中國(guó)石化專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)人員英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)參考用書(shū)（試用版）目錄第一部分通用英語(yǔ)UNIT1-UNIT30┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈1-127第二部分石油化工專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)油氣工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈128-176煉化工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈177-216第一部分通用英語(yǔ)UNIT1HowtobeHappyInthepasttwoweekswehavelookedatthehappinessformuladefinedbypositivepsychologistMartinSeligman,whereH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).Thisweekwelookattheconditionsinlifethatcanimproveourhappinessquotient.Step1:PeaceandquietJonathonHaidtinhisexcellentbook,'TheHappinessHypothesis',notesthatresearchshowsthatwecannevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution.Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponses(theotheristhefearoffalling)andwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.Noisyneighboursareoneofthemostemotivecausesofdomesticupsetforaverygoodreason.Itisessentialtohavesomepeaceandquieteveryday.Ifyouareunfortunateenoughtolivesomewherenoisy,persistwithcomplainingtoyourlocalcouncil.Additionally,trywearingwaxearplugstogiveyousomerespite.IfyouneedyourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesaltruismtoyourneighbours,whichwillmakeyouandthemfeelgood.Step2:RelationshipsThisisthemostimportantofalltheexternalconditionsthatcanimproveyourhappinessquotient.Oftenourdeepestsourcesofunhappinessarefoundinpoorrelationshipswithothers.Acolleagueatworkwhobulliesordismissesuscreatesuntoldwretchedness.Acruellyconflictualrelationshipwithapartnerorloverleavesusfeelingbetrayedandabandoned.Arelationshipwithourparentsorchildrenwhichisnotbasedoncompassionate,unconditionalregardcreatesisolationandmisery.Weneverfullyadapttohostilerelationships,theyinvidiouslycontaminateourwellbeing,squattinginsideourmindsasunresolved,destructiveruminations.Whenfacedwithsuchrelationships,themostpositivethingwecandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.Step3:ShareIfyouhavediscoveredconditionsorchoicesinlifethathavesignificantlyimprovedyourwellbeing,Iwouldliketosharethemwithreaders.Passingonwhatworksisessentialtoimproveourownandthewellbeingofothers.如何獲得幸福：尋找幸福公式？過(guò)去兩周我們研究了一項(xiàng)幸福公式，這是由樂(lè)觀心理學(xué)家馬丁塞利格曼定義的。H(幸福)=S(個(gè)人生理幸福感受的固定指數(shù))+C(個(gè)人生活狀態(tài))+V(個(gè)人主觀選擇)本周我們將著眼于能提高幸福指數(shù)的生活狀態(tài)。第一步：平和寧?kù)o喬納森海迪在他的優(yōu)秀著作《幸福假說(shuō)》當(dāng)中提到，研究調(diào)查顯示，我們不也許完全適應(yīng)噪音污染，無(wú)論是新近的還是長(zhǎng)期的。巨大噪聲會(huì)引起我們某種面對(duì)恐驚本能反映(另一種是對(duì)于墜落的恐驚)，假如周遭噪音喧鬧，我們不也許完全放松。這樣看來(lái)，吵鬧的鄰居的確對(duì)我們家庭不和起到很大影響。每日保持平和寧?kù)o事關(guān)重要。假如不幸你生活環(huán)境比較吵，請(qǐng)一定要堅(jiān)持去居委會(huì)投訴。此外，試試實(shí)用耳塞，也許會(huì)緩解噪聲。假如你一定要大聲看電視聽(tīng)收銀放音樂(lè)的話，記得戴上耳機(jī)，別影響鄰里，這樣可以使雙方都感到舒適。第二步：人際關(guān)系這是增長(zhǎng)幸福指數(shù)的一條至關(guān)重要的內(nèi)部條件。我們感到不快樂(lè)的最深層因素，往往就是人際關(guān)系欠佳。假如一個(gè)在職同事對(duì)我們表達(dá)威嚇的話，會(huì)導(dǎo)致難以言語(yǔ)的抑郁情緒。與拍檔或者愛(ài)人的關(guān)系陷入殘酷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之中，會(huì)讓我們感到背叛和背棄。與父母孩子之間的關(guān)系缺少同情心和無(wú)私關(guān)心，那么這會(huì)導(dǎo)致隔閡生產(chǎn)痛苦。我們不也許適應(yīng)這種敵對(duì)關(guān)系，這種不良的人際關(guān)系會(huì)損害身心健康，長(zhǎng)期留存在我們心里，會(huì)讓人陷入無(wú)以解決的惡性心理困境。當(dāng)我們面臨這類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)，最佳的辦法，就是直面難題，挽救關(guān)系，或者學(xué)著繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。第三步：分享假如你發(fā)現(xiàn)生活狀態(tài)或者做的某項(xiàng)決定對(duì)幸福生活有極大幫助的話，我很想將其和讀者們分享。將有用的發(fā)現(xiàn)與更多人分享，這對(duì)增進(jìn)自己的幸福和別人的幸福都有積極作用。1.What’sthehappinessformulaaccordingtopassage?TheformulareferstoH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).2．Whycanwenevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution?Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponsesandwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.3．Howcouldwemakebothourselvesandtheneighborsfeelgood?IfweneedourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesourkindnessandconsiderationtoourneighbors.4．Wheredoestheunhappinesscomefrom?Ourunhappinessoftencomesfrompoorrelationshipwithothers.5．whatisthepositivewaytofacewiththecruellyconflictualrelationship?Whatyoucandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.ExercisesA．漢譯英1．吵鬧的鄰居的確對(duì)我們家庭不和有很大影響。Noisyneighborsareoneofthemajorcausesofdomesticupset.2．在職場(chǎng)上，假如一個(gè)同事對(duì)我們表達(dá)威嚇的話，會(huì)導(dǎo)致難以言表的抑郁情緒。Acolleagueatworkwhobulliesordismissesuscreatesuntoldwretchedness.3．我們不也許適應(yīng)這種敵對(duì)關(guān)系，這種不良的人際關(guān)系會(huì)損害身心健康。Wecanneverfullyadapttohostilerelationship,whichinevitablydamageourwellbeing.4．假如這種壞情緒長(zhǎng)時(shí)間留在人們的心里，會(huì)讓人陷入無(wú)法解決的惡性心理困境。Ifthisbadmoodstaysinsideourmind,itwillleadustoanunresolveddestructivedepression.5．我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)回避這些問(wèn)題，而是要對(duì)的面對(duì)它們。Weshouldnotavoidtheseproblemsbutfacetheminstead.B．英譯漢Therearemanybenefitstobeinghappy.Happierpeopletendtobehealthier,livelongerandearnmore.Theyalsotendtovolunteermore,bebetteratrelationshipsandsmilemoreofwhatpsychologistscall“Duchenne”orgenuinesmiles.Lesswellunderstoodiswhyhappinessiscontagious.幸福有許多好處。更幸福的人往往更健康、更長(zhǎng)壽、掙得更多。他們通常也會(huì)從事更多的志愿工作、更善于解決人際關(guān)系、發(fā)出更多心理學(xué)家所說(shuō)的“杜興微笑”(Duchennesmile)，即真誠(chéng)的微笑。讓人不太理解的是，為什么幸福可以傳染。AccordingtoJamesFowlerandNicholasChristakis,authorsoftheinternationalbestsellerConnected,peoplesurroundedbymanyhappyfriends,familymembersandneighbourswhoarecentraltotheirsocialnetworkbecomesignificantlyhappierinthefuture.Morespecifically,theysaywewillbecome25percenthappierwithourlifeifafriendwholiveswithinamileofusbecomessignificantlyhappierwithhisorherlife.全球暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)Connected的作者詹姆斯?福勒(JamesFowler)和尼古拉斯?克里斯塔基斯(NicholasChristakis)發(fā)現(xiàn)，假如你身邊那些人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)中重要的朋友、家人與鄰居，有許多都很幸福，那么你將來(lái)也會(huì)幸福很多。他們表達(dá)，更準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，假如居住在離你1英里內(nèi)的一個(gè)朋友生活幸福感得到顯著提高，你的生活幸福感就會(huì)增長(zhǎng)25%。Similareffectsareseeninco-residentspouses(8percenthappier);siblingswholivewithinamileofeachother(14percent);andnext-doorneighbours(34percent).Whatthisimpliesisthatthemagnitudeofhappinessspreadseemstodependmoreonfrequentsocialcontact(duetophysicalproximity)thanondeepsocialconnections.Alas,forsomereasonthisdoesn’ttranslatetotheworkplace.存在同樣效應(yīng)的尚有同居配偶（幸福感提高8%）、居住在1英里之內(nèi)的兄弟姐妹（14%）和鄰居（34%）。這意味著，幸福傳播的強(qiáng)度似乎更多有賴于社會(huì)交往的頻繁度（與地區(qū)鄰近相關(guān)），而不是社會(huì)關(guān)系的深度。哎呀，可惜出于某種因素，這并不合用于工作場(chǎng)合。So,whyishappinesscontagious?Onereasonmaybethathappypeoplesharetheirgoodfortunewiththeirfriendsandfamily(forexample,bybeingpragmaticallyhelpfulorfinanciallygenerous).Anotherreasoncouldbethathappypeopletendtochangetheirbehaviourforthebetterbybeingnicerorlesshostiletothoseclosetothem.Oritcouldjustbethatpositiveemotionsarehighlycontagious.那么，為什么幸福可以傳染？一個(gè)因素或許是，幸福的人會(huì)與親朋好友分享好運(yùn)氣（例如，提供實(shí)際的幫助，或在經(jīng)濟(jì)上慷慨解囊）。另一個(gè)因素也許是，幸福的人往往會(huì)改善自己的行為，會(huì)對(duì)周邊的人更加和諧，或不那么有敵意。又或許只是由于正面情緒具有高度傳染性。UNIT2CityDesignWhenI’mbeingdriventhroughacityfromourhoteltoaconferencecenter,Icouldn’thelpbutnotetheoverwhelmingpresenceofcarsandparkinglots.Theworld’scitiesareintrouble.Inhundredsofcities,thelifeofdailylifeisdeteriorating.Breathingtheairinsomecitiesisequivalenttosmokingtwopacksofcigarettesperday.Thenumberofhourscommutersspendgoingnowheresittingintraffic-congestedstreetsandhighwaysclimbshighereachyear,raisingfrustrationlevels.