-1-第3講構詞法[全國卷考情分析]題型典題試做命題解讀語法填空1．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninterestingcompetition(compete)towatch，togetherwiththestorybehindit.2．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisestostrengthen(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.Runningischeap,easyandit'salwaysenergetic(energy)．3．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Atasteformeatisactually(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,andcattle.1．給出形容詞提示詞，填寫副詞或名詞；2．給出動詞提示詞，填寫名詞或形容詞；3．給出名詞提示詞，填寫形容詞或動詞。短文改錯1．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Ifelthappilythattheirlifehadimproved.happily→happy2．(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)Immediate,Iraisedmyhand.Immediate→Immediately3．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenlystopjustinthemiddleoftheroad.suddenly→sudden1．形容詞和副詞的相互錯用；2．形容詞和名詞的相互錯用；3．-ed與-ing形容詞的相互錯用。合成法和轉化法eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·湖北七市聯考)FloweringinMay,peonies'largepetalsandstrongcolorsarelinkedtoprosperityand(rich)intraditionalChineseculture.richness[考查名詞。空前and一詞確定其前后單詞詞性相同，and前prosperity(旺盛)是名詞，所以空處應當也是名詞，形容詞rich的名詞是richness。]2．(2024·武漢武昌區調研)Infact,itmusthaveahardstruggletogetits(free)fromthecocoon.freedom[考查名詞。空處前面是形容詞性物主代詞its，形容詞性物主代詞后面要接名詞，所以填名詞freedom。]3．(2024·合肥第一次教學質量檢測)SeniorexpertsfromUNESCOwereamazedatitsuniquenaturalscenery,nearperfectbiologicalsystem,andcreative(combine)ofnatureandbination[考查名詞。由前面的形容詞creative和后面的of可知，此處應用combine的名詞形式。]4．(2024·江西五校第一次聯考)TheUnitedNationsagencyreportedthisweekthe12superbugsareathreattohuman(healthy)．health[考查名詞。介詞后跟名詞、代詞或動詞-ing形式作賓語。humanhealth意為“人類健康”，作介詞to的賓語。]5．(2024·河南豫北名校質量評估)Lanzhoubeefnoodlehasahistoryof102yearsandisknownforits(taste)beef,soupandnoodles.tasty[考查形容詞。分析句子結構可知，空處在句中作定語，修飾名詞beef，故應填形容詞tasty“美味的，可口的”。]Ⅱ.單句改錯6．(2024·昆明檢測)Wesharedamomentofcosplayandhappy.Ievendancedwiththecrowd.happy→happiness[考查名詞。由“happy”前的“and”可知，此處與cosplay(動漫角色扮演，名詞)為并列結構，詞性應相同，所以把happy改為happiness。]7．(2024·湖北八校第一次聯考)First,wecanvisitourrelativesandfriendsorspendahappilytimewithourfamily.happily→happy[考查形容詞。依據該句中的名詞time可知，修飾該名詞，應用形容詞。句意：首先，我們能探望我們的親朋好友，或者和家人一起度過歡樂的時間。]8．(2024·山東濰坊一模)Afterall,doingexerciseisagoodwaytokeephealth.health→healthy[句意：終歸，熬煉是保持健康的好方法。錯誤處應當用形容詞而非名詞作keep的表語，故將health改為healthy。]eq\a\vs4\al([要點解讀])(一)合成法合成詞是由兩個或兩個以上的詞合成一個新詞的構詞方式(有的合成詞中間需加連字符)。合成詞的詞義可以依據各個組成部分的意思加以推斷。構成合成詞的幾個詞可以是詞性相同的詞也可以是詞性不同的詞。中學階段常見的合成形式有：合成名詞notebook筆記本；classroom教室；blackboard黑板；teamwork協作；spaceship宇宙飛船；woodcut木刻合成形容詞lifelong畢生的；second-hand二手的；man-made人工的；widespread廣泛的合成動詞underline畫底線標出；whitewash粉飾；broadcast廣播；download下載(二)轉化法不增加任何成分，不變更詞形，把一個單詞由一種詞性轉化為另外一種詞性的構詞法叫轉化法。