2022年北京大學(xué)英語考試考前沖刺卷九

（本卷共分為1大題50小題，作答時(shí)間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。）

單位：姓名：考號(hào):

題號(hào)單選題多項(xiàng)選擇判斷題綜合題總分

分值

得分

一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（共50題，每題2分。每題的備選項(xiàng)中，只有一個(gè)最符合題意）

1.ThisisforpeoplewhoareinterestedinadoptingaIow-fatIifestyle

orforthosewhoarealreadyIivingaIow-fatIifestyle.Myhusband

andI(47)consume2040gramsoffateachday.I(48)gramsoffat

ratherthancaIcuIatethepercentageoffat/caloriesbecauseIfindit

much(49)andIesscompIicated.Ourdailyfatpercentageofcalories

(50)from10%to20%.Todaywehavelosta(51)amountofweightand

weareveryhealthyandfulIofenergy.LivingaIow-fatIifestyleis

not(52),itjusttakesaIittIeorganizationandacommitmentto

changethewayyoueatasaIifestylechange,notasadieu.Theproblem

withadietisthatwhenyouthinkabout(53)onadiet,youthinkof

itashavingabeginningandanend.The(54)istheproblem.Ihave

beenon(55)dietsinmyIifetimeandlostmoreweightthanIcareto

thinkabout,onlytogainitalIbackinlesstimethanittooktolose

it!Makinga(56)tolivingaIow-fatIifestyIefortherestofyour

lifeisthekey.WORDBANKA)endI)

difficuItB)presentlyJ)goingC)significantK)countD)

numerousL)symbolicE)easierM)committeeF)hops

N)meansG)presumably0)runsH)commitment

2.ItisgeneraIlyacceptedthattheexperiencesofthechildinhisfirst

yearslargelydeterminehischaracterandlaterpersonality.Every

experienceteachesthechildsomethingandtheeffectsarecumulative.

"Upbringing"isnormaIIyusedtorefertothetreatmentandtrainingof

thechiIdwithinthehome.Thisiscloselyrelatedtothetreatmentand

trainingofthechiIdinschool,whichisusuallydistinguishedbythe

term"educationM.Inasocietysuchasours,bothparentsandteachers

areresponsiblefortheopportunitiesprovidedforthedevelopmentof

thechildtsothatupbringingandeducationareinterdependent.The

idealsandpracticesofchildrearingvaryfromculturetoculture.In

generaI,themoreruraIthecommunity,themoreuniformarethecustoms

ofchildupbringing.Inmoretechnologicallydevelopedsocieties,the

periodofchiIdhoodandadolescence（青春期）tendstobeextendedover

alongtime,resultinginmoreopportunityforeducationandgreater

variety''incharacterdevelopment.EarlyupbringingintiIehomeis

naturallyaffectedbothbytheculturalpatternofthecommunityandby

theparentsJ1capabiIitiesandtheiraimsanddependsnotonlyon

upbringingandeducationbutalsoontheinnateabiIitiesofthechiId.

WidedifferencesofinnateinteIIigenceandtemperamentexistevenin

chiIdrenofthesamefamily.Inte11igentparents,however,reaIize

thattheparticularsettingofeachfamilyisunique,andtherecanbe

norigid（嚴(yán)格的）generalrules.Theyusegeneralinformationonlyasa

guideinmakingdecisionsandsolvingprobIems.AlIparentshaveto

solvetheproblemsoffreedomanddiscipIine.TheyoungerthechiId,the

morereadilythemothergivesintohisdemandstoavoiddisappointing

him.SheknowsthatifhisenergiesarenotgivenanoutIet,herchild''

scontinuingdeveIopmentmaybewarped.AchiIdmustbealIowedtoenjoy

this"messy"buttactiIestageofdiscoverybeforeheisreadytogoon

tothelessphysicalpleasuresoftoysandbooks.Similarly,throughout

Iife,eachstagedependsonthesatisfactorycompIetionoftheonebefore.