當(dāng)我從旅館乘車(chē)穿行城市前往會(huì)議中心時(shí)，映入眼簾的是無(wú)處不在的汽車(chē)和停車(chē)場(chǎng)。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，數(shù)以百計(jì)的城市平常生活的質(zhì)量正在不斷下降。在一些城市，天天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。天天上班族驅(qū)車(chē)時(shí)因街道和道路堵塞而寸步難行，耽擱的時(shí)間逐年升高，郁悶也隨之加深。Inresponsetotheseconditions,weareseeingtheemergenceofanewurbanism.Injustafewyears,manycitybannedtheparkingofcarsonsidewalks,createdorrenovatedmoreparks,introducedahighlysuccessfulbus-basedrapidtransitsystem,builthundredsofkilometersofbicyclepathsandpedestrianstreets,reducedrushhourtraffic,plantedmoretreesandinvolvedlocalcitizensdirectlyintheimprovementoftheirneighborhoods.Thequalityofurbanlifeinthesecitieshasbeengreatlyenhancedwiththevisionofacitydesignedforpeople.針對(duì)上述情況，我們可以看到一種新城市主義的理念正在興起。在短短的幾年內(nèi)，許多城市的人行道上不再允許停車(chē)，新建和改造了更多的停車(chē)場(chǎng)，建立了一套以公共汽車(chē)為基礎(chǔ)的極為成功的快速運(yùn)營(yíng)系統(tǒng)，興建了數(shù)百公里的自行車(chē)道和步行街，高峰時(shí)段的交通擁擠得以減緩，種植了更多的樹(shù)木，并吸取本地市民直接參與社區(qū)的改善工作。城市設(shè)計(jì)以人為本的理念使這些城市的生活質(zhì)量有了很大的提高。Nowgovernmentplannerseverywhereareexperimenting,seekingwaystodesigncitiesforpeoplenotcars.Carspromisemobility.Butinanurbanizingworldthereisaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecity.Afterapoint,astheirnumbersmultiply,automobilesprovidenotmobilitybutimmobility.現(xiàn)在，各地政府的規(guī)劃者們都在嘗試尋找為了人而不是汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)城市的方法。汽車(chē)應(yīng)帶給人們活動(dòng)的便捷。但是在一個(gè)不斷城市化的世界里，存在著一個(gè)根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽車(chē)與城市之間的矛盾。超過(guò)一個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)之后，隨著汽車(chē)數(shù)量的累加，汽車(chē)提供的不再是便捷，而停滯。Basedonthisperspective,somecitiesinindustrialanddevelopingcountriesalikewilldramaticallyincreaseurbanmobilitybymovingawayfromthecar.Letmeremindyouoncemore,citiesarebuiltforpeople,notforcars.Acityfullofcarsislikewhatthehorrifyingsci-fidepicted–allmechanismandnohuman.Inordertoavoidthisdisaster,we’dbetterstartdesigningsustainablecities.基于這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，無(wú)論在發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)國(guó)家還是發(fā)展中國(guó)家，一些城市將會(huì)通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)離汽車(chē)來(lái)極大增長(zhǎng)市區(qū)的通暢。讓我再次提醒你，城市是為了人，不是為了汽車(chē)而建設(shè)的。擠滿汽車(chē)的城市就像恐怖的科幻小說(shuō)里描繪的——全是機(jī)械，沒(méi)有人性。為了避免這場(chǎng)劫難，我們最佳開(kāi)始設(shè)計(jì)可連續(xù)發(fā)展的城市。1．Whatmeansoftransportationdoestheauthortaketotheconferencecenter?（Hetakes）abus.2．Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhatishappeningincitieswheretherearemorecars?Carsnotonlydoharmtopeople’shealthbutalsocauseheavytrafficjam.3．Whatdoesthelastsentence“thevisionofacitydesignedforpeople”inparagraph2mean?Designcitiesforpeoplenot(for)cars.4．Whyisthereaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecityinurbanareas?Becausepeopledependlargelyoncars.5．Howwouldacitylooklikeifcarswereeverywhere?Therewouldbeallcars(mechanism)nohuman.ExercisesA．漢譯英1．隨著大量市民被迫遷到遙遠(yuǎn)的郊外，汽車(chē)的需求量正在飛漲。Thedemandforcarsissoaringasgrowingnumbersofcitizensarepushedintodistantsuburbs.2．生態(tài)城市將把傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)要素同最先進(jìn)的綠色技術(shù)相結(jié)合。Theeco-citywillcombineelementsoftraditionaldesignwiththelatestgreentechnologies.3．預(yù)計(jì)到2023年將有一千輛燃料電池車(chē)投入使用，而2023年將增至一萬(wàn)輛。Onethousandfuel-cellvehicleswillbeestimatedtoputtouseby2023andincreaseto10,000by2023.4．如今，各地方政府幾乎無(wú)一不在探討有關(guān)生態(tài)農(nóng)村、生態(tài)城市計(jì)劃的話題。Thesedays,thereishardlyalocalgovernmentthatdoesnottalkaboutplansforaneco-village,townorevencity.5．全世界大約一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能緩解城市對(duì)環(huán)境影響的途徑勢(shì)在必行。Itisfairlynecessarytosearchforwaystoreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcitiesbecausearoundhalfoftheworld’spopulationisnowcity-dwellers(isnowlivingincities).B．英譯漢Onceatasupermarket,Ireadathought-provokingsignatthecheck-outcounter.Itsaidthestorewasusingonlyplasticbags.Thesupermarketclaimedthattheenergyandexhaustfumesexpelledtotransportfumesexpelledtoproduceandtransportthesamenumberofpaperbagsoutweighedthefactthatplasticwasn'tbiodegradable.Paperbagstakeupmorespaceandrequiremoretrucksfortransport,sothestorebelieveditwaslesseningitscarbonfootprintbyusingplastic.Itgotmethinkingfurther.Whynotaskforplasticandbringyourusedplasticbagseachtimeyouvisitthegrocerystore?Ifyouusethemfiveorsixtimes,oruntiltheystarttofallapart,youhavereallydoneagoodthing.Youcanalsousethemtolineyoursmallwastebaskets,insteadofpurchasingplastictrashbags.有一次在一家超市的收銀處，我看到了一則發(fā)人深思的廣告，上面寫(xiě)著：本店只用塑料袋。超市聲稱：事實(shí)上生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)送同量紙袋所消耗的能源和所排放的廢氣的危害大大超過(guò)塑料袋不能進(jìn)行生物降解的危害。并且紙袋占用的空間更大，需要更多的卡車(chē)運(yùn)送。因此，超市認(rèn)為使用塑料袋可以減少碳足跡。該告示促使我作了進(jìn)一步的思考。為什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去雜貨店時(shí)帶上反復(fù)使用呢？假如能用上五六次，或者用到破了為止，你豈不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋鋪在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再買(mǎi)垃圾專(zhuān)用塑料袋。UNIT3PopulationAveryimportantworldproblemistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.在我們這個(gè)星球上居住的人越來(lái)越多，是一個(gè)很重要的全球問(wèn)題。假如繼續(xù)按照現(xiàn)有的增長(zhǎng)率發(fā)展下去，那么有限的土地及土地資源不久不能養(yǎng)活這么巨大的人口。Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace?Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas“DeathControl”.Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm”BirthControl”.”DeathControl”issomethingratherdifficult.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewho,notverylongago,wouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandthecontrolofdeadlydiseases,wehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie.However,thissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind.那么為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)人口的大量增長(zhǎng)呢？這的確是由于知識(shí)的廣泛傳播和眾所周知的“死亡控制”的結(jié)果。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，你肯定聽(tīng)到過(guò)“生育控制”這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它認(rèn)可了醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家的工作，現(xiàn)在他們可以留住那些患有各種各樣絕癥的病人的生命。而這些絕癥在不久之前還是不可治愈的。通過(guò)大范圍的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，其中涉及耕作方法和對(duì)絕癥的控制，我們已經(jīng)找到減少死亡率的方法。然而，正是這項(xiàng)成功給人類(lèi)帶來(lái)最大的威脅。Ifweexaminetheamountoflandavailableforthisever-increasingpopulation,webegintoseetheproblem.Ifeveryoneontheplanethadanequalshareofland,wewouldeachhaveabout50,000squaremeters.Thisfigureseemstobequiteencouraginguntilweexaminetheamountofusablelandweactuallyhave.Morethanthree-fifthsoftheworld’slandcannotproducefood.假如計(jì)算一下維持不斷增長(zhǎng)的人口所需的土地量，我們就能意識(shí)到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。假如這個(gè)星球上的每個(gè)人都平均分一塊土地，我們每個(gè)人會(huì)擁有五萬(wàn)平方米。這個(gè)數(shù)字看似相稱振奮人心，而當(dāng)我們計(jì)算一個(gè)每個(gè)人的實(shí)際可用耕地之后，就知道情況不太樂(lè)觀了。由于世界上超過(guò)3/5的土地都不能生產(chǎn)糧食。Obviously,withsolittlelandtosupportus,weshouldbetakinggreatcarenottoreduceitfurther.Butwearenot!Instead,weareconsumingits“capital”-itsnonrenewablefossilfuelsandothermineraldepositsthattookmillionsofyearstoformbutwhicharenowbeingdestroyedindecades.Wearealsodoingthesamewithothervitalresourcesnotusuallythoughtofasbeingnonrenewablesuchasfertilesoils,groundwaterandthemillionsofotherspeciesthatsharetheearthwithus.顯然，可以養(yǎng)活我們的耕地如此之少，我們就應(yīng)當(dāng)想方設(shè)法不要讓耕地繼續(xù)減少下去。但是，我們并沒(méi)有這樣做！反而我們正在消耗它的“本錢(qián)”——其不可再生的化石燃料與其它礦藏，它們是在幾百萬(wàn)年的時(shí)間里才形成的，然而現(xiàn)在，幾十年內(nèi)就會(huì)被消耗殆盡。我們對(duì)待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然資源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百萬(wàn)年與我們共同居住的地球上的物種。1．Whatcanbelearntaboutthepopulationgrowthatpresent?Itcontinuestoincrease/growatitspresentrate.2．Accordingtothearticle,whatcontributestothepopulationincrease?DeathControl.3．Whatisthedoctor’sjobaccordingtoparagraph2?Theykeeppeoplewhosufferfromincurablediseasesalive.4．Whyisn’tthereenoughlandtosupporthumanbeings?Becausetheworld’slandhasalreadybeentakenup/occupiedbytheever-increasingpopulation.5．Inparagraph4thefertilesoilsareconsideredasnonrenewable.ExercisesA．漢譯英1．亞洲大陸面積占世界陸地面積的29%。Asiamakesuptwenty-ninepercentoftheworld’slandarea.2．人口的增長(zhǎng)使土地必須生產(chǎn)更多的糧食。Theincreasingpopulationmakesitnecessaryfortheearthtoproducemoregrain.3．我們應(yīng)當(dāng)先進(jìn)行抽樣調(diào)查再寫(xiě)報(bào)告。Weshouldconductasamplinginvestigationbeforewewritethereport.4．我認(rèn)可我在工作中因缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)犯過(guò)這樣那樣的錯(cuò)誤。IadmitthatduetolackofexperienceIhavemademistakesofallkinds.5．中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)和商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，促進(jìn)了職業(yè)流動(dòng)和人口流動(dòng)。ThedevelopmentofmodernindustryandcommodityeconomyinChinahaspromotedoccupational(mobility)andpopulationmobility.B．英譯漢Areport,basedonUnitedNationsprojectionsshowingslow,steadygrowthofeconomiesandpopulations,suggeststhatbymidcentury,humanity’sdemandonnaturewillbetwicethebiosphere’sproductivecapacity.Atthislevelofecologicaldeficit,exhaustionofecologicalassetsandlarge-scaleecosystemcollapsebecomereal.一份以聯(lián)合國(guó)所作的經(jīng)濟(jì)和人口緩解增長(zhǎng)的預(yù)期為基礎(chǔ)的報(bào)告顯示，到本世紀(jì)中葉，人類(lèi)對(duì)自然界的需求將達(dá)成生態(tài)圈自身生產(chǎn)能力的兩倍。在這樣的生態(tài)“赤字”水平下，生態(tài)資源的枯竭和大規(guī)模的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)崩潰將會(huì)成為事實(shí)。Movingtowardssustainabilitydependsonsignificantactionnow.Populationsizechangesslowly,andhuman-madecapital–homes,cars,roads,factories,orpowerplants–canlastformanydecades.Thisimpliesthatpolicyandinvestmentdecisionsmadetodaywillcontinuetodetermineourresourcedemandthroughoutmuchofthe21stcentury.向可連續(xù)發(fā)展的轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)Q于現(xiàn)在所采用的重大行動(dòng)。人口數(shù)量變化緩慢，而人類(lèi)發(fā)明的資本，如住宅、汽車(chē)、道路、工廠或發(fā)電站等會(huì)連續(xù)幾十年。這意味著，今天所作的政策和投資決策將決定我們?cè)?1世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間里對(duì)資源的連續(xù)需求。UNIT4Earthquake地震Earthquakesmayberankedasoneofthemostdestructiveforcesknowntoman:sincerecordsbegantobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimatedthatearthquake-relatedfatalities(死亡)havenumberedinthemillions,andthatearthquake-relateddestructionhasbeenbeyondcalculation.Thegreaterpartofsuchdamageandlossoflifehadbeenduetocollapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,disease,tsunamis,andotherobservableeventsresultingfromearthquakes,ratherthanfromquakesthemselves.地震是人類(lèi)所知的最具有破壞力的自然災(zāi)害之一。自從有記載以來(lái)，估計(jì)由地震導(dǎo)致的死亡達(dá)數(shù)百萬(wàn)以上，地震導(dǎo)致的破壞更是不計(jì)其數(shù)。地震導(dǎo)致的破壞如此之大，死亡如此之多，重要是由于地震引發(fā)的建筑物倒塌、巖石崩落、洪水、火災(zāi)、疾病等現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致的，而不是由于地震自身。Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakesoccurintwospecificgeographicareas.OnesuchareacoversthePacificOceananditsborderinglandmasses.TheotherextendsfromtheEastIndianstotheAtlasMountains,includingtheHimalayas,Iran,TurkeyandtheAlpineregions.Itisinthesetwogreatbeltsorzonesthatninetypercentofallearthquakestakeplace;theymay,however,happenanywhereatanytime.大多數(shù)地震發(fā)生在兩個(gè)獨(dú)特的地理位置。一個(gè)是環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)及相鄰的大陸架，另一個(gè)是從印度東部延伸到阿特拉斯山脈，其中涉及喜馬拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿爾卑斯地區(qū)。