中學階段常見的轉化形式有：名詞→動詞button紐扣→button扣上紐扣形容詞→動詞correct正確的→correct改正動詞→名詞feed喂養→feed一餐，一頓形容詞→名詞native本地的→native本地人副詞→動詞up在上面→up提高(三)派生法考點一形容詞加ly變為副詞的規律eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])單句語法填空1．Theboyranquickly(quick)toschool.2．“What'sthat？”Fathershoutedangrily(angry)．3．Thelittlegirlisextremely(extreme)eagertoknowtheresultoftheexam.4．Yourcompositionisbadly(bad)organized.Pleasedoyourwritingexercisemoreattentively(attend)nexttime.eq\a\vs4\al([要點解讀])1．一般狀況加ly。如：real→really；careful→carefully；polite→politely；quick→quickly2．“輔音字母＋y”結尾的，將y改為ily。如：angry→angrily；busy→busily；heavy→heavily3．以ble結尾的，將ble改為bly。如：probable→probably；possible→possibly4．個別單詞，去掉e再加ly。如：true→truly5．以ic結尾的，加ally。如：basic→basically；energetic→energetically[留意]有的名詞＋ly→形容詞，如：friend→friendly；day→daily考點二動詞/名詞變形容詞的常見后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Heisratherselfish(self)sothatnobodypreferstohaveatalkwithhim.2．Thegoodworkingconditioninthefactoryisattractive(attract)．3．Heisreliable(rely)soyoucandependonhim.4．Theyarenervous(nerve)abouttheirfirsttripabroad.5．Theflowerisharmful(harm)toourhealth.Ⅱ.單句改錯6．Mostpeoplenowadaysaresobusywiththeirlivesthattheydonothavetimetoenjoyahealthyandbalancediet.balance→balanced7．Idon'tthinkitareasonpracticeforthemtobehavethatwayinoursociety.reason→reasonableeq\a\vs4\al([要點解讀])后綴例詞-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒適的fashion→fashionable時髦的suit→suitable合適的reason→reasonable有道理的-almusic→musical音樂的origin→original最初的person→personal個人的；私人的center→central中心的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的-fuldoubt→doubtful懷疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的-ibleaccess→accessible簡單取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的-iveact→active主動的；活躍的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive給人深刻印象的-ouscontinue→continuous不斷的；持續的anxiety→anxious憂慮的caution→cautious特別當心的；謹慎的curiosity→curious新奇的humor→humorous幽默的-sometire→tiresome令人厭倦的trouble→troublesome麻煩的-ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富有的；豐富的-erneast→eastern東部的；向東的-ishchild→childish孩子氣的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的-icscience→scientific科學的economy→economic經濟的history→historic歷史上聞名的-aryimagine→imaginary想象中的考點三動詞變名詞的后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Annanwillberememberedforhisabilityandhiswarmth(warm)．2．Withouthesitation(hesitate)，Idecidedtofollowthemandwedidhavelotsoffunthatday.Ⅱ.單句改錯3．