Asitispresentedinthepassage,ratherthanasmoothprogressionthe

deveIopmentofthehumancharacterandpersonalityisaseriesof

A.acts

B.stages

C.functions

D.completions

3.DemandsforstrongerprotectionforwiIdIifeinBritainsometimeshide

thefactthatsimilarneedsarefeltintherestofEurope.Studiesby

theCounciIofEurope,ofwhich21countriesaremembers,haveshownthat

45percentofreptiIe（爬行的）speciesand24percentofbutterfliesare

indangerofdyingout.EuropeanconcernforwiIdlifewasoutIinedby

Dr.PeterBaum,anexpertintheenvironmentandnatureresourcesdivision

ofthecounciI,Whenhespokeataconferencearrangedbythe

administratorsofaBritishnationaIpark.Theparkisoneofthefew

areasinEuropetoholdthecounciIsdipIomafornaturereservesofthe

highestquality,andDr.Baumhadcometopresentittotheparkonce

again.HewasafraidthatpubIicopinionwasturningagainstnational

parks,andthatthosesetupinthe1960sand1970scouldnotbesetup

today.ButDr.Baumclearlyremainedastrongsupporteroftheviewthat

naturalenvironmentsneededtobea11owedtosurviveinpeaceintheir

ownright.NoareacouIdbeexpectedtosurvivebothasatruenature

reserveandasatouristattraction,hewenton.Theshortsightedview

thatreserveshadtoserveimmediatehumandemandsfuroutdoorrecreation

shouIdberepIacedbyfulIacceptanceoftheirimportanceasplacesto

preservenatureforthefuture."Weforgetthattheyaretheguarantee

ofIifesystems,onwhichanybuilt-upareaultimatelydepends,'Dr.

Baumwenton,"Wecouldmanagewithoutmostindustrialproducts,butwe

couldnotmanagewithoutnature.However,ournaturalenvironmentareas,

whicharetheoriginalpartsofourcountryside,haveshrunktobecome

mereislandsinaspoiledandhighlypo11utedlandmass."

Dr.Baum,arepresentativeoftheCounciI,visitedoneparticuIarBritish

nationalparkbecause.

A.hewaspresentingtheparkwithadiplonaforitsachievements

B.hewasconcernedabouthowtheparkwasbeingrun

C.itwastheonlynationalparkofitskindinEurope

D.itwastheonlyparkwhichhadeverreceivedadiplomafromtheCouncil

4.ABSENTEEISMINNURSING:ALONGITUDINALSTUDYAbsencefromworkis

acostIyanddisruptiveproblemforanyorganization.Thecostof

absenteeisminAustraliahasbeenputat1.8miIIionhoursperdayor

$1400millionannually.Thestudyreportedherewasconductedinthe

PrineeWilliamHospitaIinBrisbane.Australiafwhere,priortothistime

fewactivestepshadbeentakentomeasure,understandormanagethe

occurrenceofabsenteeism.NursingAbsenteeismAprevaIent(普遍的)

attitudeamongstmanynursesinthegroupselectedforstudywasthat

therewasnorewardorrecognitionfornotutiIizingthepaidsickleave

enti11ementa11owedthemintheirempIoymentconditions.Therefore.they

beIievedtheymayaswe11takethedaysoffsickorotherwise.Similar

attitudeshavebeennotedbyJames(1989),whonotedthatsickleaveis

seenbymanyworkersasaright,IikeannuaIhoiidayleave.MiIlerand

Norton(1986),intheirsurveyof865nursingpersonnel,foundthat73

percentfelttheyshouIdberewardedfornottakingsickleave,because

someempIoyeesalwaysusedtheirsickIeave.Further.67percentof

nursesfelt,thatadministrationwasnotsympathetictotheproblems

shiftworkcausestoempIoyees,1personalandsocialIives.Only53per

centoftherespondentsfeltthateveryeffortwasmadetoschedulestaff

fairly.InanotherlongitudinalstudyofnursesworkingintwoCanadian

hospitals,Hackett.ByeioandGnion(1989)examinedthereasonswhy

nursestookabsencefromwork.Thefrequentreasonstatedforabsence

wasminoriIInesstoself.Othercauses,indecreasingorderoffrequency,

wereiIInessinfamily,familysociaIfunction,worktodoathomeand

bereavement.MethodInanattempttoreducethelevelofabsenteeism

amongstthe250registeredandenrollednursesinthepresentstudy,the

PrineeWilliammanagementintroducedthreedifferent,yetpotentia11y

complementary,strategiesover18months.Strategy1:Non-financiaI

(material)incentivesWithintheestabIishedwageandsalarysystem

itwasnotpossibletousehospitaIfundstosupportthisstrategy.

