商務英語閱讀3UNIT4BUSINESS

LEADERSHIPLearningObjectivesLearnaboutleadershiptraits.Understandexpectationeffects,placeboeffectsandself-fulfillingprophecies.UnderstandthedifficultiesfacedbyfemaleCEOsandthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleCEOsintheirleadershipstyle.CONTENTS01.TextA02.

TextB03.ChineseValuesWhyDeceptionisProbablytheSingleMostImportantLeadershipSkillTextAWarmingup1.Doyouknowanygreatcorporateleaders?Whatdidtheydothatmakesthemgreat?2.Whatcanleadersdotomotivatetheirfollowers?3.Ifyourmanagerliestoyou,whatwouldyouthinkofhim/her?WordsandExpressionsdeceptionn.theactofdeceivingsomeoneorthestateofbeingdeceivedbysomeone欺騙;受騙(CET4;CET6)Headmittedconspiringtoobtainpropertyby

deception.WordsandExpressionsawashadj.Ifaplaceis

awash

with

something,itcontainsalargeamountofit.被充滿的(GRE)Thisisacompanythatisawashwithcash.WordsandExpressionscandor/candourn.thequalityofspeakinghonestlyandopenlyaboutthings坦率;直言不諱(GRE;SAT)Hecoveredawiderangeoftopicswithunusualcandor.WordsandExpressionsfictitiousadj.afictitiouscharacter,thing,oreventoccursinastory,play,orfilmbutneverreallyexistedorhappened虛構的(TOFEL;GRE;SAT)Thepersonsandeventsportrayedinthisproductionarefictitious.WordsandExpressionsspurtn.Aspurtofactivity,effort,oremotionisasudden,briefperiodofintenseactivity,effort,oremotion.迸發(GRE)Theaverageboyof14yearsoldisonlybeginninghisadolescentgrowthspurt.WordsandExpressionsbogusadj.Ifyoudescribesomethingasbogus,youmeanthatitisnotgenuine.假的，偽造的(GRE)Hesaidthesefigureswerebogusandtotallyinaccurate.WordsandExpressionsplacebon.asubstancethathasnophysicaleffects,giventopatientswhodonotneedmedicinebutthinkthattheydo,orusedwhentestingnewdrugs安慰劑，安慰藥(IELTS;GRE)Doesendowmentinsurancereallymattertoeveryone?Orisitjustaplacebo?WordsandExpressionsrunn.Ifthereisarunonsomething,alotofpeoplewanttobuyitorgetitatthesametime.搶購;爭先獲取(CET4;CET6)Iftherunpersisted,cashreserveswouldbeexhausted.WordsandExpressionsprevaricatevt.Ifyouprevaricate,youavoidgivingadirectanswerormakingafirmdecision.支吾搪塞;閃爍其詞；吞吞吐吐(GRE;SAT)Britishministerscontinuedtoprevaricate.WordsandExpressionsprophecyn.astatementinwhichsomeonesaystheystronglybelievethataparticularthingwillhappen預言(GRE)Hisprophecyhasnowcometrue.StructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopicsPara.1-2TraditionalviewsonsomeleadershiptraitsPara.3-7ExpectationEffectsPara.8-11PlaceboEffectsPara.12-17Self-fulfillingPropheciesPara.18ConclusionNotesonTextA1.Thekumbayanatureofleadershipadviceshowsthrough.各種關于領導力的看法都具有片面性。Kumbaya，歌名，意為“到這里來吧”，該表達源于美國南部非裔美國人民謠，這首歌最初頌揚人類及精神的團結，后多用來諷刺錯誤的道德說教和虛偽等。NotesonTextA2.About50yearsago,aHarvardsocialpsychologistandaSanFranciscoschoolprincipalstudiedPygmalioneffectsintheclassroom.約50年前，一位哈佛大學社會心理學家和一位舊金山學校校長共同在校園里研究了“皮格馬利翁效應”。Pygmalioneffects指“皮格馬利翁效應”，又稱羅森塔爾效應或期待效應，指人們基于對某種情境的知覺而形成的期望或預言，進而使該情境產生適應這一期望或預言的效應。NotesonTextA3.Orperhapsdoctorswanttoimprovetreatmentoutcomesbytappingintotheplaceboeffect.或許醫生們想要利用安慰劑效應來提升治療效果。placeboeffect表示“安慰劑效應”，又名假藥效應，指病人雖然獲得無效的治療，但卻“預料”或“相信”治療有效，而讓病患癥狀得到舒緩的現象。NotesonTextA4.Sometimes,asIntelco-founderandformerCEOAndyGroveoncetoldaHarvardBusinessSchoolconferenceintheSanFranciscoBayArea,thisrequiresleaderstodisplayconfidencethattheymaynotfeelandtoactasiftheyknowwhattheyaredoingeveniftheydon’t.有時，就像英特爾聯合創始人兼前首席執行官AndyGrove在舊金山灣區召開的哈佛商學院會議上所說的那樣，領導者們即便不自信，也要裝作信心十足，即便迷茫，也要裝作心中有數。Intel,英特爾公司，成立于1968年，總部位于美國加州圣克拉拉，創始人為羅伯特·諾伊斯、戈登·摩爾、安迪·格魯夫，是全球最大的半導體芯片制造商。DiscussionWhatarethequalitiesthatmakeagoodleader?1.Iamnotafraidofanarmyoflionsledbyasheep;Iamafraidofanarmyofsheepledbyalion.–AlexandertheGreat2.Agoodleaderisapersonwhotakesalittlemorethanhisshareoftheblameandalittlelessthanhisshareofthecredit.–JohnMaxwell3.Goodleadersmustfirstbecomegoodservants.–RobertGreenleaf

