江蘇常目目 ; 目前進行日照觀測的基本氣象站目前進行日照觀測的基本氣象站我國1953年開始測量太陽輻射，氣象臺站數量從解放初的70個發展到現在的2610個，其中氣象站2300個（縣級氣象站），氣象臺310個。數據只有“日照時數”布格布格-朗伯定律:SD’=S0=余弦定律:ST’=SD’COSQpDNI*COS（G）Dpm=1/Sin×P/P0Sin=SinSin+CosCosDT’=Dp’(1+CosZ)/2RT’=ρQp’(1-CosZ)/2QTST+DT+RT（直散分離QT(I)=ST(I)+DT(I)+ SdS DTD RTRd(1cosZ)/注意：COS1卡=4.18焦耳，1=1ws6141.6106/3600/1000=1706kWh/m21706kWh/m2/3654.70kWh/147Kcal/cm21471034.1810000/3600/10001706.8kWh/m21706kWh/m2/3654.70kWh/(10年平均值 對于聚光太陽電池，要求DNI（DirectNormalInrradiation）的輻//≥≥≥5040–1400–3.8–3780–1050–2.9–<<<Fullrunninghrs(peakhrs)fordifferent獨立光伏電站效率：60-65%；Eff.ofstand-along建筑并網光伏發電效率：70-75%；Eff.ofBIPV&大型并網光伏電站效率：75-80%。Eff.ofLS-BIPV&I:電流Isc:短路電流Im:V:電壓Voc開路電壓Vm: 光強 V(-2.5mV/I:I:電流Isc:短路電流Im:V:電壓Voc開路電壓Vm:光強與太陽電池組件的光電流成正比，在光強由100W/m21000W/m2范圍內，的條件下，當光強在400W/m2-1000W/m2范圍內變化，太陽電池組件的開路電 ηeuro=0.03η5%+0.06η10%+0.13η20%+0.10η30%+0.48η50%+TestingProcedure-IslandingPreventionMeasuresforPowerConditionersusedingridconnectedphotovoltaic(PV)generation術和信息，并開展國際間的交流和合作。。VLS-PV是指型號太陽電池最大功率點跟蹤（MPPT）允許電網電壓范圍（三相尺寸（深×寬×高DeploymentofenvironmentallyfriendlyrammingtechnologiesLevelingoffgeologicalIdeallyfacilitatestheexactalignmentErectionofInstallationofangel-irondependingongeographicalInstallationofErectionofInstallationofmainInstallationofPreparingfinalinstallationDigoutearthcablechannelsLayingofStrings&StrappingElectrical-TechnicalConstructionandinstallationofdistributiontransformerandinverters大。當每個組串被遮擋時，不會由于熱斑而損壞。注意：“光伏保險”的技術參數尚不存在。“緩升的短路電流”。=6組串的并聯數：4RCA100%)3(=RCA72%)，maximumseriesfuseReversecurrentoverloadTestMST26Modulescontainelectricallyconductivematerial,containedinaninsulatingsystem.Underreversecurrentfaultconditions,thetabbingandcellsofthemoduleareforcedtodissipateenergyasheat,priortocircuitinterruptionbyanover-currentprotectorinstalledinthesystem.Thistestisintendedtodeterminetheacceptabilityoftheriskofignitionorfirefromthiscondition.AlaboratoryDCpowersupplyshallbeconnectedtothemodulewithpositiveoutputshallbeequalto135%ofthemodule’sovercurrentprotectionrating,asprovidedbythemanufacturer.ThetestsupplycurrentshouldbelimitedtothevalueofItest,andthemodule.Thetestshallbecontinuedfor2h,oruntilultimateresultsareknown,see12.2ofIEC61730-1.InstallationofModulesandSecuringofPlantSecuritySystems:安保系統fences,cameras&motion:美國美國Arizona州PhenixWBANNo.：23183氣象站1961-1990的測試數據：緯度：33.43oN，經度：112.02oW，海拔：339米，氣壓：974毫巴 91011月(kWhm2當光伏安裝成本為$6.2/Wp（44元/Wp時，固定安裝的光伏電價為$0.2/kWh（1.4Sin=SinSin+CosCosSinβ=CosSin/CoscoscosZsinsinZcoscos(式中，為太陽電池方陣任一時刻方位角；為固定安裝：Z’=Z，=0；跟蹤：Z’=90-，=。