However,itwaspossibIetosecureincentives($!]Wfromlocalbusinesses;

includingfreepassestoentertainmentparks,theatres,restaurants,etc.

Attheendofeachrosterperiod,thewardwiththeIowestabsencerate

wouldwintheprize.Strategy2:FlexiblefairrosteringWhere

possible,staffweregiventheopportunitytodeterminetheirworking

schedulewithintheIimitsofclinicalneeds.Strategy3:Individual

absenteeismandcounselingEachmonth,managerswouldanaIyzethe

patternofabsenceofstaffwithexcessivesickleave(greaterthanten

daysperyearforfu11-timeempIoyees).Characteristicpatternsof

potential'voluntaryabsenteeism''suchasabsencebeforeandafter

daysoff,excessiveweekendandnightdutyabsenceandmultiplesingle

daysoffwerecommunicatedtoaIIward(病房)nursesandthen,asnecessary,

followedupbyaction.ResultsAbsenceratesforthesixmonthsprior

totheincentiveschemerangedfrom3.69percentto4.32percent.In

thefollowingsixmonthstheyrangedbetween2.87percentand3.96per

cent.Thisrepresentsa20percentimprovement.However,analyzingthe

absenceratesonayear-to-yearbasis,theoveralIabsenceratewas3.60

percentinthefirstyearand3.43percentinthefollowingyear.This

representsa5percentdecreasefromthefirsttothesecondyearof

thestudy.Asignificantdecreaseinabsenceoverthetwo-yearperiod

couldnotbedemonstrated.DiscussionThenon-financiaIincentive

schemedidappeartoassistincontro11ingabsenteeismintheshortterm.

Astheschemeprogresseditbecamehardertosecureprizesandthis

contributedtotheprogram1'slosingmomentumandfinalIyceasing.There

weremixedresultsacrosswardsaswelI.Forexample,inwardswithstaff

memberswhohadlong-termgenuineiIIness,therewasIittlechanceof

winning,andtosomeextentthestaffonthosewardsweredisempowered.

Ourexperiencewouldsuggestthatthelong-termeffectsofincentive

awardsonabsenteeismarequestionable.Overthetimeofthestudy,

staffweregivenalargerdegreeofcontrolintheirrosters.Thisled

tosignificantimprovementsincommunicationbetweenmanagersandstaff.

AsimilareffectwasfoundfromtheimpIementationofthethirdstrategy.

Manyofthenurseshadnotrealizedtheimpacttheirbehaviorwashaving

ontheorganizationandtheirco11eaguesbuttherewereaIsostaffmembers

whofe11thattalkingtothemabouttheirabsenteeismwas''picking''

onthemandthisusuaIIyhadanegativeeffectonmanagement-empIoyee

reIationships.ConeIusionAlthoughtherehasbeensomedecreasein

absencerates,nosinglestrategyorcombinationofstrategieshashad

asignificantimpactonabsenteeismperse（本身）.Notwithstandingthe

disappointingresults,itisourcontention（論點(diǎn)）thatthestrategies

werenotinvain.Asharedownershipofab

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

5.ABSENTEEISMINNURSING:ALONGITUDINALSTUDYAbsencefromworkis

acostlyanddisruptiveproblemforanyorganization.Thecostof

absenteeisminAustraliahasbeenputat1.8millionhoursperdayor

$1400millionannually.Thestudyreportedherewasconductedinthe

PrineeWilliamHospitaIinBrisbane.Australia,where,priortothistime

fewactivestepshadbeentakentomeasure,understandormanagethe

occurrenceofabsenteeism.NursingAbsenteeismAprevalent(普遍的)

attitudeamongstmanynursesinthegroupselectedforstudywasthat

therewasnorewardorrecognitionfornotutiIizingthepaidsickleave

enti11ementa11owedthemintheirempIoymentconditions.Therefore,they

beIievedtheymayaswe11takethedaysoffsickorotherwise.Similar

attitudeshavebeennotedbyJames(1989),whonotedthatsickleaveis

seenbymanyworkersasaright,IikeannuaIhoiidayleave.MiIlerand

Norton(1986),intheirsurveyof865nursingpersonnel,foundthat73

percentfelttheyshouIdberewardedfornottakingsickleave,because

someempIoyeesalwaysusedtheirsickIeave.Further.67percentof

nursesfelt,thatadministrationwasnotsympathetictotheproblems

shiftworkcausestoemployees1*personalandsocialIives.Only53per

centoftherespondentsfeltthateveryeffortwasmadetoscheduIestaff

fairly.InanotherIongitudinaIstudyofnursesworkingintwoCanadian

hospitals,Hackett.ByeioandGnion(1989)examinedthereasonswhy

nursestookabsencefromwork.Thefrequentreasonstatedforabsence

wasminori11nesstoseIf.Othercauses,indecreasingorderoffrequency,

werei11nessinfamily,familysociaIfunction,worktodoathomeand

bereavement.MethodInanattempttoreducetheIeveIofabsenteeism

amongstthe250registeredandenrollednursesinthepresentstudy,the

PrineeWilliammanagementintroducedthreedifferent,yetpotentiaIIy

complementary,strategiesover18months.Strategy1:Non-financiaI

(material)incentivesWithintheestabIishedwageandsalarysystem

itwasnotpossibletousehospitalfundstosupportthisstrategy.

However,itwaspossibletosecureincentives(^!1Wfromlocalbusinesses;

includingfreepassestoentertainmentparks,theatres,restaurants,etc.

Attheendofeachrosterperiod,thewardwiththeIowestabsencerate

wouldwintheprize.Strategy2:FlexiblefairrosteringWhere

possible,staffweregiventheopportunitytodeterminetheirworking

schedulewithinthelimitsofclinicalneeds.Strategy3:Individual

absenteeismandcounselingEachmonth,managerswouldanalyzethe

patternofabsenceofstaffwithexcessivesickleave(greaterthanten

daysperyearforfu11-timeempIoyees).Characteristicpatternsof

potential'voluntaryabsenteeism*Jsuchasabsencebeforeandafter

daysoff,excessiveweekendandnightdutyabsenceandmultiplesingle

daysoffwerecommunicatedtoaIIward(病房)nursesandthen,asnecessary,

followedupbyaction.ResultsAbsenceratesforthesixmonthsprior

totheincentiveschemerangedfrom3.69percentto4.32percent.In

thefollowingsixmonthstheyrangedbetween2.87percentand3.96per

cent.Thisrepresentsa20percentimprovement.However,analyzingthe

absenceratesonayear-to-yearbasis,theoveralIabsenceratewas3.60

percentinthefirstyearand3.43percentinthefollowingyear.This

representsa5percentdecreasefromthefirsttothesecondyearof

thestudy.Asignificantdecreaseinabsenceoverthetwo-yearperiod

couldnotbedemonstrated.DiscussionThenon-financiaIincentive

schemedidappeartoassistincontro11ingabsenteeismintheshortterm.

Astheschemeprogresseditbecamehardertosecureprizesandthis

contributedtotheprogram1'slosingmomentumandfinalIyceasing.There

weremixedresultsacrosswardsaswelI.Forexample,inwardswithstaff

memberswhohadlong-termgenuineiIIness,therewasIittlechanceof

winning,andtosomeextentthestaffonthosewardsweredisempowered.

Ourexperiencewouldsuggestthatthelong-termeffectsofincentive

awardsonabsenteeismarequestionable.Overthetimeofthestudy,

staffweregivenalargerdegreeofcontrolintheirrosters.Thisled

tosignificantimprovementsincommunicationbetweenmanagersandstaff.

AsimilareffectwasfoundfromtheimpIementationofthethirdstrategy.

