelackofrainisreallycausinghavocwithourelectricitysystem".Hydroelectricpoweraccountedforalmost60%ofPanama'selectricitygenerationin2010,accordingtotheUSEnergyInformationSystem.GovernmentministerRobertoHenriquezsaidhehopedthemeasureswouldpreventmoredrasticenergyshortages"Ifwesticktothiswecancertainlypreventfurthercutswhichcouldseriouslyaffectthecountry'seconomy,"hesaid.PanamahasthefastestgrowingeconomyinLatinAmericawitharateofmorethan10%for2012,accordingtothegovernment'sstatisticagency.Officialssaidtheywouldre-assessonSundaywhethertolifttherestrictionsandre-openschools,butwithnorainforecasttheycalledoncitizenstocurbtheirenergyconsumptionasmuchaspossible.障礙詞匯：declare公開；公開宣布.Droughtn.干旱；缺乏emergencyn.緊急情況；突發事件；非常時刻adj.緊急的；備用的derives源于RicardoMartinelli里卡多·馬蒂內利accountedfor對…負有責任；對…做出解釋；說明……的原因；導致；（比例）占generationn.一代；產生；一代人；生殖drasticadj.激烈的；猛烈的n.烈性瀉藥LatinAmerica拉丁美洲agencyn.代理，中介；代理處，經銷處assessvt.評定；估價；對…征稅restrictionn.限制；限制條件（restriction的復數形式）energyconsumption能量損耗2、美國俄克拉荷馬州遭龍卷風襲擊AtleastonepersonisreporteddeadandseveralothersinjuredinaseriesoftornadoesthathavetornthroughtheUSstateofOklahoma.美國俄克拉荷馬州遭遇一連串的龍卷風襲擊，至少1人死亡、多人受傷。TheworstdamagewascausedbyatornadonearthetownofShawnee,35miles(55km)fromOklahomaCity,localmediareport.AmobilehomeparknearShawneeissaidtohavebeenlevelledtotheground.Twistershavebeenreportedinotherstates,includingIowa,Minnesota,KansasandIllinois.TheNationalWeatherService(NWS)warnedofadangeroustornadoapproachingthecityofWichita,Kansas.IthadearlierissuedurgentappealsforpeopleinpartsofOklahomatotakecover.EverythingdestroyedInOklahoma,localTVstationssaidatleastonepersonwaskilledandseveralothershurtwhenatrailerparkonHighway102nearShawneewashit.AFox25reporterinShawneesaidtreeshadbeenshreddedandhomesdestroyed.Downedpowerlineswerelyingonroads,shesaid.Oneresident,AmberAsh,saidherhomewashitbyatornadoasshewaitedinastormshelter."Onceitpassed,wegotoutandsawthedevastation.EverythingIhadwasdestroyed."TherewasalsoseriousdamageinthetownofEdmondbutnoinjurieswerereported.Thousandsofresidentsintheaffectedareashavebeenleftwithoutpower.GovMaryFallinsaidastateofemergencyhadbeendeclaredin16countiestoenablehelptogettotheworst-hitpartsofOklahoma.AtleastfourtornadoesravagedthestateonSunday,partofastormsystemthatwasmovingnorth-eastacrosstheMidwesternstatesandTexas."Rightnowwe'reinarescueandrecoverystage,"GovFallinsaid."We'restillnotintheclearyet."ThemassivestormsystempromptedtheNWStoissueablunt（不鋒利的，生硬的，直率的）warningtoresidentsintheaffectedstates.Theagencysaid:"Youcouldbekilledifnotundergroundorinatornadoshelter.Completedestructionofneighbourhoods,businessesandvehicleswilloccur.Flyingdebriswillbedeadlytopeopleandanimals."MeteorologistswarnthattheextremeweatherisexpectedtocontinueonMonday障礙詞匯Tornadon.