中國石化專業技術人員英語學習參考用書（試用版）目錄第一部分通用英語UNIT1-UNIT30┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈1-127第二部分石油化工專業英語油氣工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈128-176煉化工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈177-216第一部分通用英語UNIT1HowtobeHappyInthepasttwoweekswehavelookedatthehappinessformuladefinedbypositivepsychologistMartinSeligman,whereH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).Thisweekwelookattheconditionsinlifethatcanimproveourhappinessquotient.Step1:PeaceandquietJonathonHaidtinhisexcellentbook,'TheHappinessHypothesis',notesthatresearchshowsthatwecannevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution.Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponses(theotheristhefearoffalling)andwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.Noisyneighboursareoneofthemostemotivecausesofdomesticupsetforaverygoodreason.Itisessentialtohavesomepeaceandquieteveryday.Ifyouareunfortunateenoughtolivesomewherenoisy,persistwithcomplainingtoyourlocalcouncil.Additionally,trywearingwaxearplugstogiveyousomerespite.IfyouneedyourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesaltruismtoyourneighbours,whichwillmakeyouandthemfeelgood.Step2:RelationshipsThisisthemostimportantofalltheexternalconditionsthatcanimproveyourhappinessquotient.Oftenourdeepestsourcesofunhappinessarefoundinpoorrelationshipswithothers.Acolleagueatworkwhobulliesordismissesuscreatesuntoldwretchedness.Acruellyconflictualrelationshipwithapartnerorloverleavesusfeelingbetrayedandabandoned.Arelationshipwithourparentsorchildrenwhichisnotbasedoncompassionate,unconditionalregardcreatesisolationandmisery.Weneverfullyadapttohostilerelationships,theyinvidiouslycontaminateourwellbeing,squattinginsideourmindsasunresolved,destructiveruminations.Whenfacedwithsuchrelationships,themostpositivethingwecandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.Step3:ShareIfyouhavediscoveredconditionsorchoicesinlifethathavesignificantlyimprovedyourwellbeing,Iwouldliketosharethemwithreaders.Passingonwhatworksisessentialtoimproveourownandthewellbeingofothers.如何獲得幸福：尋找幸福公式？過去兩周我們研究了一項幸福公式，這是由樂觀心理學家馬丁塞利格曼定義的。H(幸福)=S(個人生理幸福感受的固定指數)+C(個人生活狀態)+V(個人主觀選擇)本周我們將著眼于能提高幸福指數的生活狀態。第一步：平和寧靜喬納森海迪在他的優秀著作《幸福假說》當中提到，研究調查顯示，我們不也許完全適應噪音污染，無論是新近的還是長期的。巨大噪聲會引起我們某種面對恐驚本能反映(另一種是對于墜落的恐驚)，假如周遭噪音喧鬧，我們不也許完全放松。這樣看來，吵鬧的鄰居的確對我們家庭不和起到很大影響。每日保持平和寧靜事關重要。假如不幸你生活環境比較吵，請一定要堅持去居委會投訴。此外，試試實用耳塞，也許會緩解噪聲。假如你一定要大聲看電視聽收銀放音樂的話，記得戴上耳機，別影響鄰里，這樣可以使雙方都感到舒適。第二步：人際關系這是增長幸福指數的一條至關重要的內部條件。我們感到不快樂的最深層因素，往往就是人際關系欠佳。假如一個在職同事對我們表達威嚇的話，會導致難以言語的抑郁情緒。與拍檔或者愛人的關系陷入殘酷競爭之中，會讓我們感到背叛和背棄。與父母孩子之間的關系缺少同情心和無私關心，那么這會導致隔閡生產痛苦。我們不也許適應這種敵對關系，這種不良的人際關系會損害身心健康，長期留存在我們心里，會讓人陷入無以解決的惡性心理困境。當我們面臨這類問題時，最佳的辦法，就是直面難題，挽救關系，或者學著繼續前進。第三步：分享假如你發現生活狀態或者做的某項決定對幸福生活有極大幫助的話，我很想將其和讀者們分享。將有用的發現與更多人分享，這對增進自己的幸福和別人的幸福都有積極作用。1.What’sthehappinessformulaaccordingtopassage?TheformulareferstoH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).2．Whycanwenevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution?Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponsesandwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.3．Howcouldwemakebothourselvesandtheneighborsfeelgood?IfweneedourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesourkindnessandconsiderationtoourneighbors.4．Wheredoestheunhappinesscomefrom?Ourunhappinessoftencomesfrompoorrelationshipwithothers.5．whatisthepositivewaytofacewiththecruellyconflictualrelationship?Whatyoucandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.ExercisesA．漢譯英1．吵鬧的鄰居的確對我們家庭不和有很大影響。Noisyneighborsareoneofthemajorcausesofdomesticupset.2．在職場上，假如一個同事對我們表達威嚇的話，會導致難以言表的抑郁情緒。Acolleagueatworkwhobulliesordismissesuscreatesuntoldwretchedness.3．我們不也許適應這種敵對關系，這種不良的人際關系會損害身心健康。Wecanneverfullyadapttohostilerelationship,whichinevitablydamageourwellbeing.4．假如這種壞情緒長時間留在人們的心里，會讓人陷入無法解決的惡性心理困境。Ifthisbadmoodstaysinsideourmind,itwillleadustoanunresolveddestructivedepression.5．我們不應當回避這些問題，而是要對的面對它們。Weshouldnotavoidtheseproblemsbutfacetheminstead.B．英譯漢Therearemanybenefitstobeinghappy.Happierpeopletendtobehealthier,livelongerandearnmore.Theyalsotendtovolunteermore,bebetteratrelationshipsandsmilemoreofwhatpsychologistscall“Duchenne”orgenuinesmiles.Lesswellunderstoodiswhyhappinessiscontagious.幸福有許多好處。更幸福的人往往更健康、更長壽、掙得更多。他們通常也會從事更多的志愿工作、更善于解決人際關系、發出更多心理學家所說的“杜興微笑”(Duchennesmile)，即真誠的微笑。讓人不太理解的是，為什么幸?？梢詡魅尽ccordingtoJamesFowlerandNicholasChristakis,authorsoftheinternationalbestsellerConnected,peoplesurroundedbymanyhappyfriends,familymembersandneighbourswhoarecentraltotheirsocialnetworkbecomesignificantlyhappierinthefuture.Morespecifically,theysaywewillbecome25percenthappierwithourlifeifafriendwholiveswithinamileofusbecomessignificantlyhappierwithhisorherlife.全球暢銷書Connected的作者詹姆斯?福勒(JamesFowler)和尼古拉斯?克里斯塔基斯(NicholasChristakis)發現，假如你身邊那些人際網絡中重要的朋友、家人與鄰居，有許多都很幸福，那么你將來也會幸福很多。他們表達，更準確地說，假如居住在離你1英里內的一個朋友生活幸福感得到顯著提高，你的生活幸福感就會增長25%。Similareffectsareseeninco-residentspouses(8percenthappier);siblingswholivewithinamileofeachother(14percent);andnext-doorneighbours(34percent).Whatthisimpliesisthatthemagnitudeofhappinessspreadseemstodependmoreonfrequentsocialcontact(duetophysicalproximity)thanondeepsocialconnections.Alas,forsomereasonthisdoesn’ttranslatetotheworkplace.存在同樣效應的尚有同居配偶（幸福感提高8%）、居住在1英里之內的兄弟姐妹（14%）和鄰居（34%）。這意味著，幸福傳播的強度似乎更多有賴于社會交往的頻繁度（與地區鄰近相關），而不是社會關系的深度。哎呀，可惜出于某種因素，這并不合用于工作場合。So,whyishappinesscontagious?Onereasonmaybethathappypeoplesharetheirgoodfortunewiththeirfriendsandfamily(forexample,bybeingpragmaticallyhelpfulorfinanciallygenerous).Anotherreasoncouldbethathappypeopletendtochangetheirbehaviourforthebetterbybeingnicerorlesshostiletothoseclosetothem.Oritcouldjustbethatpositiveemotionsarehighlycontagious.那么，為什么幸福可以傳染？一個因素或許是，幸福的人會與親朋好友分享好運氣（例如，提供實際的幫助，或在經濟上慷慨解囊）。另一個因素也許是，幸福的人往往會改善自己的行為，會對周邊的人更加和諧，或不那么有敵意。又或許只是由于正面情緒具有高度傳染性。UNIT2CityDesignWhenI’mbeingdriventhroughacityfromourhoteltoaconferencecenter,Icouldn’thelpbutnotetheoverwhelmingpresenceofcarsandparkinglots.Theworld’scitiesareintrouble.Inhundredsofcities,thelifeofdailylifeisdeteriorating.Breathingtheairinsomecitiesisequivalenttosmokingtwopacksofcigarettesperday.Thenumberofhourscommutersspendgoingnowheresittingintraffic-congestedstreetsandhighwaysclimbshighereachyear,raisingfrustrationlevels.當我從旅館乘車穿行城市前往會議中心時，映入眼簾的是無處不在的汽車和停車場。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，數以百計的城市平常生活的質量正在不斷下降。在一些城市，天天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。天天上班族驅車時因街道和道路堵塞而寸步難行，耽擱的時間逐年升高，郁悶也隨之加深。Inresponsetotheseconditions,weareseeingtheemergenceofanewurbanism.Injustafewyears,manycitybannedtheparkingofcarsonsidewalks,createdorrenovatedmoreparks,introducedahighlysuccessfulbus-basedrapidtransitsystem,builthundredsofkilometersofbicyclepathsandpedestrianstreets,reducedrushhourtraffic,plantedmoretreesandinvolvedlocalcitizensdirectlyintheimprovementoftheirneighborhoods.Thequalityofurbanlifeinthesecitieshasbeengreatlyenhancedwiththevisionofacitydesignedforpeople.針對上述情況，我們可以看到一種新城市主義的理念正在興起。在短短的幾年內，許多城市的人行道上不再允許停車，新建和改造了更多的停車場，建立了一套以公共汽車為基礎的極為成功的快速運營系統，興建了數百公里的自行車道和步行街，高峰時段的交通擁擠得以減緩，種植了更多的樹木，并吸取本地市民直接參與社區的改善工作。城市設計以人為本的理念使這些城市的生活質量有了很大的提高。Nowgovernmentplannerseverywhereareexperimenting,seekingwaystodesigncitiesforpeoplenotcars.Carspromisemobility.Butinanurbanizingworldthereisaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecity.Afterapoint,astheirnumbersmultiply,automobilesprovidenotmobilitybutimmobility.現在，各地政府的規劃者們都在嘗試尋找為了人而不是汽車設計城市的方法。汽車應帶給人們活動的便捷。但是在一個不斷城市化的世界里，存在著一個根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽車與城市之間的矛盾。超過一個臨界點之后，隨著汽車數量的累加，汽車提供的不再是便捷，而停滯。Basedonthisperspective,somecitiesinindustrialanddevelopingcountriesalikewilldramaticallyincreaseurbanmobilitybymovingawayfromthecar.Letmeremindyouoncemore,citiesarebuiltforpeople,notforcars.Acityfullofcarsislikewhatthehorrifyingsci-fidepicted–allmechanismandnohuman.Inordertoavoidthisdisaster,we’dbetterstartdesigningsustainablecities.基于這個觀點，無論在發達的工業國家還是發展中國家，一些城市將會通過遠離汽車來極大增長市區的通暢。讓我再次提醒你，城市是為了人，不是為了汽車而建設的。擠滿汽車的城市就像恐怖的科幻小說里描繪的——全是機械，沒有人性。為了避免這場劫難，我們最佳開始設計可連續發展的城市。1．Whatmeansoftransportationdoestheauthortaketotheconferencecenter?（Hetakes）abus.2．Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhatishappeningincitieswheretherearemorecars?Carsnotonlydoharmtopeople’shealthbutalsocauseheavytrafficjam.3．Whatdoesthelastsentence“thevisionofacitydesignedforpeople”inparagraph2mean?Designcitiesforpeoplenot(for)cars.4．Whyisthereaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecityinurbanareas?Becausepeopledependlargelyoncars.5．Howwouldacitylooklikeifcarswereeverywhere?Therewouldbeallcars(mechanism)nohuman.ExercisesA．漢譯英1．隨著大量市民被迫遷到遙遠的郊外，汽車的需求量正在飛漲。Thedemandforcarsissoaringasgrowingnumbersofcitizensarepushedintodistantsuburbs.2．生態城市將把傳統設計要素同最先進的綠色技術相結合。Theeco-citywillcombineelementsoftraditionaldesignwiththelatestgreentechnologies.3．預計到2023年將有一千輛燃料電池車投入使用，而2023年將增至一萬輛。Onethousandfuel-cellvehicleswillbeestimatedtoputtouseby2023andincreaseto10,000by2023.4．如今，各地方政府幾乎無一不在探討有關生態農村、生態城市計劃的話題。Thesedays,thereishardlyalocalgovernmentthatdoesnottalkaboutplansforaneco-village,townorevencity.5．全世界大約一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能緩解城市對環境影響的途徑勢在必行。Itisfairlynecessarytosearchforwaystoreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcitiesbecausearoundhalfoftheworld’spopulationisnowcity-dwellers(isnowlivingincities).B．英譯漢Onceatasupermarket,Ireadathought-provokingsignatthecheck-outcounter.Itsaidthestorewasusingonlyplasticbags.Thesupermarketclaimedthattheenergyandexhaustfumesexpelledtotransportfumesexpelledtoproduceandtransportthesamenumberofpaperbagsoutweighedthefactthatplasticwasn'tbiodegradable.Paperbagstakeupmorespaceandrequiremoretrucksfortransport,sothestorebelieveditwaslesseningitscarbonfootprintbyusingplastic.Itgotmethinkingfurther.Whynotaskforplasticandbringyourusedplasticbagseachtimeyouvisitthegrocerystore?Ifyouusethemfiveorsixtimes,oruntiltheystarttofallapart,youhavereallydoneagoodthing.Youcanalsousethemtolineyoursmallwastebaskets,insteadofpurchasingplastictrashbags.有一次在一家超市的收銀處，我看到了一則發人深思的廣告，上面寫著：本店只用塑料袋。超市聲稱：事實上生產和運送同量紙袋所消耗的能源和所排放的廢氣的危害大大超過塑料袋不能進行生物降解的危害。并且紙袋占用的空間更大，需要更多的卡車運送。因此，超市認為使用塑料袋可以減少碳足跡。該告示促使我作了進一步的思考。為什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去雜貨店時帶上反復使用呢？假如能用上五六次，或者用到破了為止，你豈不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋鋪在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再買垃圾專用塑料袋。UNIT3PopulationAveryimportantworldproblemistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.在我們這個星球上居住的人越來越多，是一個很重要的全球問題。假如繼續按照現有的增長率發展下去，那么有限的土地及土地資源不久不能養活這么巨大的人口。Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace?Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas“DeathControl”.Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm”BirthControl”.”DeathControl”issomethingratherdifficult.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewho,notverylongago,wouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandthecontrolofdeadlydiseases,wehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie.However,thissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind.那么為什么會出現人口的大量增長呢？這的確是由于知識的廣泛傳播和眾所周知的“死亡控制”的結果。毫無疑問，你肯定聽到過“生育控制”這個術語?！八劳隹刂啤笔谴蟛幌嗤?。它認可了醫生和科學家的工作，現在他們可以留住那些患有各種各樣絕癥的病人的生命。而這些絕癥在不久之前還是不可治愈的。通過大范圍的技術創新，其中涉及耕作方法和對絕癥的控制，我們已經找到減少死亡率的方法。然而，正是這項成功給人類帶來最大的威脅。Ifweexaminetheamountoflandavailableforthisever-increasingpopulation,webegintoseetheproblem.Ifeveryoneontheplanethadanequalshareofland,wewouldeachhaveabout50,000squaremeters.Thisfigureseemstobequiteencouraginguntilweexaminetheamountofusablelandweactuallyhave.Morethanthree-fifthsoftheworld’slandcannotproducefood.假如計算一下維持不斷增長的人口所需的土地量，我們就能意識到這個問題。假如這個星球上的每個人都平均分一塊土地，我們每個人會擁有五萬平方米。這個數字看似相稱振奮人心，而當我們計算一個每個人的實際可用耕地之后，就知道情況不太樂觀了。由于世界上超過3/5的土地都不能生產糧食。Obviously,withsolittlelandtosupportus,weshouldbetakinggreatcarenottoreduceitfurther.Butwearenot!Instead,weareconsumingits“capital”-itsnonrenewablefossilfuelsandothermineraldepositsthattookmillionsofyearstoformbutwhicharenowbeingdestroyedindecades.Wearealsodoingthesamewithothervitalresourcesnotusuallythoughtofasbeingnonrenewablesuchasfertilesoils,groundwaterandthemillionsofotherspeciesthatsharetheearthwithus.顯然，可以養活我們的耕地如此之少，我們就應當想方設法不要讓耕地繼續減少下去。但是，我們并沒有這樣做！反而我們正在消耗它的“本錢”——其不可再生的化石燃料與其它礦藏，它們是在幾百萬年的時間里才形成的，然而現在，幾十年內就會被消耗殆盡。我們對待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然資源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百萬年與我們共同居住的地球上的物種。1．Whatcanbelearntaboutthepopulationgrowthatpresent?Itcontinuestoincrease/growatitspresentrate.2．Accordingtothearticle,whatcontributestothepopulationincrease?DeathControl.3．Whatisthedoctor’sjobaccordingtoparagraph2?Theykeeppeoplewhosufferfromincurablediseasesalive.4．Whyisn’tthereenoughlandtosupporthumanbeings?Becausetheworld’slandhasalreadybeentakenup/occupiedbytheever-increasingpopulation.5．Inparagraph4thefertilesoilsareconsideredasnonrenewable.ExercisesA．漢譯英1．亞洲大陸面積占世界陸地面積的29%。Asiamakesuptwenty-ninepercentoftheworld’slandarea.2．人口的增長使土地必須生產更多的糧食。Theincreasingpopulationmakesitnecessaryfortheearthtoproducemoregrain.3．我們應當先進行抽樣調查再寫報告。Weshouldconductasamplinginvestigationbeforewewritethereport.4．我認可我在工作中因缺少經驗犯過這樣那樣的錯誤。IadmitthatduetolackofexperienceIhavemademistakesofallkinds.5．中國的現代化工業和商品經濟的發展，促進了職業流動和人口流動。ThedevelopmentofmodernindustryandcommodityeconomyinChinahaspromotedoccupational(mobility)andpopulationmobility.B．英譯漢Areport,basedonUnitedNationsprojectionsshowingslow,steadygrowthofeconomiesandpopulations,suggeststhatbymidcentury,humanity’sdemandonnaturewillbetwicethebiosphere’sproductivecapacity.Atthislevelofecologicaldeficit,exhaustionofecologicalassetsandlarge-scaleecosystemcollapsebecomereal.一份以聯合國所作的經濟和人口緩解增長的預期為基礎的報告顯示，到本世紀中葉，人類對自然界的需求將達成生態圈自身生產能力的兩倍。在這樣的生態“赤字”水平下，生態資源的枯竭和大規模的生態系統崩潰將會成為事實。Movingtowardssustainabilitydependsonsignificantactionnow.Populationsizechangesslowly,andhuman-madecapital–homes,cars,roads,factories,orpowerplants–canlastformanydecades.Thisimpliesthatpolicyandinvestmentdecisionsmadetodaywillcontinuetodetermineourresourcedemandthroughoutmuchofthe21stcentury.向可連續發展的轉變取決于現在所采用的重大行動。人口數量變化緩慢，而人類發明的資本，如住宅、汽車、道路、工廠或發電站等會連續幾十年。這意味著，今天所作的政策和投資決策將決定我們在21世紀的大部分時間里對資源的連續需求。UNIT4Earthquake地震Earthquakesmayberankedasoneofthemostdestructiveforcesknowntoman:sincerecordsbegantobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimatedthatearthquake-relatedfatalities(死亡)havenumberedinthemillions,andthatearthquake-relateddestructionhasbeenbeyondcalculation.Thegreaterpartofsuchdamageandlossoflifehadbeenduetocollapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,disease,tsunamis,andotherobservableeventsresultingfromearthquakes,ratherthanfromquakesthemselves.地震是人類所知的最具有破壞力的自然災害之一。自從有記載以來，估計由地震導致的死亡達數百萬以上，地震導致的破壞更是不計其數。地震導致的破壞如此之大，死亡如此之多，重要是由于地震引發的建筑物倒塌、巖石崩落、洪水、火災、疾病等現象導致的，而不是由于地震自身。Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakesoccurintwospecificgeographicareas.OnesuchareacoversthePacificOceananditsborderinglandmasses.TheotherextendsfromtheEastIndianstotheAtlasMountains,includingtheHimalayas,Iran,TurkeyandtheAlpineregions.Itisinthesetwogreatbeltsorzonesthatninetypercentofallearthquakestakeplace;theymay,however,happenanywhereatanytime.大多數地震發生在兩個獨特的地理位置。一個是環太平洋地區及相鄰的大陸架，另一個是從印度東部延伸到阿特拉斯山脈，其中涉及喜馬拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿爾卑斯地區。那里隨時隨地都也許發生地震。Thiselementofunknownhasforcenturiesaddedgreatlytothedeadandhorrorsurroundingearthquakes,butinrecenttimestherehavebeenindicationsthatearthquakeforecastmaybepossible.Byanalyzingchangesinanimalbehavior,patternsofmovementsintheearth'sshell,variationsintheearth'sforceofattraction,andthefrequencywithwhichminorearthshakesareobserved,scientistshaveshownincreasingsuccessinexpectingwhenandwhereearthquakeswillstrike.Asaresult,aworldwideearthquakewarningnetworkisalreadyinoperationandhashelpedtopreparefor(andthuslessen)thevastdestructionthatmightotherwisehavebeentotallyunexpected.幾個世紀以來，這種對于地震的未知性更大大地增長了地震的可怕和恐驚性。但近幾年來已有跡象表白地震預測是也許的。通過度析動物行為的變化，地殼運動的方式，地球磁場和地心引力的變化以及監測到的輕微地震的頻率，科學家在預測地震發生的時間和地點上已取得了不斷的成功。因此，世界性地震預警網絡已經運轉，并且已經幫助人們對大范圍的破壞做好準備，而這些破壞也也許完全不能預料的。Itisdoubtfulthatmanwilleverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandgetridoftheirdestructivenessaltogether,butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpossibledamagebeforetheyoccur.人類是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破壞力尚未知。但是，隨著我們對地震發生的方式和因素有了更多的了解，在地震發生之前，我們就能更好地應對也許導致的破壞。1．Whatarethecausesofthegreatpartofthedamageandlossoflife?Collapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,diseaseandotherphenomenafromearthquakes.2．Wherearethetwomostactiveearthquakebeltsintheworld?TheareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses,EastindianstotheAtlasMountains.3．Whatfactdoes“elementoftheunknown”inparagraph3referto?Itreferstothefacttheearthquakescanhappenanywhereatanytime.4．Whatfourwaysareusedtoanticipateearthquakeactivity?a)analyzingchanesinanimalbehaviorb)patternsofmovementsintheearth’scrustc)variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth’smagneticfieldd)observationofthefrequencyofminorearthtremors5．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthepossibilityofearthquakepredictions?EarthquakepredictionisbecomingmoreandmorepossibleExercisesA．漢譯英1．會議的準備工作正在順利地進行著。Preparationsforthemeetingareproceedingsmoothly.2．科技發展在解決老問題的同時也帶來了一些新問題。Astechnologicaladvancementsolvesoldproblems,italsocreatesnewonce.3．1976年唐山大地震是歷史上最嚴重的自然災害之一。The1976earthquakeinTangshanwasoneofthegreatestnaturaldisastersinhistory.4．近幾年來，中國、日本和美國對地震發生的時間、地點的預測取得了一定的進步。Inrecentyears,China,JapanandtheU.Shavemadecertainprogressinforecastingwhenandwhereearthquakeswilloccur.5．地震能導致慘重的人員傷亡，毀壞建筑物，如大樓、橋梁、大壩等設施。Earthquakecauseseverecasualtiesanddestroyconstructionslikebuildings,damsandbridges.B．英譯漢Ourweathersurelyisgettingstrange。Thereseemtobemoretornadoesthaninlivememory,longerdroughts,biggerdownpoursandrecordfloods.Unprecedentedfiresareburninginsomeareas.Scientiststellusthatforeveryonedegreeincreaseintemperature,lightningstrikeswillgoupanother10percent.Anditislightning,afterall,thatisprincipallyresponsibleforignitingtheconflagrationinsomeareastoday.天氣的確越來越反常。在人們記憶中，龍卷風似乎更加頻繁、旱災連續更加久、暴雨更加大、洪災也創下紀錄、在一些地區火災史無前例?？茖W家告訴我們，氣溫每升高一度，閃電數量就會增長10%。畢竟，在一些地區閃電至今仍然是引起特大火災的重要因素。