Manyofthenurseshadnotrealizedtheimpacttheirbehaviorwashaving

ontheorganizationandtheircoIIeaguesbuttherewereaIsostaffmembers

whofeltthattalkingtothemabouttheirabsenteeismwas''picking''

onthemandthisusuaIIyhadanegativeeffectonmanagement-empIoyee

reIationships.ConeIusionAlthoughtherehasbeensomedecreasein

absencerates,nosinglestrategyorcombinationofstrategieshashad

asignificantimpactonabsenteeismperse(本身).Notwithstandingthe

disappointingresults,itisourcontention(論點(diǎn))thatthestrategies

werenotinvain.Asharedownershipofab

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

6.ThisisforpeoplewhoareinterestedinadoptingaIow-fatIifestyle

orforthosewhoareaIreadyIivingaIow-fatlifestyle.Myhusband

andI(47)consume2040gramsoffateachday.I(48)gramsoffat

ratherthancaIcuIatethepercentageoffat/caloriesbecauseIfindit

much(49)andlesscompIicated.Ourdailyfatpercentageofcalories

(50)from10%to20%.Todaywehavelosta(51)amountofweightand

weareveryhealthyandfulIofenergy.LivingaIow-fatIifestyIeis

not(52),itJusttakesaIittleorganizationandacommitmentto

changethewayyoueatasaIifestyIechange,notasadieu.Theproblem

withadietisthatwhenyouthinkabout(53)onadiet,youthinkof

itashavingabeginningandanend.The(54)istheproblem.Ihave

beenon(55)dietsinmyIifetimeandlostmoreweightthanIcareto

thinkabout,onlytogainitalIbackinlesstimethanittooktolose

it!Makinga(56)tolivingaIow-fatIifestyIefortherestofyour

lifeisthekey.WORDBANKA)endI)

difficuItB)presentlyJ)goingC)significantK)countD)

numerousL)symbolicE)easierM)committeeF)hops

N)meansG)presumably0)runsH)commitment

7.DemandsforstrongerprotectionforwiIdIifeinBritainsometimeshide

thefactthatsimilarneedsarefeltintherestofEurope.Studiesby

theCounciIofEurope,ofwhich21countriesaremembers,haveshownthat

45percentofreptiIe(爬行的)speciesand24percentofbutterfliesare

indangerofdyingout.EuropeanconcernforwiIdlifewasoutIinedby

Dr.PeterBaum,anexpertintheenvironmentandnatureresourcesdivision

ofthecounciI,Whenhespokeataconferencearrangedbythe

administratorsofaBritishnationaIpark.Theparkisoneofthefew

areasinEuropetoholdthecounciIsdipIomafornaturereservesofthe

highestquaIity,andDr.Baumhadcometopresentittotheparkonce

again.HewasafraidthatpubIicopinionwasturningagainstnationaI

parks,andthatthosesetupinthe1960sand1970scouldnotbesetup

today.ButDr.Baumclearlyremainedastrongsupporteroftheviewthat

naturalenvironmentsneededtobea11owedtosurviveinpeaceintheir

ownright.Noareacouldbeexpectedtosurvivebothasatruenature

reserveandasatouristattraction,hewenton.Theshortsightedview

thatreserveshadtoserveimmediatehumandemandsfuroutdoorrecreation

shouldbereplacedbyfulIacceptanceoftheirimportanceasplacesto

preservenatureforthefuture."Weforgetthattheyaretheguarantee

ofIifesystems,onwhichanybuilt-upareaultimatelydepends,"Dr.

Baumwenton,"Wecouldmanagewithoutmostindustrialproducts,butwe

couldnotmanagewithoutnature.However,ournaturalenvironmentareas,

whicharetheoriginalpartsofourcountryside,haveshrunktobecome

mereislandsinaspoiledandhighlypo11utedlandmass."

AIthoughitisdifficu11nowadaystoconvincethepubIicoftheimportance

ofnaturereserves,Dr.Baumfeltthat.

A.peoplewouldsupportmovestocreatemoreenvironmentareas

B.certainareasofcountrysideshouldbeleftundisturbedbyman

C.existingnationalparkswouldneedtobemoreindependenttosurvive

D.peoplewouldcarryonsupportingthosenationalparksinexistence

8.ThisisforpeopIewhoareinterestedinadoptingaIow-fatIifestyle

orforthosewhoarealreadyIivingaIow-fatIifestyle.Myhusband

andI(47)consume2040gramsoffateachday.I(48)gramsoffat

ratherthancaIcuIatethepercentageoffat/caloriesbecauseIfindit

much(49)andlesscompIicated.Ourdailyfatpercentageofcalories

(50)from10%to20%.Todaywehavelosta(51)amountofweightand

weareveryhealthyandfulIofenergy.LivingaIow-fatIifestyIeis

not(52),itjusttakesaIittIeorganizationandacommitmentto

changethewayyoueatasaIifestyIochange,notasadieu.Th?probIem

withadietisthatwhenyouthinkabout(53)onadiet,youthinkof

itashavingabeginningandanend.The(54)istheproblem.Ihave

beenon(55)dietsinmyIifetimeandlostmoreweightthanIcareto

thinkabout,onlytogainita11backinlesstimethanittooktolose

it!Makinga(56)tolivingaIow-fatIifestyIefortherestofyour

Iifeisthekey.WORDBANKA)endI)