那里隨時(shí)隨地都也許發(fā)生地震。Thiselementofunknownhasforcenturiesaddedgreatlytothedeadandhorrorsurroundingearthquakes,butinrecenttimestherehavebeenindicationsthatearthquakeforecastmaybepossible.Byanalyzingchangesinanimalbehavior,patternsofmovementsintheearth'sshell,variationsintheearth'sforceofattraction,andthefrequencywithwhichminorearthshakesareobserved,scientistshaveshownincreasingsuccessinexpectingwhenandwhereearthquakeswillstrike.Asaresult,aworldwideearthquakewarningnetworkisalreadyinoperationandhashelpedtopreparefor(andthuslessen)thevastdestructionthatmightotherwisehavebeentotallyunexpected.幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，這種對(duì)于地震的未知性更大大地增長(zhǎng)了地震的可怕和恐驚性。但近幾年來(lái)已有跡象表白地震預(yù)測(cè)是也許的。通過(guò)度析動(dòng)物行為的變化，地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式，地球磁場(chǎng)和地心引力的變化以及監(jiān)測(cè)到的輕微地震的頻率，科學(xué)家在預(yù)測(cè)地震發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)上已取得了不斷的成功。因此，世界性地震預(yù)警網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，并且已經(jīng)幫助人們對(duì)大范圍的破壞做好準(zhǔn)備，而這些破壞也也許完全不能預(yù)料的。Itisdoubtfulthatmanwilleverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandgetridoftheirdestructivenessaltogether,butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpossibledamagebeforetheyoccur.人類(lèi)是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破壞力尚未知。但是，隨著我們對(duì)地震發(fā)生的方式和因素有了更多的了解，在地震發(fā)生之前，我們就能更好地應(yīng)對(duì)也許導(dǎo)致的破壞。1．Whatarethecausesofthegreatpartofthedamageandlossoflife?Collapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,diseaseandotherphenomenafromearthquakes.2．Wherearethetwomostactiveearthquakebeltsintheworld?TheareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses,EastindianstotheAtlasMountains.3．Whatfactdoes“elementoftheunknown”inparagraph3referto?Itreferstothefacttheearthquakescanhappenanywhereatanytime.4．Whatfourwaysareusedtoanticipateearthquakeactivity?a)analyzingchanesinanimalbehaviorb)patternsofmovementsintheearth’scrustc)variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth’smagneticfieldd)observationofthefrequencyofminorearthtremors5．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthepossibilityofearthquakepredictions?EarthquakepredictionisbecomingmoreandmorepossibleExercisesA．漢譯英1．會(huì)議的準(zhǔn)備工作正在順利地進(jìn)行著。Preparationsforthemeetingareproceedingsmoothly.2．科技發(fā)展在解決老問(wèn)題的同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了一些新問(wèn)題。Astechnologicaladvancementsolvesoldproblems,italsocreatesnewonce.3．1976年唐山大地震是歷史上最嚴(yán)重的自然災(zāi)害之一。The1976earthquakeinTangshanwasoneofthegreatestnaturaldisastersinhistory.4．近幾年來(lái)，中國(guó)、日本和美國(guó)對(duì)地震發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)取得了一定的進(jìn)步。Inrecentyears,China,JapanandtheU.Shavemadecertainprogressinforecastingwhenandwhereearthquakeswilloccur.5．地震能導(dǎo)致慘重的人員傷亡，毀壞建筑物，如大樓、橋梁、大壩等設(shè)施。Earthquakecauseseverecasualtiesanddestroyconstructionslikebuildings,damsandbridges.B．英譯漢Ourweathersurelyisgettingstrange。Thereseemtobemoretornadoesthaninlivememory,longerdroughts,biggerdownpoursandrecordfloods.Unprecedentedfiresareburninginsomeareas.Scientiststellusthatforeveryonedegreeincreaseintemperature,lightningstrikeswillgoupanother10percent.Anditislightning,afterall,thatisprincipallyresponsibleforignitingtheconflagrationinsomeareastoday.天氣的確越來(lái)越反常。在人們記憶中，龍卷風(fēng)似乎更加頻繁、旱災(zāi)連續(xù)更加久、暴雨更加大、洪災(zāi)也創(chuàng)下紀(jì)錄、在一些地區(qū)火災(zāi)史無(wú)前例。科學(xué)家告訴我們，氣溫每升高一度，閃電數(shù)量就會(huì)增長(zhǎng)10%。畢竟，在一些地區(qū)閃電至今仍然是引起特大火災(zāi)的重要因素。