UNIT5TheaftermathofBPGulfOilSpillIntheaftermathoftheBPoilspill,PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists,environmentalists,andGulfCoastresidentswhenhedeclared,“We'redealingwithamassiveandpotentiallyunprecedentedenvironmentaldisaster.”Thesheersizeoftheoilspill–210,000gallonsadaycontaminatingtheGulfofMexico–hasmanypeopleworriedabouttheshortandlong-termenvironmentalharmitiscausing.英國石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奧巴馬總統在一次公開發言表達出了無數科學家、環保主義者以及墨西哥灣居民的心聲。他在發言中提到，“我們正在應對的是一場巨大的、史無前例的環境劫難”。天天足足有21萬加侖的原油泄漏并污染著墨西哥灣，這使得很多人為這次事件對環境所導致的短期和長期的危害感到擔憂。Theoilspillcouldseverelydamagefragileecosystemsforyears,possiblydecades.Beachesfouledbyoilspillsareverydifficulttocleanup.Tomakemattersworse,thespillthreatensbeachesjustasshorebirdsarenestingandseaturtlesarecomingashoretolaytheireggs.這次原油泄漏事件對脆弱的生態系統帶來的嚴重破壞會連續很數年，甚至數十年。被石油污染的海難很難被清理干凈。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油對海難導致污染的時間正是海鳥筑巢和海龜游到岸上孵蛋的季節。Evenworseistheeffecttheoilspillcouldhaveonsensitivesaltmarshesandmangrovecoastlines,whichwouldbepracticallyimpossibletocleanandthatsomefearmightbepermanentlydestroyed.Thesewetlandsareconsideredthenurseriesforthefishingandseafoodindustryandareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.Becausetheycovermuchmorelandareathanbeaches,theriskoftheirexposuretodamageisgreatlyincreased.尚有更糟的事情，石油污染還也許影響敏感的濕地和紅樹林海岸，而這將是幾乎不也許被清理干凈的，有些人甚至緊張這將是永久性的毀壞。這些濕地是捕魚業和水產品工業的搖籃，也是多種野生動物的棲息地和繁殖地。由于這些濕地面積遠遠大于海灘的面積，所以它們面臨破壞的風險就大大增長了。Fully98percentofthefishandshellfishharvestedintheGulfofMexicodependonestuaries,whicharecoastalwaterswherefreshwaterfromriversandstreamsmixwithseawater.Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.Manyspeciesdependonwetlandsforfood,shelter,andbreeding.在墨西哥灣捕獲的魚類和貝類中足有98%依靠河口生存，這些河口就是江河與海水匯合的地方。而河口又依賴于濕地保證其水的質量并為水產品供應鏈提供基礎。濕地是很多物種覓食、棲息和繁殖的場合。ThewatersoftheGulfofMexicoarehometohundredsofspeciesofaquaticlife.Thelongertheoilfoulsthewater,themorepollutedthefoodchainbecomes,whichcouldresultinlargefishkillsandseafoodtoocontaminatedforconsumption.墨西哥灣水域也是成百上千種水棲動物的家園。石油對海水導致污染的時間顛簸，水產品食物鏈被污染的限度就會越大，這最終會導致大量的魚類死亡以及水產品被嚴重污染而無法食用。1．Inthefirstsentence“PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists…”whatdoestheword“voice”mean?Voiceheremeans“toexpressanideaof…”2．Howlongcouldthedamagetotheecosystemlast?Thedamagetotheecosystemcouldlastdecades.3．Howimportantarethewetlandstothewildlife?Thewetlandsareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.4．Whyareestuariesdependentonwetlands?Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.5．HowwilltheoilspillaffecttheseafoodintheGulfofMexico?Manyfishwilldieandtheseafoodwillbetoocontaminatedforconsumption.ExercisesA．漢譯英1．如何盡快解決墨西哥灣原油泄漏是BP公司最為關注的問題。HowtourgentlydealwiththeoilspillattheGulfofMexicoremainsthebiggestconcernforBP.2．這起事故使環保人士對生態環境有了不小的擔憂。Thisaccidenthasmanyenvironmentalistsconcededaboutthedamageitdoestotheecosystem.3．原油泄漏不僅會污染海洋環境，更糟糕的是它還會給多種海洋生物帶來很大的威脅。Oilspillsdonotjustpollutetheocean,tomakethingsworse,theyposegreatthreattomanyspeciesofaquaticlifeaswell.4．所有小動物都要依靠媽媽給它們提供食物和保護。Allbabyanimalsaredependentontheirmothersforfoodandprotection.5．南極洲是多種企鵝的家。Antarcticaisthenaturalhabitatformanyspeciesofpenguins.B．英譯漢Anoilspillistheaccidentalpetroleumreleaseintotheenvironment.Onland,oilspillsareusuallylocalizedandthustheirimpactcanbeeliminatedrelativelyeasily.Incontrast,marineoilspillsmayresultinoilpollutionoverlargeareasandpresentseriousenvironmentalhazards.Theprimarysourceofaccidentaloilinputintoseasisassociatedwithoiltransportationbytankersandpipelines(about70%),whereasthecontributionofoffshoredrillingandproductionactivitiesisminimal(lessthan1%).Largeandcatastrophicspillsreleasingmorethan30,000tonsofoilarerelativelyrareeventsandtheirfrequencyinrecentdecadeshasdecreasedperceptibly.Yet,suchepisodeshavethepotentialtocausethemostseriousecologicalrisk(primarilyforseabirdsandmammals)andresultinlong-termenvironmentaldisturbances(mainlyincoastalzones)andeconomicimpactoncoastalactivities(especiallyonfisheriesandmariculture海洋生物養殖).原油泄漏是指由于事故石油泄漏到環境中的事件。在陸地上，由于原油泄漏發生在局部地區，因此其導致的影響相對來說容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄漏會導致大范圍的石油污染并帶來嚴重的環境危害。約有70%的海上原油泄漏事故的重要因素是與油輪與原油運送管道有關，而海上鉆井和采油活動引發的原油泄漏事件則占很小的比例（在1%以下）。泄漏三萬噸以上的重大劫難性原油泄漏事故并不多見，并且近幾十年來這些重大事故也在逐步減少。盡管如此，這類事故的發生仍然會對生態系統，是海鳥和哺乳動物，導致最嚴重的危害，并且導致海岸地區長期環境失調，對海岸商業活動（如捕魚業和生物養殖業）帶來經濟損失。Publicconcernovermarineoilspillshasbeenclearlyaugmentedsince1967.Morerecently,thehighlypublicized1989spilloftheExxonValdezinPrinceWilliamSound,AlaskacausedunprecedenteddamagetothefragileArcticsystem.Sincethen,impressivetechnical,political,andlegalexperienceinmanagingtheproblemhasbeengainedinmanycountriesandattheinternationallevel,mainlythroughanumberofConventionsinitiatedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO).公眾對海上原油泄漏事件的關注從1967的開始明顯上升。較近的一次原油泄漏事故，即眾所周知的1989年?？松尽巴郀柕滤埂碧栍洼喸诎⒗辜又萃踝訛硵R淺事件。這次事故對脆弱的北冰洋生態系統導致了有史以來最為嚴重的破壞。從那之后，國際海事組織召開了眾多會議，幫助很多國家以及國際社會在解決這一問題上獲得了很好的技術、政治和法律上的經驗。UNIT6GreenComputers“綠色”電腦Computermanufacturers,chipmakersandsoftwarecompaniesaredeveloping'greener'productsforenvironmentallyconsciousconsumers.Whilesometechcompaniesaredevelopingmoreenergy-efficientproductlines,othersarereleasingsoftwaretomakeexistingcomputersconsumeless.Andelectronicsmanufacturersareexpandingwaystomakenewcomputersoutofrecycledmaterials,aswellasencouragecustomerstorecycleoldmachines.Consumersmaypayaslightpremiumforsomeeco-friendlyelectronics,butmanypriceswillbecomparablewithtraditionalofferings.目前，電腦生產商、芯片制造者和軟件公司者紛紛開發“綠色”產品來滿足那些環保意識強烈的消費者的需要。一些科技公司開發了更節能的生產線，尚有一些公司推出了減少現有電腦耗電量的軟件。電子制造業不斷擴展工藝運用循環材料生產新電腦，并鼓勵消費者循環使用舊電腦。某些環保類電子產品也許需要消費者多花些錢，但仍然有很多環保電腦的價格跟傳統電腦差不多了。Severalfactorsarepushingcompaniestobegreener.Manywanttostayaheadofenvironmentallegislationandtogarnerfavorwithgreeninvestors,saysChristopherMines,ananalystwithForresterResearchInc.Andwithenergypriceshigh,theytryingtoappealtopeoplelikeMs.Conrad,whoarelookingforwaystochipawayatexpenses.有幾大因素推動著電腦公司更注重環保。許多公司希望走在環保法規的前面，贏得環保投產者的支持。同時，隨著能源價格上漲，他們正嘗試吸引那些高潮節省費用的消費者。Thecomputerindustryhasbeenworkingonimprovingenergyconsumptionforyears.Thenewerfocushasbeenontoxinsandrecycling.Forexample,LenovoGroupLtd.,uses10%to25