[氣象]龍卷風；旋風；暴風；大雷雨Leveln.水平；標準；水平面adj.水平的；平坦的；同高的vi.瞄準；拉平；變得平坦vt.使同等；對準；弄平twistersn.纏繞者；[法]歪曲事實的人（twister的復數）Iowan.愛荷華州（美國州名）Minnesotan.明尼蘇達州（美國中北部洲）Kansas堪薩斯州Illinois伊利諾斯州.issuev.發布，發行urgentadj.緊急的；急迫的appealsforvt.懇求，請求；要求takecover躲藏，隱蔽TheNationalWeatherService(NWS)（美）國家氣象局（NationalWeatherService）trailerpark活動住屋或（家庭拖車的）停車場Foxvt.欺騙；使變酸n.狐貍；狡猾的人vi.假裝；耍狡猾手段n.(Fox)人名；(英、法、德、意、西、瑞典)福克斯[復數foxes或fox]Shawneen.肖尼（美國城市）；美國蕭尼族印第安人；蕭尼語shreddedadj.切碎的v.變成碎片（shred的過去分詞形式）powerlines電力線；輸電線residentadj.居住的；住院醫師；定居的n.居民sheltern.庇護；避難所；避風處；避雨處；遮蓋物vt.保護；使掩蔽vi.躲避，避難devastationn.毀壞，荒廢affectedarea疫區；受影響區；被影響地區stateofemergency緊急狀態ravagevt.毀壞；破壞；掠奪n.蹂躪，破壞vi.毀壞；掠奪Midwesternadj.中西部的，有中西部特性的Texasn.德克薩斯州（美國州名）recoverystage恢復階段；恢復期intheclear不受阻礙；以內寬計算；用普通文字massiveadj.大量的；巨大的，厚重的；魁偉的promptvt.提示；促進；促使；激起；adj.敏捷的，迅速的；立刻的issueablunt（不鋒利的，生硬的，直率的）warningtoresidentsintheaffectedstates.對災區居民發布一個直率的警告destructionof摧毀；破壞neighbourhoodsn.鄰居；鄰域，鄰近地區（neighbourhood的復數）vehiclesn.[車輛]車輛（vehicle的復數形式）；交通工具occurvi.發生；出現；存在debrisn.碎片，殘骸deadlyadj致命的Meteorologistsn.氣象學家（meteorologist的復數）3、奧巴馬慰問龍卷風災民USPresidentBarackObamahasvisitedthetornado-ravagedtownofMooreinOklahomaandhastolditsvictimsthatthey"arenotalone".美國總統奧巴馬抵達被龍卷風肆虐的俄克拉荷馬州摩爾城，并告訴災民他們“不是一個人”。Surveyingthedevastation,MrObamasaiditwas"hardtocomprehend",adding:"Everywhere,fellowAmericansareprayingwithyou."Thepresidentvisitedthesiteoftheschoolwheresevenchildrendied.ThetornadoravagedtheOklahomaCitysuburblastMonday,killing24peopleanddestroyingsome1,200homes.About33,000peoplewereaffectedandthedamagehasbeenestimatedat$2bn(￡1.32bn).Some377peoplewerealsoinjuredinthetornado,whichwasrankedanEF5-atthetopoftheenhancedFujitascale.'Justamessenger'MrObama,alongsideOklahomaGovernorMaryFallin,said:"Thisisastrongcommunitywithstrongcharacter.There'snodoubttheywillbounceback.Buttheyneedhelp."Standingonablocksurroundedbydebris,thepresidentsaid:"Obviouslythedamagehereisprettyhardtocomprehend.""WheneverIcometoanareathathasbeendevastatedbysomenaturaldisasterlikethis,IwanttomakesurethateveryoneunderstandsthatIamspeakingonbehalfoftheentirecountry,"hesaid.InthepastyearthepresidenthasconsoledthefamiliesofvictimsofSuperstormSandy,theNewtown,ConnecticutschoolshootingandtheBostonMarathonbombings.MrObamasaid:"Everywhere,fellowAmericansareprayingwithyou,they'rethinkingaboutyouandtheywanttohelp.AndI'mjustamessengerherelettingyouknowthatyouarenotalone."MrObama'sfirststopwasthePlazaTowersElementarySchool,wheresevenofthe10childrenwhodiedlosttheirlives.Infrontofthewreckageandsurveyingpilesofrubbleandupturnedcars,hetoldoneschoolofficial:"Iknowthisistough."ThreemakeshiftAmericanflagsflewinthewind,attachedtopartsofthedebris.CalebSloan,24,wholosthishome,toldReuters:"[Thepresident]hasnochoicebuttolivebyhisword.Ihopeandprayandthinkhewillkeephispromises."MrObamahassignedadisasterdeclarationthatquickensfederalaid.Some450FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(Fema)personnelareinMoore,withsome$3.4minpaymentssofarapprovedfor4,200applicantsfordisasterassistance.GovernorFallinsaid:"We'reresilient.There'salreadyabigpathofdebristhat'sbeenmovedaround.Peoplearegatheringtheirstuff."It'sbeentrulyremarkabletoseehowourpeoplehaverespondedandhowstrongtheyare."障礙詞匯Survey測量，勘查，觀察，調查comprehendvt.理解；包含；由…組成prayn.祈禱v.祈禱suburbn.郊區；邊緣estimatevt.估計，估量；判斷，評價vi.估計，估價n.估計，估價；判斷，看法rankedv.排名；歸類于（rank的過去分詞）EF超精度（extremelyfine）；每面（eachface）；enhancedadj.加強的；增大的v.提高；加強（enhance的過去分詞）Fujitascale藤田級數Fujitatornadoscale藤田級數FujitaIntensityScale藤田級數Fujitatornadointensityscale藤田級數Governorn.主管人員；統治者，管理者；[自]調節器；地方長官;省長，州長communityn.社區；[生態]群落；共同體；團體charactern.性格，品質；特性；角色；[計]字符vt.印，刻；使具有特征bouncen.跳；彈力；活力vt.彈跳；使彈起vi.彈跳；彈起，反跳；彈回blockn.塊；街區；大廈；障礙物vt.阻止；阻塞；限制adj.成批的，大塊的；交通堵塞的naturaldisaster自然災難，[環境][農]自然災害onbehalfof代表；為了entireadj.全部的，整個的；全體的consolevt.安慰；慰藉n.[計]控制臺；[電]操縱臺victimsn.受害者，犧牲者；受災群眾（victim的復數）SuperstormSandy超級風暴珊迪,theNewtownn.紐鎮（地名）;新城Connecticutn.美國康乃迪克州（位于美國東北部）schoolshooting校園槍擊案theBostonMarathon波士頓馬拉松賽bombings.n.[軍]轟炸，[軍]投彈v.轟擊；引爆炸彈（bomb的ing形式）messengern.報信者，送信者；先驅Plazan.廣場；市場，購物中心n.(Plaza)人名；(英)普拉扎；(西、葡)普拉薩elementarySchool小學wreckagen.（失事船或飛機等的）殘骸；（船只等的）失事rubblen.碎石，碎磚；粗石堆upturnedadj.朝上的；向上翹的；翻過來的schoolofficial學校官員toughadj.艱苦的，困難的；堅強的，不屈不撓的；堅韌的，牢固的；強壯的，結實的n.惡棍vt.堅持；忍受，忍耐adv.強硬地，頑強地makeshiftadj.臨時的；權宜之計的；湊合的n.權宜之計；湊合；臨時措施；將就attachedto附屬于；系于；愛慕declarationn.（納稅品等的）申報；宣布；公告；申訴書quickenvi.加快；變活躍；vt.加快；鼓舞；使復活federalaid聯邦政府發放的財政補貼，聯邦援助FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(Fema)聯邦緊急事務管理署personneln.人事部門；全體人員adj.人員的；有關人事的approvedfor批準用于某事applicantsn.申請人，應征人（applicant的復數形式）assistancen.援助，幫助；輔助設備resilientadj.