UNIT5TheaftermathofBPGulfOilSpillIntheaftermathoftheBPoilspill,PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists,environmentalists,andGulfCoastresidentswhenhedeclared,“We'redealingwithamassiveandpotentiallyunprecedentedenvironmentaldisaster.”Thesheersizeoftheoilspill–210,000gallonsadaycontaminatingtheGulfofMexico–hasmanypeopleworriedabouttheshortandlong-termenvironmentalharmitiscausing.英國(guó)石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在一次公開(kāi)發(fā)言表達(dá)出了無(wú)數(shù)科學(xué)家、環(huán)保主義者以及墨西哥灣居民的心聲。他在發(fā)言中提到，“我們正在應(yīng)對(duì)的是一場(chǎng)巨大的、史無(wú)前例的環(huán)境劫難”。天天足足有21萬(wàn)加侖的原油泄漏并污染著墨西哥灣，這使得很多人為這次事件對(duì)環(huán)境所導(dǎo)致的短期和長(zhǎng)期的危害感到擔(dān)憂。Theoilspillcouldseverelydamagefragileecosystemsforyears,possiblydecades.Beachesfouledbyoilspillsareverydifficulttocleanup.Tomakemattersworse,thespillthreatensbeachesjustasshorebirdsarenestingandseaturtlesarecomingashoretolaytheireggs.這次原油泄漏事件對(duì)脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)帶來(lái)的嚴(yán)重破壞會(huì)連續(xù)很數(shù)年，甚至數(shù)十年。被石油污染的海難很難被清理干凈。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油對(duì)海難導(dǎo)致污染的時(shí)間正是海鳥(niǎo)筑巢和海龜游到岸上孵蛋的季節(jié)。Evenworseistheeffecttheoilspillcouldhaveonsensitivesaltmarshesandmangrovecoastlines,whichwouldbepracticallyimpossibletocleanandthatsomefearmightbepermanentlydestroyed.Thesewetlandsareconsideredthenurseriesforthefishingandseafoodindustryandareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.Becausetheycovermuchmorelandareathanbeaches,theriskoftheirexposuretodamageisgreatlyincreased.尚有更糟的事情，石油污染還也許影響敏感的濕地和紅樹(shù)林海岸，而這將是幾乎不也許被清理干凈的，有些人甚至緊張這將是永久性的毀壞。這些濕地是捕魚(yú)業(yè)和水產(chǎn)品工業(yè)的搖籃，也是多種野生動(dòng)物的棲息地和繁殖地。由于這些濕地面積遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于海灘的面積，所以它們面臨破壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就大大增長(zhǎng)了。Fully98percentofthefishandshellfishharvestedintheGulfofMexicodependonestuaries,whicharecoastalwaterswherefreshwaterfromriversandstreamsmixwithseawater.Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.Manyspeciesdependonwetlandsforfood,shelter,andbreeding.在墨西哥灣捕獲的魚(yú)類(lèi)和貝類(lèi)中足有98%依靠河口生存，這些河口就是江河與海水匯合的地方。而河口又依賴于濕地保證其水的質(zhì)量并為水產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈提供基礎(chǔ)。濕地是很多物種覓食、棲息和繁殖的場(chǎng)合。ThewatersoftheGulfofMexicoarehometohundredsofspeciesofaquaticlife.Thelongertheoilfoulsthewater,themorepollutedthefoodchainbecomes,whichcouldresultinlargefishkillsandseafoodtoocontaminatedforconsumption.墨西哥灣水域也是成百上千種水棲動(dòng)物的家園。石油對(duì)海水導(dǎo)致污染的時(shí)間顛簸，水產(chǎn)品食物鏈被污染的限度就會(huì)越大，這最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致大量的魚(yú)類(lèi)死亡以及水產(chǎn)品被嚴(yán)重污染而無(wú)法食用。1．Inthefirstsentence“PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists…”whatdoestheword“voice”mean?Voiceheremeans“toexpressanideaof…”2．Howlongcouldthedamagetotheecosystemlast?Thedamagetotheecosystemcouldlastdecades.3．Howimportantarethewetlandstothewildlife?Thewetlandsareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.4．Whyareestuariesdependentonwetlands?Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.5．HowwilltheoilspillaffecttheseafoodintheGulfofMexico?Manyfishwilldieandtheseafoodwillbetoocontaminatedforconsumption.ExercisesA．漢譯英1．如何盡快解決墨西哥灣原油泄漏是BP公司最為關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。HowtourgentlydealwiththeoilspillattheGulfofMexicoremainsthebiggestconcernforBP.2．這起事故使環(huán)保人士對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境有了不小的擔(dān)憂。Thisaccidenthasmanyenvironmentalistsconcededaboutthedamageitdoestotheecosystem.3．原油泄漏不僅會(huì)污染海洋環(huán)境，更糟糕的是它還會(huì)給多種海洋生物帶來(lái)很大的威脅。Oilspillsdonotjustpollutetheocean,tomakethingsworse,theyposegreatthreattomanyspeciesofaquaticlifeaswell.4．所有小動(dòng)物都要依靠媽媽給它們提供食物和保護(hù)。Allbabyanimalsaredependentontheirmothersforfoodandprotection.5．南極洲是多種企鵝的家。Antarcticaisthenaturalhabitatformanyspeciesofpenguins.B．