第1頁共1頁在您完成作業過程中，如有疑難，請登錄學院網站“輔導答疑”欄目，與老師進行交流討論！《語言學》作業I.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.7.instrumentalmotivationvs.integrativemotivation8.duality9.phoneme10.complexsentence11.reference12.perlocutionaryact13.linguistictaboo14.surfacestructure15.grammaticality16.competenceandperformance17.minimalpair18.morphology19.fossilization20.semanticbroadening21.languageplanning22.thecriticalperiodhypothesis23.finiteclause24.bilingualism.Peoplemaycommunicatetheirfeelingsorthoughtsvian__________signalssuchasfacialexpressions,gestures,postures,orproxemicspace.10.Althoughthedevelopmentofacommunicativesystemisnotuniquetohumanbeings,thenaturalacquisitionofl__________asasystemofhighlyabstractrulesandregulationsforcreativecommunicationiswhatdistinguisheshumansfromallotheranimalspecies.11.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisas________study.12.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi________.13.Accordingtoitspositioninthenewword,a________aredividedintotwokinds:prefixesandsuffixes.14.P________referstothephenomenonthatthesamewordmayhaveasetofdifferentmeanings.15.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions.16.Theu________meaningofthesentencevarieswiththecontextinwhichitisuttered.17.Someimportantmissionsofhistoricallinguistsaretoidentifyandclassifyfamiliesofrelatedlanguagesinagenealogicalfamilytree,andtoreconstructthep________,theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.18.R________arelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations.19.LearnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguaget________.20.ArelatedissuewithintegrativemotivationhasbeentheextenttowhichlearnersdifferintheprocessofadaptingtothenewcultureoftheL2community.Thisadaptationprocessiscalleda________.21.D_________isadesignfeatureofhumanlanguagethatenablesspeakerstotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandspace.22.S_________studyoflanguagedescribeslanguageatsomepointintime;d_________studydescribeslanguageasitchangesthroughtime.23.N________transcriptiontranscribessoundswithdiacritics,whileb________transcriptiondoesnot.24.Asentencehasahierarchicalstructureandl_________structureaswell.25.Unlikeasentence,themeaningofanu_________isconcreteandcontext-dependent.26.ChinesebelongstoS______languagefamily,whileEnglishbelongstoI_______languagefamily.27.R_________aresituationaldialectsappropriateforuseinparticularsituations;i_________isapersonaldialect.28.Whenap_________comestobeadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguageandchildrenlearnitastheirfirstlanguage,itbecomesc_________.29.I_________istheapproximatelinguisticsystemthatasecondlanguagelearnerconstructs,whichrepresentsthelearner'stransitionalcompetenceinthetargetlanguage.30.A_________isthelearner'sprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthetargetlanguagecommunity.31.Wordsthathavedescendedfromacommonsourcearec_________.32.Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalleds_______.9.AfocalpointofSLAresearchhasbeenthenatureanddevelopmentofL2learners'().A.secondlanguageB.firstlanguageC.foreignlanguageD.interlanguage10.()isthecategorythatanounorpronoundoesnothave.A.NumberB.AspectC.Gender .D.Case11.Chomskyusestheterm()torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.A.langueB.competenceC.parole D.performance12.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof().A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabial D.dental13.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby()in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.Chomsky D.M.A.K.Halliday14.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaccordingto()setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseCondition D.Caserequirement15.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich"girl"and"lass"belongiscalled()synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectal C.emotive D.collocational16.Theillocutionarypointof()istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.commissivesC.expressives D.declaratives17.ModernEnglishwordsman,woman,child,eat,fight,etc.originatefrom().A.MiddleEnglishB.OldEnglishC.FrenchD.NormanFrench18.Inadiglossiccountry,thetwodiglossicformsofalanguagearegenerallytwovarietiesofthesamelanguage,buttherearesituationsinwhichtheH-varietymayhaveno()relationshipwiththeL-variety.A.geneticB.socialC.directD.close19.Manyaphasicsdonotshowtotallanguageloss.Rather,differentaspectsoflanguageareimpaired.Aphasicsin()arearevealword-findingdifficultiesandproblemswithsyntax.A.Werniker'sB.visualC.motor D.Broca's20.