考點(diǎn)一名詞一、可數(shù)名詞1.可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變更構(gòu)成方法例詞一般在詞尾加-smap→mapssea→seasgirl→girlsbook→books以-s，-x，-ch，-sh，-tch結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass→classesbox→boxeswatch→watchesdish→dishes但如stomach等，詞尾-ch的發(fā)音為/k/時，要加-s，即stomachs以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞大都變-f或-fe為-v，再加-esleaf→leavesknife→kniveswife→wiveswolf→wolveslife→livesthief→thieves少數(shù)干脆加-sbelief→beliefschief→chiefsroof→of→proofs以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的名詞，變-y為-i加-esparty→partiesfamily→familiesstory→stories以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的名詞，加-stoy→toysboy→boysday→daysray→rays以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-eshero→heroespotato→potatoestomato→tomatoes加-spiano→pianosphoto→photoskilo→kilos兩者皆可volcano→volcanoes/volcanos以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio→radioszoo→zoosbamboo→bamboos以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth→truthsmouth→mouthsmonth→months2.可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變更構(gòu)成方法例詞詞尾加-ren或-enchild→childrenox→oxen變更詞內(nèi)元音man→menwoman→womenfoot→feetgoose→geesemouse→mice單復(fù)數(shù)同形sheepdeerseriesmeansspecies表示國籍的專出名詞加-sAmerican→AmericansGerman→GermansGreek→Greeks單復(fù)數(shù)同形ChinesePortugueseJapanese有些詞以-man或-woman結(jié)尾，分別改為-men或-womenEnglishman→Englishmen復(fù)合名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)son-in-law→sons-in-lawlooker-on→lookers-onpasser-by→passers-by無主體名詞時，通常在最終一個詞的詞尾加-sgrown-up→grown-ups外來名詞criterion→criteria標(biāo)準(zhǔn)phenomenon→phenomena現(xiàn)象basis→bases基礎(chǔ)crisis→crises危機(jī)analysis→analyses分析bacterium→bacteria細(xì)菌medium→media媒體datum→data數(shù)據(jù)[2024北京，15]Mangrovescanhelpsoftenwavesandprotectcities（city）fromcoastalwinds.[2024新高考Ⅰ，62]TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparatepopulations（population）andhomesofgiantpandas，andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.Wolves（wolf）areveryadaptable：theycanliveinforests，onopenplains，orinthesnowsoftheArctic.Lookingthroughthenewspaper，I’mshockedbyphotos（photo）showingthedestructioncausedbythehurricane.Onestudyshowedthatwomen（woman）whodrankalotofcoffee，likeeightormorecupsperday，whiletheywerepregnantweremorelikelytohavechildrenwithbirthdefects.二、不行數(shù)名詞1.物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞大多為不行數(shù)名詞，一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見的不行數(shù)名詞有：furniture家具 equipment設(shè)備 news新聞information信息 advice建議 progress進(jìn)步baggage行李 luck運(yùn)氣 water水word消息 wealth財(cái)寶 knowledge學(xué)問2.一些名詞通常表示抽象概念，是不行數(shù)名詞，但被賜予了詳細(xì)含義之后，可作可數(shù)名詞，即抽象名詞詳細(xì)化。詞匯抽象名詞（不行數(shù)）詳細(xì)化后（可數(shù)）beauty美，漂亮美人，奇異的事物failure失敗失敗的事物或人success成功，成功成功的事物或人honour敬重，敬意引起敬重的事物或人pleasure歡樂，歡樂樂事pity憐憫，憐憫憾事3.有些名詞作可數(shù)名詞和不行數(shù)名詞時含義有所不同。詞匯不行數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞paper紙?jiān)嚲恚粓?bào)紙；論文chicken雞肉雞work工作著作，作品三、名詞全部格全部格作定語，修飾另一名詞，表示全部關(guān)系。1.-’s全部格主要用于表示有生命的事物或人及人類活動的名詞，也可用于表示時間、距離、數(shù)量、城市、國家等無生命事物的名詞后。構(gòu)成規(guī)則如下：構(gòu)成示例單數(shù)名詞詞尾通常加-’s；復(fù)數(shù)名詞不以-s結(jié)尾時，也要加-’stheboy’sschoolbagpeople’sawareness以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后干脆加"’"teachers’officeathirtyminutes’ride以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞或?qū)３雒~之后加"’"或-’s均可myboss’s/boss’planJames’/James’seyes復(fù)合名詞一般在最終一個詞的詞尾加-’smybrother-in-law’sbirthday[2024浙江1月，58]Itiscalculatedbydividingaperson’s（person）weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared，andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.Properarrangementsshouldbemadesothatstudentscanhaveagoodrestafterawholemorning’s（morning）hardwork.Theboys’（boy）shoeswerecoveredwithmud，soIaskedthemtotaketheirshoesoffbeforetheygotintoTom’s（Tom）car.2.名詞全部格的特別用法①用于表示店鋪、診所、住宅及公共建筑等的名詞時，全部格之后的shop，office，house等常省去。如：atthebarber’s（shop）在理發(fā)店atMr.Green’s（house）在格林先生家②假如兩個名詞并列，且分別加’s，則表示"分別有……"；若只有后一個名詞加’s，則表示兩個"共有"。如：Lily’sandMary’steachers莉莉和瑪麗各自的老師LilyandMary’steacher莉莉和瑪麗共同的老師四、名詞的詞形轉(zhuǎn)換動詞/形容詞可加后綴變?yōu)槊~，名詞也可加后綴變?yōu)榱硪粋€名詞。常見的名詞后綴如下：[2024全國甲，69]However，Carson’sthemeisamoreweightywarning（warn）aboutenvironmentaldestruction.[2024新高考Ⅱ，58]Also，technologicalknow-howhasbecomearequirement（require）formostjobsinanincreasinglydigitalworld，asthecomputerhasbecomeacommontoolinmostprofessions.Thestudysurveyed500familiesandfoundthatthemainpsychologicalproblemspeoplesufferedwereloneliness（lonely）andanxiety（anxious）.[2024全國甲，65]CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad，inordertopromoteenvironmentalprotection（protect）.1.Wealwayskeptbamboochopsticksalongwithourknives（knife），forksandspoons，readyforwheneverwehappenedtohaveChinesefoodfordinner.2.Hiscourageandpersistence（persist）withhisbrillianceandhumorinspiredpeopleacrosstheworld.3.Tobettertellthestory，YuRongdrewinspirationfromherseveralvisits（visit）tositesofancientbattlesandHenanopera.4.In1990，about750millionpeopleinthiscountrylivedinextremepoverty（poor）；todayfewerthan10milliondo.5.Peoplewhoarefar-sightedhavedifficultyinreadingabookunlesstheyholditatanarm’slength（long）.6.Curiosity（curious）ispartofchildren’snature.Theyalwaysinsistongettingtothebottomofeve