彈回的，有彈力的stuffn.東西；材料；填充物；素材資料vt.塞滿；填塞；讓吃飽vi.吃得過多remarkableadj.卓越的；非凡的；值得注意的respondvi.回答；作出反應；承擔責任vt.以…回答n.應答；唱和另附：自然與環境類詞匯*災害disarster：flood渾水，渾災drought旱災famine饑荒volcano火山erupt/eruption火山爆發hurricane颶風typhoon臺風tornado/cyclone龍卷風thunderstorm雷暴duststorm塵暴sandstorm沙塵暴earthquake地震avalanche/snowslide/snowcrash雪崩landslide山體滑坡globalwarming全球變暖greenhouseeffect/gases溫室效應/氣體sootemissions煙塵排放acidrain酸雨landslide/mudslide/debrisflow/mud-rockflow/mudflow泥石流tsunami海嘯blizzard大風雪，暴風雪violentstorm/storm/stormywind暴風duststorm/sandstormsmaelstrom大漩渦fog霧，heavy/thickfog大霧，濃霧haze薄煙FogandHaze/Haze霧霾smog煙霧coldsnap寒潮winderosion風蝕deforestation森林砍伐desertification沙漠化waterandsoilerosion水土流失icedissolve/glaciermelting冰川融化icestorm/hail/hailstone/silverstorm冰雹epidemic/epidemicdisease流行病，傳染病wildfire/forest/fire/hillfire/woodsfire森林大火redtide赤潮environmentaldegradation環境惡化pollute/pollution污染whitepollution白色污染threat/threaten威脅pour傾倒viciouscycleofpoverty貧窮的惡性循環devastate毀壞，蹂躪，使荒廢devastating破壞性極強的，毀滅性的haveadisastrous/catastrophiceffecton對------有災難性的影響*中性詞Weatherforecast天氣預報Seismicmonitoring/earthquakemonitoring/G-Meter地震監測heatwave熱浪Humidity濕度solarflare太陽耀斑welcomerain/timelyrain甘霖dew露，露水frost霜emission/letoff/discharge排放ElNino/ElNinophenomenon厄爾尼諾現象LaNinaphenomenon拉尼娜現象Sealevelrise海平面上升climate氣候coldfront冷鋒windforce風力winddirection風力Carbondioxide二氧化碳Carbonmonoxide一氧化碳fossilfuels礦物燃料iceberg冰山atmosphere大氣，大氣層atmosphere/atmosphericlayer/airenvelope大氣層ozonelayer/ozonosphere/chemosphere臭氧層airquality空氣質量carboncycle碳循環lithosphere巖石圈solarsystem太陽系circumstance環境，情況accumulate/accumulation積累artificialprecipitation/artificialrainfall人工降雨liveinharmonywithnature跟自然和諧相處low-carbonwayoflife低碳生活方式reuse/reusable可再利用、可再利用的renew/renewable更新，可更新可再生的exist/existence存在，生存takemeasures/actions采取措施，行動object/objection反對objective/subjective客觀的/主觀的objector反對者dayalternatesnight晝夜交替channel海峽*措施類cell-drivenvehicles/batterycar電動汽車，電瓶車gas-fueledvehicles天然氣汽車lead-freegasoline無鉛汽油cleanenergy清潔能源naturereserve/reserve/protectionzone自然保護區,保護區developrenewableresources開發可再生資源TheConventiononBiologicalDiversity生物多樣性公約conservenaturalhabitats保護天然棲息地，protectionforest/protectiveforest/shelter-forest/shelter-belt防護林,防護帶厄爾尼諾現象ElNi?o又稱厄爾尼諾海流，是太平洋赤道帶大范圍內海洋和大氣相互作用后失去平衡而產生的一種氣候現象，就是沃克環流圈東移造成的。厄爾尼諾現象的基本特征是太平洋沿岸的海面水溫異常升高，海水水位上漲，并形成一股暖流向南流動。它使原屬冷水域的太平洋東部水域變成暖水域，結果引起海嘯和暴風驟雨，造成一些地區干旱，另一些地區又降雨過多的異常氣候現象。厄爾尼諾對我國氣候產生嚴重影響。首先是臺風減少，厄爾尼諾現象發生后，西北太平洋熱帶風暴（臺風）的產生個數及在我國沿海登陸個數均較正常年份少。其次是我國北方夏季易發生高溫