InInterviews,FemaleCEOsSayTheyDon’tExpectMuchSupport—atHomeoratWorkTextBWordsandExpressionsembarkon

tostarttodosomethingnewordifficult從事，開始He’sembarkingonanewcareerasawriter.WordsandExpressionsassignmentn.ataskorpieceofworkthatsomebodyisgiventodo,usuallyaspartoftheirjoborstudies工作，任務(CET4;CET6)Hehasjustcomeoffadifficultassignment.WordsandExpressionsspilloverintotostartinoneareaandthenaffectotherareas波及

Unresthasspiltoverintoareasoutsidethecity.WordsandExpressionsconfrontv.todealwithaproblemordifficultsituation處理，解決(CET4;CET6)Shewasconfrontedwithseveremoneyproblems.WordsandExpressionstrade-offn.theactofbalancingtwothingsthatyouneedorwantbutwhichareopposedtoeachother權衡，協調Thereisatrade-offbetweenthebenefitsofthedrugandtheriskofsideeffects.WordsandExpressionsmasculineadj.havingthequalitiesorappearanceconsideredtobetypicalofmen男子漢的，男人的(CET6)Hewashandsomeandstrong,andverymasculine.WordsandExpressionsinsurmountableadj.thatcannotbedealtwithsuccessfully無法克服的，難以解決的(GRE)Thecrisisdoesn’tseemlikeaninsurmountableproblem.WordsandExpressionsfretabouttobeworriedorunhappyandnotabletorelax苦惱；煩躁；焦慮不安Urbanplannersmayfretabouttrafficandpollution.StructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopicsPara.1-2IntroductionofthestudyonCEOsPara.3-5OwnyourambitionPara.6-10Don’twaittobeaskedPara.11-13TakechargeofyourpersonalandprofessionallifePara.14-15Focusonthelong-termgoalPara.16-19Embraceawell-roundedleadershipstyleNotesonTextB1.

Organizationscansupportthislong-termoutlookbychangingHRpolicies,supportmechanisms,andleadershipdevelopmentpracticestoallowwomenthespaceandtimetomanageraisingafamilyandcreatingwaysforwomentoremainengagedintheprofessionalandsociallifeoftheworkplace,evenwhileformallyonareducedworkloadorleave.組織可以通過改變人力資源政策、支持機制和領導力發展實踐來促成這一長期遠景，讓女性有足夠的空間和時間來照顧家庭，即便是在工作量正式減少或休假的情況下，也要想辦法讓她們在工作場所繼續參與職業和社交生活。HR,全稱Human

Resources,指人力資源部，主要負責公司員工選拔、任用、培養、考核、獎懲等工作；此外，HR也常用來指代從事人力資源相關工作的人或公司的人事招聘官。NotesonTextB2.Embraceawell-roundedleadershipstyle.采用多樣化的領導風格。leadershipstyle即領導風格，指組織中上級管理、引導和激勵下級的方式和風格。常見的領導風格有獨裁式、權威式、設節奏式、民主式、教練式、附屬式和放任式等。DiscussionInLeadership:TheoryandPractice,theauthorNorthousenotesthatwomenonlymakeup8.1%ofFortune500CEOandattributedthistoglassceiling,theinvisiblebarrierpreventingwomenfromascendingintoeliteleadershippositions.1.

Whydoglassceilingsexistforwomen?2.

Howcanwomenbreakthroughtheglassceilings?Key

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ExercisesKey

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ExercisesTEXT

A

I.

ReadingComprehension:

1-5BDCCAII.

VocabularyA.Readthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhichofthefourmeaningsbeloweachsentenceisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword.1-5DCBDB6-10DCAADB.Choosethebestexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachblank.Useeachexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.1.ThedirectorwantsthesongsintheBroadwayversiontobeidenticaltothesongsinthefilm.2.Heattemptedtosavetheenterprisewhichwasonthevergeofcollapsebutfailed.3.Thecountryusesitsbudgetsurplusestopayoffgovernmentdebtandtofunditspublicpensionscheme.4.It’saself-fulfillingprophecytradersgetscaredsosharepricesfallbecauseofthem.Key

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Exercises5.Awaterylightbegantoshowthroughthebranches.6.EmployeeappointmenttotheCouncilwillbesubjecttoatermofprobationof6months.7.TheCampbellSoupCompanysaysitwilltrytotapintoJapan’sricemarket.8.Wealsowonderwhethertheplaceboeffectwasafactor;shewassoconvincedthedietwouldworkthatthepsychologicaldriveproducedphysicalresults.9.Frenchlawmakersvotedinfavorofa“YouTubetax”thatwouldapplya2%levyonallstreamingvideo.10.ThePygmalioneffectisifIbelieveyouhaveacertaincharacteristicthismightcauseyoutobehaveasifyouhavethatcharacteristic.Key

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ExercisesIII.Cloze(1)

against(2)

baffles(3)

characteristic(4)

while(5)

boardroom(6)

empowerment(7)

necessarily(8)

encouraging(9)

defeat(10)

becauseIV.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.另一方面，如果告訴一些人他們會成功，他們將投入更多的時間和精力，因為他們認為付出就有收獲。2.醫學界一個類似的現象是安慰劑效應，一些認為自己在接受藥物或其他治療的人會有較大的反應，因為他們認為治療很有效。3.安慰劑效應和期待效應都是自我實現的預言的例子，自我實現的預言指起初有誤的某種觀點，因為促成了人們的相應行為，進而變成了正確的觀點。Key

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Exercises4.以另人信服的方式展現自信的領導人能獲得更多的支持，進而這種自信也從一種姿態變成了現實。因為人們認為該公司會成功并且基于這種看法行事，該公司也就真的成功了。5.正如我和BobSutton合作編寫的一本書中所引用的話一樣，Grove認為公司領導們應巧用欺騙為成功創造條件。“這其中有自律也有欺騙。”Key

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ExercisesV.Discussion1.Thelionisthekingofthejungleandafearlessanimalatthetopofthefoodchain.Showingstrongleadership,Lionleadersareassertive,determinedandpassionate.Theyhaveamindoftheirownandarenoteasilyinfluencedbyothers.Incontrast,sheeparemeek,timidandeasilyinfluencedinbyothers(e.g.ashepherd).Soteamswithstrongleadershiparemorelikelytosucceedthanthosewithweakleadership.Thisquoteshowstheimportanceofstrongleadership.2.Agoodleaderhasthewholepictureinmind.Theytakethemistakesandfailuresofhisfollowersastheirownandtrytoworkthemouttogetherwiththeteam.Theyattributesuccesstoteamworkandarewillingshareitwithhisfollowers.3.InTheServantasLeader,RobertGreenleafproposedtheconceptof“servantleadership”.Accordingtohim,aservant-leaderattachesgreatimportancetothegrowthandwell-beingofhis/herteam.Incontrast,atraditionalleadertendstoexercisepoweranddemandcompliancefromfollowers.Key

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ExercisesTEXT

BI.Discussion1.Whydoglassceilingsexistforwomen?First,thedifferencesinhumancapitalaresignificantbecausewomenhavehigherdemandswithregardtodomesticdutiesandchild-rearing.Traditionalfamilyandgenderroleshavewomendoingmostoftheraisingofachildandmostofthehouseholdchores.Womenneedtoinvestmoretimeintheircareerstoensurethatcompaniesseethebenefitofpromotingwomenintheworkforce.Second,Differencesinleadershipstylealsohelpbuildglassceilingsforwomen.Manypeoplehavepreconceivedideasofhowwomenandmenshouldlead.Workersdonotlikeawomanwhoisdominantintheworkforce.Theywouldpreferamaletobeinadominantpositionthanawoman.Womenmustbemoredemocraticthanmenandmustbelessautocratic.Key

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Exercises2.

Howcanwomenbreakthroughtheglassceilings?“Oneprominentexplanationfortheleadershipgaprevolvesaroundgenderbiasesstemmingfromstereotypedexpectationsthatwomentakecareandmentakecharge”.“Genderb