difficuItB)presentlyJ)goingC)significantK)countD)

numerousL)symboIicE)easierM)conmitteeF)hops

N)meansG)presumably0)runsH)commitment

9.DemandsforstrongerprotectionforwiIdIifeinBritainsometimeshide

thefactthatsimilarneedsarefeltintherestofEurope.Studiesby

theCounciIofEurope,ofwhich21countriesaremembers,haveshownthat

45percentofreptiIe（爬行的）speciesand24percentofbutterfliesare

indangerofdyingout.EuropeanconcernforwiIdIifewasoutIinedby

Dr.PeterBaum,anexpertintheenvironmentandnatureresourcesdivision

ofthecounciI,Whenhespokeataconferencearrangedbythe

administratorsofaBritishnationsIpark.Theparkisoneofthefew

areasinEuropetoholdthecounciIsdipIomafornaturereservesofthe

highestquaIity,andDr.Baumhadcometopresentittotheparkonce

again.HewasafraidthatpubIicopinionwasturningagainstnational

parks,andthatthosesetupinthe1960sand1970scouIdnotbesetup

today.ButDr.Baumclearlyremainedastrongsupporteroftheviewthat

naturalenvironmentsneededtobeallowedtosurviveinpeaceintheir

ownright.Noareacouldbeexpectedtosurvivebothasatruenature

reserveandasatouristattraction,hewenton.Theshortsightedview

thatreserveshadtoserveimmediatehumandemandsfuroutdoorrecreation

shouIdberepIacedbyfulIacceptanceofth?irimportanceaspIacesto

preservenatureforthefuture."Weforgetthattheyaretheguarantee

ofIifesystems,onwhichanybuilt-upareaultimatelydepends,"Dr.

Baumwenton,"Wecouldmanagewithoutmostindustrialproducts,butwe

couldnotmanagewithoutnature.However,ournaturalenvironmentareas,

whicharetheoriginalpartsofourcountryside,haveshrunktobecome

mereisIandsinaspoiIedandhighlypollutedIandmass."

InDr.Baum''sopinion,atruenaturereserveshould.

A.befarawayfromurban-crowdedness

B.preventwhatevertouriststovisit

C.beregardedasaplacewherenatureisprotected

D.providebuildingsforhumanactivities

10.DemandsforstrongerprotectionforwiIdIifeinBritainsometimeshide

thefactthatsimilarneedsarefeltintherestofEurope.Studiesby

theCounciIofEurope,ofwhich21countriesaremembers,haveshownthat

45percentofreptiIe（爬行的）speciesand24percentofbutterfliesare

indangerofdyingout.EuropeanconcernforwiIdlifewasoutIinedby

Dr.PeterBaum,anexpertintheenvironmentandnatureresourcesdivision

ofthecounciI,Whenhespokeataconferencearrangedbythe

administratorsofaBritishnationaIpark.Theparkisoneofthefew

areasinEuropetoholdthecounciIsdipIomafornaturereservesofthe

highestquaIity,andDr.Baumhadcometopresentittotheparkonce

again.HewasafraidthatpubIicopinionwasturningagainstnationaI

parks,andthatthosesetupinthe1960sand1970scouldnotbesetup

today.ButDr.Baumclearlyremainedastrongsupporteroftheviewthat

naturalenvironmentsneededtobeallowedtosurviveinpeaceintheir

ownright.Noareacouldbeexpectedtosurvivebothasatruenature

reserveandasatouristattraction,hewenton.Theshortsightedview

thatreserveshadtoserveimmediatehumandemandsfuroutdoorrecreation

shouldbereplacedbyfulIacceptanceoftheirimportanceasplacesto

preservenaturefort