COS23.50.917,僅有8.3%，全年平均誤差：4%250250400500Springevell5.0MWon inaoninainfrontcold/sloped flattheRequiredareaforPVgeneratorswithdifferentcelltypesFacadeintegration,noventilationRoofintegration,noOn/infacade,poorventil.On/infacade,goodOn/inroof,poorventilationOn/inroof,goodOnwithlarge8,9555,4434,8393,6352,6322,1291,8280,022 電電壓：交流220V單相頻率：50Hz0.5VA靈敏度：“逆向”“上網電價”（Feed-inTariff）政策和并網方1、NospecialFITforPV；2、ReducepowerconsumptionfromgridbyPV；3、PVconnectgridatloadside。用戶側并網的光伏發電項目所發電量，富余于“富余電量”“富余電量”？注圖中黃色屋頂上的光伏注圖中黃色屋頂上的光伏TheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveuniformregulationsforinterconnectionacrossinterconnectionruleshavethefollowingcharacteristics:distributioncircuithasnomorethan15percentofitscapacityasdistributedAninverterthatcompliedwithUL/IEEE1574standards,whichensures"anti-AlockableACdisconnecttoallowutilitypersonneltolockoutthegeneration.ThesesimpleruleshaveworkedwellfortheUStodate,withalmostnodocumentedproblemsduetodistributedgeneration.The15percentrulehasbeenadoptedatthefederallevel,andaleadingutility(SouthernCaliforniaEdison)isusingthisrulewhenHighvoltageduetoDG:Highvoltagesmaybecausedbyreversepowerflow.Underlightloadforalocationwheretheprimaryvoltageisalreadyhigh,thevoltagerisecanbeenoughtopushthevoltageabovenominallimits.ThiscanevenhappenforasmallDGlocatedonthesecondarybecauseofthevoltagedropalongtheservicedrop,thesecondarywiring,andthedistributiontransformer.（IEEE1547）2009747號“國家電網公司光伏電站接入電網技術規定等都型荒漠光伏電站和風電場的光伏發電站。光伏發電站的功德國已經公布了BDEW“發電站接入中壓電網的技術規定”（Generatingplantsconnectedtothemedium-voltagenetwork），對于接入中壓電網（1kV-60kV）的TechnicalGuideline:GeneratingPlantsConnectedTechnicalGuideline:GeneratingPlantsConnectedtotheMedium-VoltageNetworkJune2008issue,BDEW,3rdVersionofVDEThisguidelineshallapplytotheplanning,construction,operationandmodificationofgeneratingplantswhichareconnectedtoanetworkoperator’smedium-voltagenetworkandoperatedinparallelwiththisnetwork.本標準適用于與中壓電網（1kV-60kV)連接且并聯運行的發電站。tloplyfetokonptfengptdinelo-aeto,hleenptthebtkscadneigeto.Tss.rgpasdtoao-otetokchsdthtkptsiventkhaeae,ndhhnostrsficlyeod.本標準也適用于連接在低壓（4）電網的發電站，這些電站通過變壓器與中壓電網相連，而在低壓側沒有連接用電負荷。（即適合于低負荷、高滲透率時的情況）AGermangridcodeforthelow-voltagelevelisunderway.Thefirstdraftisverysimilartothedirectiveforthemedium-voltagelevelwhichhighlycontroversial,duetothecomparablyhighcostsforsmallroofPVsystems.德國低壓并網標準正在制定，電站必須能夠以10%的步長限制其有60%,30%,和0%）頻率高于50.2Hz時，功率必須以40%僅當頻率恢復到50.05Hz以下時，才頻率高于51.5Hz或低于47.5Hz時必須有功功率調節有功功率調節（ActivePower60%,30%,和0%）無功功率調節無功功率調節（ReactivePower低電壓穿越能力低電壓穿越能力（Low-voltageRide（Max.AdmissibleShort-Circuit太陽高度角的公式：sin=sinsin+coscos太陽方位角的公式：sinβ=cosD=cosβ×L，L=H/tan，=arcsin(sinsin+coscos彎曲力矩M：MWL28W彎曲應力PPM/Z彎曲度A：A（5WtL3）/（384EL（m）ImB（N/cm2）:B=W/APk=n2（EIm）/L2Im：截面軸向二次力矩(cm4)；E：材料的縱向彈性系數（N/cm2）L（cm）1/2WA（N/cm2）W（N）A（cm2）總荷重（W+G）/2應小于PkW=CwQAw