英譯漢Anoilspillistheaccidentalpetroleumreleaseintotheenvironment.Onland,oilspillsareusuallylocalizedandthustheirimpactcanbeeliminatedrelativelyeasily.Incontrast,marineoilspillsmayresultinoilpollutionoverlargeareasandpresentseriousenvironmentalhazards.Theprimarysourceofaccidentaloilinputintoseasisassociatedwithoiltransportationbytankersandpipelines(about70%),whereasthecontributionofoffshoredrillingandproductionactivitiesisminimal(lessthan1%).Largeandcatastrophicspillsreleasingmorethan30,000tonsofoilarerelativelyrareeventsandtheirfrequencyinrecentdecadeshasdecreasedperceptibly.Yet,suchepisodeshavethepotentialtocausethemostseriousecologicalrisk(primarilyforseabirdsandmammals)andresultinlong-termenvironmentaldisturbances(mainlyincoastalzones)andeconomicimpactoncoastalactivities(especiallyonfisheriesandmariculture海洋生物養(yǎng)殖).原油泄漏是指由于事故石油泄漏到環(huán)境中的事件。在陸地上，由于原油泄漏發(fā)生在局部地區(qū)，因此其導(dǎo)致的影響相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄漏會(huì)導(dǎo)致大范圍的石油污染并帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境危害。約有70%的海上原油泄漏事故的重要因素是與油輪與原油運(yùn)送管道有關(guān)，而海上鉆井和采油活動(dòng)引發(fā)的原油泄漏事件則占很小的比例（在1%以下）。泄漏三萬(wàn)噸以上的重大劫難性原油泄漏事故并不多見(jiàn)，并且近幾十年來(lái)這些重大事故也在逐步減少。盡管如此，這類(lèi)事故的發(fā)生仍然會(huì)對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，是海鳥(niǎo)和哺乳動(dòng)物，導(dǎo)致最嚴(yán)重的危害，并且導(dǎo)致海岸地區(qū)長(zhǎng)期環(huán)境失調(diào)，對(duì)海岸商業(yè)活動(dòng)（如捕魚(yú)業(yè)和生物養(yǎng)殖業(yè)）帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。Publicconcernovermarineoilspillshasbeenclearlyaugmentedsince1967.Morerecently,thehighlypublicized1989spilloftheExxonValdezinPrinceWilliamSound,AlaskacausedunprecedenteddamagetothefragileArcticsystem.Sincethen,impressivetechnical,political,andlegalexperienceinmanagingtheproblemhasbeengainedinmanycountriesandattheinternationallevel,mainlythroughanumberofConventionsinitiatedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO).公眾對(duì)海上原油泄漏事件的關(guān)注從1967的開(kāi)始明顯上升。較近的一次原油泄漏事故，即眾所周知的1989年埃克森公司“瓦爾德斯”號(hào)油輪在阿拉斯加州威廉王子灣擱淺事件。這次事故對(duì)脆弱的北冰洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致了有史以來(lái)最為嚴(yán)重的破壞。從那之后，國(guó)際海事組織召開(kāi)了眾多會(huì)議，幫助很多國(guó)家以及國(guó)際社會(huì)在解決這一問(wèn)題上獲得了很好的技術(shù)、政治和法律上的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。UNIT6GreenComputers“綠色”電腦Computermanufacturers,chipmakersandsoftwarecompaniesaredeveloping'greener'productsforenvironmentallyconsciousconsumers.Whilesometechcompaniesaredevelopingmoreenergy-efficientproductlines,othersarereleasingsoftwaretomakeexistingcomputersconsumeless.Andelectronicsmanufacturersareexpandingwaystomakenewcomputersoutofrecycledmaterials,aswellasencouragecustomerstorecycleoldmachines.Consumersmaypayaslightpremiumforsomeeco-friendlyelectronics,butmanypriceswillbecomparablewithtraditionalofferings.目前，電腦生產(chǎn)商、芯片制造者和軟件公司者紛紛開(kāi)發(fā)“綠色”產(chǎn)品來(lái)滿足那些環(huán)保意識(shí)強(qiáng)烈的消費(fèi)者的需要。一些科技公司開(kāi)發(fā)了更節(jié)能的生產(chǎn)線，尚有一些公司推出了減少現(xiàn)有電腦耗電量的軟件。電子制造業(yè)不斷擴(kuò)展工藝運(yùn)用循環(huán)材料生產(chǎn)新電腦，并鼓勵(lì)消費(fèi)者循環(huán)使用舊電腦。某些環(huán)保類(lèi)電子產(chǎn)品也許需要消費(fèi)者多花些錢(qián)，但仍然有很多環(huán)保電腦的價(jià)格跟傳統(tǒng)電腦差不多了。Severalfactorsarepushingcompaniestobegreener.Manywanttostayaheadofenvironmentallegislationandtogarnerfavorwithgreeninvestors,saysChristopherMines,ananalystwithForresterResearchInc.Andwithenergypriceshigh,theytryingtoappealtopeoplelikeMs.Conrad,whoarelookingforwaystochipawayatexpenses.有幾大因素推動(dòng)著電腦公司更注重環(huán)保。許多公司希望走在環(huán)保法規(guī)的前面，贏得環(huán)保投產(chǎn)者的支持。同時(shí)，隨著能源價(jià)格上漲，他們正嘗試吸引那些高潮節(jié)省費(fèi)用的消費(fèi)者。Thecomputerindustryhasbeenworkingonimprovingenergyconsumptionforyears.Thenewerfocushasbeenontoxinsandrecycling.Forexample,LenovoGroupLtd.,uses10%to25