Itisaveryeffectivewaytolearnthelanguageandimproveyournounce→pronunciationeq\a\vs4\al([要點解讀])后綴例詞-alapprove→approval贊成；批準arrive→arrival到來；到達survive→survival幸存propose→proposal提議；建議-ance-enceappear→appearance出現；外貌guide→guidance指引；指導perform→performance表演；節目exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏愛refer→reference參考；查閱-ion-tion-ationattract→attraction吸引compete→competition競賽；競爭invite→invitation邀請；請柬graduate→graduation畢業expect→expectation期盼；期望explain→explanation說明-(s)siondiscuss→discussion探討；辯論decide→decision確定admit→admission接納；準許入學-inghear→hearing聽力；聽覺begin→beginning起先-mentachieve→achievement功績；成就argue→argument辯論；論據treat→treatment對待；治療-ure-turefail→failure失敗；故障depart→departure離開；動身press→pressure壓力mix→mixture混合；混合物-yrecover→recovery復原；痊愈discover→discovery發覺其他choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類tend→tendency趨向；趨勢考點四形容詞變名詞的后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．I'mdoingTom'sjobinhisabsence(absent)．2．Hehastheability(able)todothejob.Ⅱ.單句改錯3．Wefearthatwedonothavethestrongandcouragetofacethetruthofoursituation.strong→strengtheq\a\vs4\al([要點解讀])后綴例詞-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流暢accurate→accuracy精確性private→privacy隱私；私密-domfree→freedom自由；自由wise→wisdom明智；才智-cedifferent→difference差異silent→silence緘默-nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點kind→kindness慈愛；好意careless→carelessness馬虎大意-thgrow→growth成長；發展strong→strength力氣；強項warm→warmth暖和；熱忱-y-ty-itydifficult→difficulty困難cruel→cruelty殘酷；殘暴safe→safety平安disable→disability無能；傷殘responsible→responsibility責任考點五表示人的后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])單句語法填空1．Thefamousactress(act)isdancingwithherfans.2．Weshouldrespecteveryone，evenabeggar(beg)．3．Mybossisnothere.Doyouliketospeaktooneofhisassistants(assist)?eq\a\vs4\al([要點解讀])后綴例詞-erteach→teacher老師village→villager村民strange→stranger生疏人(注：cook→cooker爐灶，爐具)-arlie→liar說謊者-eeemploy→employee受雇者；雇員interview→interviewee被面試者train→trainee受訓練的人；學員-orinvent→inventor獨創家act→actor男演員educate→educator教化家；老師-essact→actress女演員god→goddess女神host→hostess女主子；女主持人-eseChina→Chinese中國人Japan→Japanese日本人-nAmerica→American美國人Australia→Australian澳洲人-ianmusic→musician音樂家history→historian歷史學家politics→politician政治家；政客-istnovel→novelist小說家special→specialist專家tour→tourist旅行者；觀光者-antserve→servant仆人participate→participant參與者assist→assistant助手；圖書管理員考點六表示否定或相反意義的前綴和后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Astheycouldn'tplayoutdoors，theywereunhappy(happy)，andsomeevengotintofightsfromtimetotime.2．Peopleonwelfarearewronglyseenaslazyordishonest(honest)．3．Informal(formal)clothesaresuitableforwearingathomeorinordinarysituations.Ⅱ.單句改錯4．IknowasanexcellentguideIshouldmakeyourjourneyinterestingandmeaningless.meaningless→meaningfuleq\a\vs4\al([要點解讀])前/后綴例詞前綴dis-agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺點il-legal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合邏輯的im-polite→impolite無禮的patient→impatient不耐煩的in-formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不便利的ir-regular→irregular不規則的responsible→irresponsible不負責任的mis-lead→mislead誤導understand→misunderstand誤會non-non-smoker不吸煙者non-stop直達的un-usual→unusual不尋常的willing→unwilling不情愿的后綴-lesshope→hopeless無望的end→endless沒完沒了的考點七變動詞的前綴和后綴eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])單句語法填空1．