()motivationoccurswhenthelearnerdesirestolearnasecondlanguageinordertocommunicatewithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguage.A.InstrumentalB.FunctionalC.Integrative D.Social21.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintostops,fricatives,nasals,etc.,intermsof().A.mannerofarticulationB.opennessofmouthC.placeofarticulationD.voicing22.Thestudyofhowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalled().A.phoneticsB.morphologyC.syntax D.semantics23.AccordingtoChomsky,()istheidealuser'sinternalizedknowledgeofhislanguage.A.competenceB.paroleC.performance D.langue24."Sweets"and"candy"areusedrespectivelyinBritaininandAmerica,butrefertothesamething.Thewordsare()synonyms.A.collocationalB.dialectalC.complete D.stylistic25.Differentmeaningscanbeassociatedwithonelinguisticform,butthereisnobasicmeaningamongthem.Thisisknownas(). A.homonymyB.hyponymy C.polysemyD.antonymy26."Howfastdidhedrivewhenherantheredlight?"()"Herantheredlight".A.entailsB.contradicts C.presupposesD.includes27.Theword"lab"isformedthrough().A.backformationB.blending C.clippingD.derivation28.()inthebrainfulfillsthefunctionofspeechproduction.A.AngulargyrusB.Broca'sareaC.Therighthemisphere D.Wernicke'sarea29.Whenachilduses"mummy"torefertoanywoman,mostprobablyhis"mummy"means().A.Human.B.+Human+AdultC.+Human+Adult–MaleD.+Human+Adult-Male+Parent30.()isnotasuprasegmentalfeature.A.AspirationB.IntonationC.Stress D.Tone31.Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildrenusually________grammaticalrulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.A.useB.acceptC.generalize D.reconstruct32.Basicallyallthefollowingcategoriesexcept________arealwaysmissinginthechildren'stelegraphicspeechstage.A.thecopularverb"be"B.inflectionalmorphemesC.functionwordsD.contentwords9.()Whenapluralform"-s"isaddedtoanounthatendswithavowel,itispronouncedas[z],duetoassimilation.10.()Inthesentence"Thefatherbeatthechild","thechild"isbothastructuralandlogicalobject.11.()Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday'sworldthatcanonlybespoken,butnotwritten.12.()Insuchsoundcombinationsas/bi:p/,/geip/and/su:p/,thevoicelessstop/p/,occurringinthefinalposition,isunaspirated,i.e.pronouncedwiththestrongpuffofairwithheldtosomeextent.13.()Thepartofspeechofthecompoundisalwaysdeterminedbythepartofspeechofthesecondelement,withoutexception.14.()Therelationshipbetweentheembeddedclauseanditsmatrixclauseisoneofaparttothewhole.15.()Thecontextualistviewofmeaningholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofthesituationalcontextandlinguisticcontext.16.()Searle’sclassificationofillocutionaryactsisbasedontheclassificationofperformativeverbs.17.()Onekindoflanguagechangeresultsinanincreaseofthenumberofexceptionalorirregularmorphemes.Thiskindofchangehasbeencalledinternalborrowing--thatis,we"borrow"fromonepartofthegrammarandapplytherulegenerally.18.()Therearedifferencesinthewaypeopleofvariousagecategoriesspeak.Thedifferencesmosteasilynotedbythelaymanarelikelytobegrammaticalinnature.19.()Thelefthemisphereofthebrainissuperiortotherighthemispherebecausethelefthemisphereislanguage-dominant.20.()AchildborntoaChineseorEnglishspeakingfamilytakesaboutthesamenumberofyearstoacquiretheirnativetongue,regardlessoftheirgeneralintelligence.21.()Modernlinguisticsismainlydiachronic.22.()Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby"copying"afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.23.()Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisoftenidiomatic,alwaysbeingthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.24.()Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.25.()Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythegenerativesemanticiststoanalyzemeaning.26.()Linguistsfoundthatitwouldbepossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningevenifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.27.()ItisgenerallyacceptedthatthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.28.()Whenpeopleofacommunityspeakthesamelanguagefordifferentpurposes,sociolinguisticsituationsknownasdiglossiaandbilingualismemerge.29.()Linguisticlateralizationintermsofrighthemisphericdominanceforlanguageisfoundtoexistinanoverwhelmingmajorityofhumanbeings.30.()Inordertoidentifytheareasoflearningdifficulty,aninterlingualcontrastiveprocedureContrastiveAnalysiswasdeveloped.31.()Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.32.()Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfi