ContentsChapter1HistoryofInternationalTradeChapter2TheoriesofInternationalTradeChapter3CommodityScienceofInternationalTradeChapter4ExchangeRateChapter5ForeignDirectInvestmentChapter6PoliciesandRegulationofInternationalTradeChapter7MajorRegionalTradingBlocsChapter8WTOChapter9ProceduresoftheInternationalTradeChapter10Cross-BorderE-Commerce-ANewChannel全套可編輯PPT課件

Chapter1HistoryofInternationalTradeLearningObjectives1.Identifytheformsandfeaturesofinternationaltrade2.Understandhistoricaldevelopmentofinternationaltrade3.DescribeChina'shistoricaldevelopmentofinternationaltrade

4.DiscusstheimportantroleofChinaintheinternationaltradeSection1IntroductiontoInternationalTrade

1Trade⑴Definitions①

Thevoluntarytransferoftheownershipofgoodsorservicesfromoneperson

orentityasaneconomicactortoanotherinexchangeforothergoodsor

servicesorformoney②

Themovementofgoodsandservicesfromonegeographicalboundaryto

another⑵

ReasonsTradeexistsduetotheSpecializationandDivisionofLabor

⑴DefinitionTheexchangeofgoods,servicesandcapitalacrossinternationalbordersorterritories

①Typesofinternationaltrade

?Tradeingoods

?

TradeinServices:4modesbasedonWTO

●

cross-bordersupply：

●consumptionabroad：

●

commercialpresence：

●

movementofpersonnel：

2InternationalTrade②

InternationaltradeV.S.ForeigntradeThescopeoramplitude③

Participantsproducers+consumers+enterprises+nations④

Reasonsforinternationaltrade

?

Anadvantageintheproductionofsometradablecommodityincludingthe

productionofnaturalresourcesscarceelsewhere

?

Massproductionencouragedbydifferentregions'size⑵Disciplinarycategoryofinternationaltrade①

Economics

?

Greek“oikonomikos”:

?

Efficientallocationofthescarcefactorendowments

?

Howtorealizethebalanceofthefactorendowments

MicroeconomicsDependentoninternalfactorswithintheeconomy,suchasconsumersand

firms,andhowtheymakedecisionstoallocateresources

Macroeconomics:Involvingfactorsoutsideoftheeconomythataffectstheeconomyincluding

economygrowth,pricestability,fullemploymentandeconomiccycles?

Studytheassessmentoftheimplicationsofinternationaltrade&finance.?

Beconcernedwithhownationsinteractwithoneanotheroneconomicbasis.③Internationaltrade?

Applymicroeconomicmodelstohelpunderstandtheinternationaleconomy.?

Describeseconomicrelationshipsbetweenconsumers,firms,factorowners,

andthegovernment.④Internationalfinance?

Studymonetaryinteractionsbetweenmultiplecountriesratherthannarrowly

focusingonindividualmarkets,?

Expandmacroeconomicstoincludetheinternationalexchangestohelp

understandtheinternationaleconomy.?Institutionsofinternationalfinance:②Internationaleconomics⑤Evolutionofinternationaltrade

MicroeconomicsMacroeconomicsInternationalEconomicsHomeEconomics→→→

→→InternationalEconomics:

BasedonCommodity+MovementofFactors⑶Commonformsofinternationaltrade①

Exporting:②

Licensing:③

Franchising:④

Jointventure:

⑤

Directforeigninvestment:⑷Featuresofinternationaltrade

①

Heterogeneousmarkets

②

Differentlawsandpolicies③

Differenteconomicbehaviors④

Paymentinforeigncurrency⑤

Involvementwithgreaterrisks⑥

Facingmanyrestrictionsandscrutiny

⑦

Generationofmultiplebenefits

?

RiskofCredit

?

RiskofTransportation

?

RiskofExchangeRate

?

RiskofPolitics?

RiskofBusinessCheats?

RiskofLawSystem⑤Involvementwithgreaterrisks3ProsandConsofInternationalTrade⑴Prosofinternationaltrade①

Optimumutilizationofavailableresources②

Economiesoflarge-scaleproduction③

Creationofemploymentopportunities④

Benefitstoconsumers⑤

Anincreaseinthelivingstandard⑥

Earningvaluableforeigncurrency

⑦

Increaseingovernmentrevenue⑧

Culturaldevelopment⑨

Internationalpeaceandharmony⑵Consofinternationaltrade①

Colonization②

Exploitation③

Adverseeffectsontheeconomy④

Adverseeffectsonthehomeindustry

⑤

Dumpingpolicy⑥

Legalproblems

⑦

Publicityofundesirablefashions4EconomicTerms⑴SpecializationItisamethodofproductionwherebyanentityfocusesontheproductionofalimitedscopeofgoodstogainagreaterdegreeofefficiency.Manycountriesspecializeinproducingthegoodsandservicesthatarenativetotheirpartoftheworld,andtheytradethemforothergoodsandservices.

Thisspecializationisthusthebasisofglobaltrade,asfewcountrieshaveenoughproductioncapacitytobecompletelyself-sustaining.⑵DivisionoflaborTheconceptofdivisionoflaborwasoriginallycoinedin1776byAdamSmithinhisbookAWealthofNations.Thedivisionoflaboristhesegmentationofthetasksinanyeconomicsystemororganization,forexample,amanufacturingplant,sothateachparticipantmayfocusonaspecificpartoftheproductionprocess.Individuals,organizations,andnationsareendowedwithoracquirespecializedcapabilitiesandeitherformcombinationsortradetotakeadvantageofthecapabilitiesofothersinadditiontotheirown.Specializedcapabilitiesmayincludeequipmentornaturalresourcesaswellasskillsandtrainingandcombinationsofsuchassets.⑶Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)

GDPisthetotalmonetaryormarketvalueofallthefinishedgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountry'sbordersinaspecifictimeperiod.Asabroadmeasureofoveralldomesticproduction,itfunctionsasacomprehensivescorecardofagivencountry'seconomichealthandcanbeadjustedforinflationandpopulationtoprovidedeeperinsights.Thecalculationofacountry'sGDPencompassesallprivateandpublicconsumption,governmentoutlays,investments,additionstoprivateinventories,paid-inconstructioncosts,andtheforeignbalanceoftrade.5Notes⑴

BrettonwoodsconferenceTheConference,formallyUNMonetaryandFinancialConference,wascreatedatBrettonWoods,NewHampshire,duringWWIItomakefinancialarrangementsforthepostwarworldaftertheexpecteddefeatofGermanyandJapan.The730delegatesfrom44alliednationssignedtheBrettonWoodsagreementonJuly221944.Toregulatetheinternationalmonetarysystem,theaccordsestablishedtheInternationalMonetaryFundtofinanceshort-termimbalancesininternationalpaymentstostabilizeexchangeratesandtheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopmenttomakelong-termcapitalavailabletostatesurgentlyneedingsuchforeignaid,whichtodayispartoftheWorldBankGroup.Thedelegatesestablishedasystemthroughwhichafixedcurrencyexchangeratecouldbecreatedusinggoldstandard.Theconferencealsorecognizedthatexchangecontrolanddiscriminatorytariffsshouldbeendedassoonaspossible.TheIMFwascreatedin1945,whichattemptedtoencourageinternationalfinancialcooperationbyintroducingasystemofconvertiblecurrenciesatfixedexchangerates.Thedollarwasredeemableforgoldat$35perounceatthetime.ThemissionofIMFistofosterglobalmonetarycooperation,securefinancialstability,facilitateinternationaltrade,promotehighemploymentandsustainableeconomicgrowth,andreducepovertyaroundtheworld.BasedinD.C.,theorganizationiscurrentlycomposedof190membercountries,eachofwhichhasrepresentationontheIMF'sexecutiveboardinproportiontoitsfinancialimportance.QuotasareakeydeterminantofthevotingpowerinIMFdecisions.Votescompriseonevoteper100,000specialdrawingrights(SDR)ofquotaplusbasicvotes(sameforallmembers).SDRsareatypeofmonetaryreservecurrencyasasupplementtotheexistingmoneyreservesofmembercountries.⑵Internationalmonetaryfund(IMF)WorldBankGroupisamultilateraldevelopmentbankcreatedin1946,beginningastheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)toassistintherebuildingofEuropeandJapanintheaftermathoftheWWII.TheGroupprovidesadviceandfinancialassistanceintheformofdiscountedloansandgrantstoassistedcountriesstrugglingwithpoverty,withafocusonareassuchaswellness,education,andagriculture.TheGroupconsistsoffiveinstitutionalarms.Thefirsttwo–IBRDandtheIDA–togethermaketheWorldBank.Theotherthree–MIGA,IFC,andICSID–aresisterorganizationsthatsupportthebank’sactivitiesthroughspecificprograms.Ithas189membercountriesandisheadquarteredinD.C,withtheU.S.asthebank'slargestshareholder.TheU.S.presidentnominatesthebank'spresident,allofwhomhavesofarbeenU.S.citizens.⑶WorldbankgroupSection2HistoryofInternationalTrade

1AncientInternationalTrade

⑴Waterbornetraffic:3000-1000BC①

Firstextensivetraderoutes:theNile,theTigris&Euphrates,theIndusandtheYellowRiver②

Maritimetrade:MediterraneanareabetweenEgypt&MinoanCreteand

thenwestwardPhoeniciansandalongthenorthAfricancoast⑵

Caravantrade:from1000BC

①

CamelsexpeditionsorcaravansfromMediterraneantoIndia②

FromMediterraneantowestcoastofArabia,linkingIndiawithEgypt&PhoeniciawithMesopotamia③

TraderoutefromRedSeatoMediterraneancoastviaprosperousPetra⑶Newroutestothewest:from300BC①

AnewtraderoutefromMesopotamiatotheeasternMediterraneanbyGreeks②

GoodsonboardshipafterarrivingincaravansfromMesopotamiatoAntioch③CaravansfromMesopotamiatoSyriaviathetownofDoura/Europus①TheSilkRoadwasopenin106BC,whenafirstcaravantravelledtoPersia

fromChinawithoutthegoodschanginghandsontheway②Hangovernmentswereunwillingtoreleasesilkexceptinexchangeforgold

③Tiberiusissuedadecreeagainstthewearingoftheexpensivesilk⑸Worldtrade:fromthe1stcenturyAD

①CaravanroutesprovidedtheoldesttradingsystembetweenIndiatoPhoenicia

②

AmaritimelinkofenormouscommercialpotentialopenedupbetweenIndia

andChinathroughtheStraitsofMalaccaandtheSouthChinaSea.⑷AtraderoutefromChina:2rdcenturyBC2ModernInternationalTrade⑴TradingkingdomsofwestAfrica:5th-15thcentury①

SaharancaravanslinkedMediterraneanmarketswithAfricanrawmaterials②

TraderoutesfromnorthandsouththroughtheSaharaingold③

KingdomofGhana(partofMali)inthetriangleformedbetweentheRiverof

SenegalandNigercontroloverthesouthernendoftheSaharantrade④

SlavesfromLakeChadascommodityforArabpurchasers⑤

SaltscomingsouthminesoftheSaharaasavaluablecommodity⑥

Othercommodities:ivory,ostrichfeathers,colanut,datesandmetalgoods⑵Upsanddownsineconomy:12th-14thcentury

①Europesawasteadyincreaseinprosperity,linkedwithariseinpopulation

?

CultivationofmorelandinfeudalEurope

?

Improvementinruralwealth

?

Developmentofcitiesthrivingontradeinmanystates

?

DevelopmentofbankingbyJews②economicprosperityfalteredandthevolumeoftradedropped.?

Anunusualrunofdisastrouslybadharvestsinmanyareas?

Socialstructuresadjusting,asfeudalsystemofobligationscrumbling.?

TheBlackDeath⑶Portugueseslavetrade:15th-17thcentury①

ThePortugueseopeningupnewchannelfortradeinslavesdifferentfromthe

routethroughtheSaharatoMediterranean②

PortuguesesettlersmovingintotheCapeVerdeIslandsopeningsearoutes

betweenWestAfrica,EuropeandAmericainslavetrade③

OnthecoastofGuineaPortuguesesettinguptradingstationstobuycaptive

Africansasslaves④

Tradeinslaves

expandingdevelopmentoflabor-intensiveplantationsgrowing

sugar,cottonandtobaccointheCaribbeanandAmerica.⑷Englishtradeintheeast:17thcentury①

ElizabethIgrantingachartertotheEastIndiaCompany②

TheCompanyconcentratingonitsinterestsinIndiaafteramassacreofEnglish

merchantsatAmboinabytheirDutchrivalsin1623③

In1613awarehouseforIndiantextiles,spicesandindigoestablishingonthewestcoastatSurat④

TheEnglishestablishingthetradingstationsofBombay,MadrasandCalcutta

bytheendofthe17thcentury

⑤18thCenturysawtheshifttowardsliberalism:AdamSmith&DavidRicardo⑸Triangulartrade:17th-19thcentury

①

Thetransatlanticslavetrade②

ThreeseparatejourneysacrosstheAtlantic③

SlavesfromCentral&WestAfricasoldbyotherWestAfricanstoEuropeanslavetradersor④

SlavescaptureddirectlybyslavetradersincoastalraidsaroundGulfofGuinea

⑤

TwelvemillionslavesembarkedonthisjourneytoAmerica⑹Protectionismtoliberalism:19th–20thcentury

①

The19thCEmovingtowardsprotectionism:②

Lastquarterof19thCE:③1920,freetradeamongwesterncountriesineconomicliberty,customsduties...④

InMay1927,WorldEconomicConferenceorganizedbyLeagueofNations⑤

DuringtheGreatDepression,unemploymentengenderinganepidemicof

protectionistmeasures:⑥

BeforetheendofWWI,mercantilistpoliciesdominating

⑦

The2rdhalfofthe20thCEworldtradeincreasing:⑧Afterthe1960s,theremarkableworld-wideexpansionoftrade:⑺Globalizationintrade:21thcentury-①

Globalizationmainlyaboutunbundling&offshoringofproductionprocesses

②

Globalizationslowingdownduetomanyfactors

③

Astructuralchangeinglobaltrade

④

Futureofglobalizationrelyingonthefallingcostofmovingpeople3EconomicTerms

⑴McKinleyTariffAct

TheTariffActof1890,commonlycalledtheMcKinleyTariff,wasanactoftheUSCongress,framedbythenOhioRepresentativeWilliamMcKinley,wholaterbecamethe25thpresident.TheMcKinleyTariff,whichbecamelawonOctober1,1890,wasaprotectivetariffraisedtheaveragedutyonimportsfrom38%toalmost50%,anincreasedesignedtoprotectdomesticindustriesandworkersfromforeigncompetition.Thelegislationincreasedratesformanymanufacturedgoods,whileitplaceditemssuchassugarandcoffeeonthefreelist.TheActrepresentedprotectionism,atacticbackedbyRepublicanssupportinghightariffsanddenouncedbyDemocrats.Itwasamajortopicforfiercedebateinthe1890Congressionalelections,whichgaveaDemocraticlandslide.Normalmeansconformingtothestandardorthecommontypeandbeingusual,regularandnatural.Theterm“newnormal”firstappearedduringthe2008financialcrisistorefertothedramaticeconomic,culturalandsocialtransformationsthatcausedsocialunrest,impactingcollectiveperceptionsandindividuallifestyles.ThistermhasbeenusedagainduringtheCOVID-19pandemictopointouthowithascompletelyinvestedandtransformedundebatablepivotsofhumanlifesuchasprofessionalidentity,economicsubsistence,workandfamilyorganization,children’seducationmanagement;imposingaradicalrevisionofthetraditionalways,practicesandskillsusedtomanagethem.Theriseofe-commerceisnewandratesofonlineshoppinghavebeentrendinghigherafterthepandemic.

⑵A“newnormal”4Notes

⑴

TigrisandEuphratesTheTigrisandEuphratesriversfollowroughlyparallelcoursesthroughtheheartoftheMiddleEastknownasMesopotamia,fromAncientGreekfor'landbetweenrivers'andmostlycontainedinmodernIraq,wasoneofthecradlesofcivilization.

ThehistoriesoftheworldhavetraditionallyseenMesopotamiaastheareacreatedthewell-knownFertileCrescentwhichincubatedandsustainedtheancientcultures,dynastiesandempiresinwhichcities,lawandagriculturefirstdeveloped.Thetworivershavetheirsourceswithin80kmofeachotherineasternTurkeyandtravelsoutheastthroughnorthernSyriaandIraqtotheheadofthePersianGulf.

ThetotallengthoftheEuphratesisabout2,800kmandtheTigrisisabout1,900kminlengthwiththeriverbasincoveringanareaofsome35,600squarekilometers.ItisanintercontinentalseathatstretchesfromtheAtlanticOceantoAsiaontheeastandseparatesEuropefromAfrica.Thisancient“seabetweenthelands”istheincubatorofWesterncivilization.ItsW-Eextentisabout4,000km,andaverageN-Sextentabout800km,occupyinganareaofapproximately2,510,000squarekm.ThewesternextremityconnectswiththeAtlanticbythenarrowchanneloftheStraitofGibraltar,whichisapproximately13kmwideatitsnarrowestpoint.TothenortheasttheMediterraneanisconnectedwiththeBlackSeathroughtheDardanelles,theSeaofMarmara,andthestraitoftheBosporus.TothesoutheastitisconnectedwiththeRedSeabytheSuezCanal.⑵MediterraneanSea

TheEdomiteswerethedescendantsofEsau,thefirstbornsonofIsaacandthetwinbrotherofJacob.EsaubecamethefatheroftheEdomitesandJacobbecamethefatheroftheIsraelites,andthetwonationscontinuedtostrugglethroughmostoftheirhistory.“Edom”comesfromaSemiticwordmeaning“red,”representingtheprominent

redsandstoneinthetopography.EdomwasinsoutheastPalestine,stretchedfromtheRedSeatotheDeadSea,andencompassedsomeofIsrael'smostfertileland.TheEdomitesattackedIsraelunderSaul'srulership.KingDavidlaterconqueredthemandforcedthemintolabor.AtthefalloftheFirstTemple,theEdomitesattackedJudahandlootedtheTemple,acceleratingitsdestruction.ReligionoftheEdomiteswassimilartothatofotherpagansocietieswhoworshipedfertilitygods.latertheywereforciblyconvertedintoJudaism,andthenbecameanactivepartoftheJewishpeople.Scholarstodaybelieve"thePalestinians"or"Arabs"aredescendentsofEdomites.⑶theEdomitesDeriveditsnamefromthetradingportofMelaka(formerlyMalacca),thestraitconnectsIndianOceanandPacificOcean.ItrunsbetweentheIndonesianislandofSumatratothewestandextremesouthernThailandtotheeastcoveringanareaofabout65,000squarekm.Thestraitis800kmlongwithawidthofonly65kminthesouththatbroadensnorthwardtosome250km.ItwassuccessivelycontrolledbytheArabs,Portuguese,Dutch,andBritish.

Singaporeissituatedatthestrait'ssouthernend.AsthelinkbetweentheIndianOceanandtheSouthChinaSea,theStraitisoneofthemostheavilytraveledshippingchannelsintheworld.Besidesotherships,thestraitaffordspassagetogiantoiltankersvoyagingbetweentheMiddleEastoilfieldsandportsinEastAsia.⑷StraitsofMalacca⑸SouthChinaSeaItisthearmofthewesternPacificborderingtheSoutheastAsianmainland.Itembracesanareaofabout4millionkm2,withameandepthof1,212ms.Ithasvitaltradearterieswith$5trillionor1/3oftheworld'scommercepassingthroughitswaters,fisheriesaccountingfor12%oftheglobalcatch,andestimatedreservesof11billionbarrelsofoiland190trillioncubicfeetofnaturalgas.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,fromtheThreeKingdomstotheDynastiesofTang,Song,Yuan,Ming,QingandtheperiodoftheRepublicofChina,ChinahadbeentheonlyrightfuladministersoftheislandsintheSeaandthefirstcountrytoestablishpermanentsettlementsonthemajorislandsintheSouthChinaSea.InFebruary1948,theMinistryofInterioroftheRepublicofChinapublishedtheLocationMapofIslandsinSouthChinaSeawhichmarkedoutthemajorityoftheIslandsandreefsaswellasaU-shapedlineconsistingof11dashesgoingaroundtheperimeteroftheSouthChinaSeafromtheBeilunEstuaryoftheChina-VietnamBorderinthewest,tothenortheastofTaiwanintheeast,andtothesouthoftheZengmuAnshaReef.In1953,anine-dashlineareabasedontheformer11dasheswasclaimedbythePRC,showingtheborderoftheclaimhasbeencontinuouslyevidencedastheChina'shistoricwaters.Section3HistoryofChina’sInternationalTrade

1China’sAncientRoleinInternationalTrade

⑴TheSilkRoad①

Theroyalroad

?ThreehundredofyearsbeforetheSilkRoadbyDariustheGreat?

Morethan2,400km?

FromAegeanSeaorSusatoBabylon,alongtheEuphratestoSardis.?

Many“royal”stationsalongtheroad?

PartsofitsthoroughfaresincorporatedintotheSilkRoad?

BenefittingRomanEmpireandtheKushanEmpire②

Silkroadroutes

?

ChinaasSeresliterallymeaning“thelandofsilk”

?SilkRoadroutesincludingalargenetworkofstrategicallylocatedtradingposts,

marketsandthoroughfares?Routes:

●

Antioch-Seleucia–ZagrosMts–Ecbatana(Iran)–Merv(Turkmenistan)–

Afghanistan–MongoliaandChina

●

Europe-along

MediterraneanSea

–

alongTigris&Euphratesrivers

–

PortsonthePersianGulf–

China③

Tradealongthesilkroad

?

CommoditiesfromChina:paper&gunpowder?

SpiceRoute:MediterraneanwithIndia,ChinaandtheSpiceIslands(Indonesia)

?

Techniquesformakingglass:?

TheTravelsofMarcoPolo:⑵Chineseoceantrade

①

4th&5thCEChinesejunksappearedinSiam,Ceylon,andIndia

②

8thCECantonasthecenterofsea‐goingtradewiththeArabmerchants③

12thCETraderouteswithJapanandKorea,aswellasthePhilippineIslands④MingDynasty'stradepolicy:isolationismvsZhengHe'sjourneys⑤

EuropeancountriestoexplorethesearoutetoreachtheEast:

?

ThePortuguesesettledinMacaoin1557

?TheSpanishreachedChinain1575

?

TheDutcharrivedatChinain1604gainingaholdonTaiwan

?

TheBritishin1637operatingoutofZhousan,Xiamen,andCanton.⑶TradeundertheTreatyPortSystem

(1842‐1949)

①

Unequal&humiliatingtreaties:TreatyofNanjing/Wangxia/Huangpu②

Tariffsleviedat5%orless③

ChineseMaritimeCustoms(CMC)Service

?

foundedin1854inShanghai,operatingmostlybytheBritishconsul

?

responsibleforinspectionofcargo,anti-smuggling,treatytariffs,andcoastal

trade,withtheultimategoalofcalculatingtaxrevenuesdue

?

involvementintopostaladministration,coastalpolice,harborandwaterway

management,andweatherreporting

?

collectingdataofvalue/quantityofimportsandexportsatcommoditylevel④

ConclusionofChina'stradeduringthetreatyportera?

Astrongexpansioninthediversityofproducts?

ExpansionofTreatyPortSystemaccelerateddiffusionofforeigngoods2ModernInternationalTrade⑴Tradefrom1949–1978:centrallyplannedeconomy①

Brief

?

Governmentcontrollingalargepartofeconomy&redirectedresources

?

Aheavyindustrydevelopmenteconomicstrategy

?

Duringthe1950sand1960s

●

totalvalueofinternationaltradeasabout2%ofGNP

●

exportsofagriculturalproductstorepaytheloansfinancedtheimports

?

Inthe1970s

●

Importsofmodernplantsandequipmentaswellascrudeoil

●

openinguppolicyandreformmeasures②Compositionofinternationaltrade?

After1949

●importindustrialgoods

●

exportsoffood,crudematerials,andtextiles?

EconomicrecessionfollowingtheGreatLeapForward(1958-60)greatincreaseinfoodimports?

Inthe1970s:petroleumasthefastestgrowingexportitem?

Inthe1980s:textile&apparelexportgrowingrapidly③

Tradingpartners?

Duringthe1950s,SovietUnionandothercommunistcountriesasprimarytradingpartner?

Bythemid-1960sJapanasChina'sleadingtradingpartner?

HongKong

●

consistentlytheleadingmarketforChina'sexports

●

2rdlargestpartnerinoveralltradetoChina’smainland?

USAstartingtradewithChinaIntheearly1970s

①

In1978,enteringtheperiodofreform&openingupwithinternationaltrade②Market-orientedsystem:

?

Improvementoflivingstandardsandmanagement

?

Consumptionism③

HKfirms’exportprocessingcontractswithbusinesses④

Chinajoining

?

WorldBank,

?

IMF,

?

AsianDevelopmentBank,

?

GATT⑵Tradefrom1978–1990⑤

Chinacreatinglegalandinstitutionalframeworks

?

Lawsontaxation,jointventure,andforeigninvestment?SpecialEconomicZones

?

Opencoastalcities⑥Chinareshapingorgsofinternationaltrade

?

Moreautonomyforcompanies

?

MinistryofForeignEconomicRelations&Trade

?

Anagencysystemforinternationaltrade⑶Tradefrom1990–2007

①

In1994,theForeignTradeLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina②

In1996,realizingcurrentaccountconvertibilityfortheRMB③

In1997,SOEsreformtofulfillpolicyof“graspinglarge,lettinggoofsmall”④1997-98AsianFinancialCrisis

⑤

After1998,market-orientedindustrializationofedu,housing,auto⑥

In2001,the143rdWTOmembercountryafter16yearsofnegotiations⑦In2004,reviseofForeignTradeLawofthePeople'sR