Travellingabroadcanbroaden(broad)ourhorizons.2．Thecleverboyhastheabilitytosimplify(simple)thatdullstory.3．Heeventuallyrealized(real)hisambitiontobecomeascientist.eq\a\vs4\al([要點解讀])前/后綴例詞前綴en-able→enable使能夠large→enlarge擴大rich→enrich使充溢后綴-enbroad→broaden(使)變寬ripe→ripen(使)成熟sharp→sharpen使尖銳wide→widen加寬-ifyclass→classify把……分類just→justify證明……正確simple→simplify簡化-izeapology→apologize致歉emphasis→emphasize強調考點八-ed形容詞和-ing形容詞eq\a\vs4\al([題組試做])單句語法填空1．Thefrighteningshoutfrightenedtheboys.＝Theshoutwasfrighteningandtheboysfeltfrightened．(frighten)2．Hissurprised(surprise)looksuggestedthatheknewnothingaboutit.3．Thestorysoundsinterestingandweareinterestedinthestory.(interest)eq\a\vs4\al([要點解讀])一些動詞，如excite，disappoint，encourage，puzzle，surprise，confuse，interest，satisfy，please，shock，astonish，disturb，bore等，其現在分詞(ing)和過去分詞(ed)都能轉化為形容詞。Thestorywasverymovingandweweredeeplymoved.這個故事特別感人，我們都被深深地感動了。[易錯提示]此類形容詞作定語修飾表情和聲音時，動詞的-ing形式和動詞的-ed的區分：動詞的-ing形式用來說明主語的特性，表示該表情或聲音令人怎么樣，因此譯作“令人……的”；動詞的-ed形式用來說明發出該表情或聲音的人所處的一種狀態。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·武漢武昌區調研)Drivenbythe(curious)inmyheart,IdecidedtogotothecinematoseethecartoonfilmNeZha.curiosity[考查名詞。curious為形容詞，由前面的冠詞the可知，此處應用名詞；drivenbythecuriosity意為“受新奇心驅使”。]2．(2024·重慶西北狼教化聯盟第一次聯考)NothingIdidseemedtomakeany(different).“Itcan'tbethefuel，”Ithought.difference[考查名詞。makeanydifference為固定搭配，意為“有任何影響”。]3．(2024·昆明質量檢測)EricaKenney，a(science)atHarvardT．H.ChanSchoolofPublicHealth，originallyplannedtolookintotheamountofsugarydrinksthatkidswereconsuminginschools.scientist[考查名詞。依據該句中的不定冠詞a可知，該處用名詞，表示“一位科學家”。]4．(2024·贛州聯考)Shetookmefromapoor,unhappycollegestudentandbroughtmeintoherworld：aworldofsmiles，loveand(warm)．warmth[考查詞性轉換。依據空前的內容可知，空處與smiles和love構成并列關系，故此處用名詞形式，故填warmth。]5．(2024·成都其次次診斷)Whenyoudogoforhotpot,youwilloftenbeaskedtomakea(choose)ofbrothinwhichyoucookyourrawingredients(食材)．choice[考查詞性轉換。依據空前的a和空后的of可知空處應填名詞的單數形式。]6．(2024·福建六校聯考)Staying(health)whiletravelingcanhelptoensureyourtripisahappyandenjoyableone.healthy[考查詞性轉換。句意：在旅行的過程中保持健康有助于確保你的旅途快樂、開心。stay為系動詞，意為“保持”，其后常接形容詞作表語。故填healthy。]7．(2024·河南信陽中學其次次大考)Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecamevery(anger)aboutit.angry[考查詞性轉換。句意：起初，很多人不喜愛這種繪畫風格，并對此感到很生氣。系動詞became后面應用形容詞作表語，故填angry。beangryaboutsth.意為“對某事感到生氣”，為固定短語。]8．(2024·鄭州其次次質量檢測)OnNewYear'sDay,wevisitedeveryneighborinthevillageandweregreeted(warm)ateachhouse.warmly[考查副詞。依據空前的weregreeted可知，空處修飾動詞，故用副詞形式。]Ⅱ.單句改錯1．(2024·成都模擬)Asweknow,challengeasitwas,itwasverybenefittous.benefit→beneficial[考查形容詞。bebeneficialto對……有益。]2．(2024·海口調研測試)Iamsolucktohavesomefriendswhosharethesameinterestwithme.luck→lucky[系動詞be后應用形容詞，故將luck改為lucky。]3．(2024·淮北模擬)We'relivinginaworldwherewecanneverstresstheimportantofsharingtoomuch.important→importance[stresstheimportanceofsharing意為“強調共享的重要性”。]4．(2024·成都模擬)Iamconfidencetotakecareofmyself,washtheclothes,andcleantherooms,whichIneverdidwhenathome.confidence→confident[系動詞be后用形容詞作表語。]5．(2024·西安模擬)ItwasthefirsttimeIhadlivedawayfrommyhome,soIfounditdifficultytofitin.difficulty→difficult[此題考查findit＋adj.＋todo結構。]Ⅰ.語法填空(2024·安徽省示范中學試題)Properexerciseisbeneficialtoourhealth.Astheexpertssay，swimmingisanexcellentwaytoworkyourentirebody.Anhourofswimming1．(burn)almostasmanycaloriesasrunning.Thereareahostofbenefitsyoumaygainfromswimming2.(regular)．Oneof3.biggestbenefitsofswimmingisthatittrulyworkswellfromheadtotoe.Itcannotonlyincreaseyourheartratewithout4.(stress)yourbody，butalsobuildupyourmusclesand5.(strong)．Besides，swimmingmakesyourheartandlungstrong.Itissogoodforyouthatresearcherssayitmayevenreduceyourriskofdeath.6．(compare)withinactivepeople，7．(swim)haveabouthalftheriskofdeath.Someotherstudieshaveshownthatswimmingmayhelplowerbloodpressureandcontrolbloodsugar.Thenumberofpersons8.experiencesomelevelofinsomnia(失眠癥)isincreasing，sothisisexcellentnews—theresearchersconcludethatswimmingisapotentiallypowerfulwaytorelievestressquicklyandpromotedeepersleep.Swimmingissafeformostpeople.Aswithanyworkouttherearecertainrisksassociatedwithswimming.Ifyou9.(injure)orhavecertainmedicalconditions，besuretocheckwithyourdoctorbeforeswimming.10.general，it'sagoodideatocheckwithyourdoctorwheneveryoustartanewexerciseprogram.1．burns[考查時態和主謂一樣。句意：游泳一小時幾乎和跑步一小時燃燒的卡路里一樣多。依據句意可知，該句陳述的是一般事實，故用一般現在時；且該句主語為“Anhourofswimming”，屬于第三人稱單數，故謂語動詞用burns。]2．regularly[考查副詞。句意：常常游泳你將獲益良多。空處修飾動名詞“swimming”，故用其副詞形式。]3．the[考查冠詞。依據空后的“biggest”可知，空處應用定冠詞the。]4．stressing[考查非謂語動詞。依據空前的介詞“without”可知，空處應用動名詞形式。該處是說，游泳可以讓身體在不驚慌的狀況下提高心率。]5．strength[考查名詞。該處是說，游泳還可以增加肌肉和力氣。依據空前的“yourmuscles”可知，空處用名詞形式。]6．Compared[考查非謂語動詞。該句的主語和動詞compare之間為邏輯上的動賓關系，表示“與不活躍的人相比”，故用其過去分詞形式。]7．swimmers[考查名詞的單復數。句意：與不活躍的人相比，游泳者只有大約一半的死亡風險。分析句子結構可知，空處為該句的主語，表示“游泳者”，故用其名詞形式；且swimmer為可數名詞，而該處表示群體，故用其復數形式。]8．who/that[考查定語從句。分析句子結構可知，該句為定語從句，空處應為引導詞，在從句中作主語，先行詞為persons，故用who/that引導該定語從句。]9．areinjured[考查被動語態。句意：假如你受傷或患某種疾病，在游泳前肯定要詢問醫生。分析句子結構可知，該句主語和動詞injure之間為被動關系，故用被動語態。]10．In[考查固定搭配。ingeneral為固定搭配，意為“總的來說，通常”。句意：通常，無論何時在起先新的熬煉項目之前，向醫生核實一下是一個好方法。]Ⅱ.短文改錯BorninAmerica,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistandaninventor.Hewasoncethoughttobeaboywhomwasnotwortheducating.Infact,hewasamanfullofimaginations.IadmireEdisonalotbecause