困擾世界的三種病毒Zikaissuchamildillnessthatmostpeopledon'tknowtheyhaveit.Butinthepasttwoyears,asearchofbabiesbornwithextremelysmallheadsshowedtheworldthatZikaisanythingbutharmless.寨卡病毒癥狀較為溫和，以至于大多數(shù)病毒感染者毫無察覺。但在過去的兩年中，關(guān)于小頭畸形新生兒的調(diào)查則向全世界表明：寨卡病毒絕對(duì)不是無害的。ThevirusoriginatedinUgandamorethan60yearsago,andrecentlyemergedinBrazil,thensurgednorthtoFloridaandpossiblytoTexas.60多年前，寨卡病毒首次被發(fā)現(xiàn)，其源頭在烏干達(dá)，最近巴西出現(xiàn)疫情，隨后疫情進(jìn)一步肆虐、向北傳到了美國佛羅里達(dá)州，同時(shí)，在德克薩斯州發(fā)現(xiàn)疑似病例。Dr.AnthonyCostello,withtheWorldHealthOrganization,saidevenoneaffectedchildhasaverybigimpactonthecommunityandafamily'sabilitytocope.世界衛(wèi)生組織安東尼.科斯特洛博士表示，無論是對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)還是對(duì)一個(gè)家庭來說，一名感染寨卡病毒的孩子都會(huì)對(duì)其應(yīng)對(duì)能力產(chǎn)生極其重大的影響。"It'sapublichealthproblemofhugeconcernfortheworld.Sixty-ninecountrieshaveseenZikavirusemergeinthelasttwoyears.Wearetalkingaboutavirusthatcausesbraindamageandpotentiallylifelongdisability,whichisahugeblowtofamilies.""這事關(guān)公眾健康，對(duì)全世界來說都是一個(gè)大問題。兩年來，69個(gè)國家曾出現(xiàn)寨卡病毒傳播。我們此刻提及的這種病毒，能造成腦部損傷，并有可能導(dǎo)致病毒感染者終身殘疾，這對(duì)家庭是一個(gè)巨大的打擊。"Rightnow,doctorscanonlyadvisewomennottotraveltoareaswherethevirusisspreading,toavoidmosquitobitesortodelaypregnancy.ThereisnovaccineagainstZika,butonecouldbeavailablein2018.目前，醫(yī)生只能建議婦女不要前往已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)寨卡病毒疫情的地區(qū)旅行、避免蚊蟲叮咬，或者建議她們推遲懷孕。寨卡病毒至今沒有特效疫苗，但有可能在2018年研制成功。2016年困擾世界的三種病毒InNigeria,thepoliovirusre-emergedintheviolence-wrackednorthernpartofthecountry,whereit'shardtoensureeverychildgetsvaccinated.ThreechildrenwerediagnosedwiththediseasejustwhenNigeriawasthoughttobeclosetobecomingpolio-free.尼日利亞北部地區(qū)暴力活動(dòng)頻發(fā)，脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病毒（又稱小兒麻痹癥）再次侵襲了該地區(qū)，在那里，很難保證所有孩子成功接種疫苗。正當(dāng)人們認(rèn)為尼日利亞即將擺脫脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病毒之時(shí)，三個(gè)孩子被確診為小兒麻痹癥。Thevirusalsoexistsinanotherconflictzone:alongtheborderofPakistanandAfghanistan.Thosebehindtheeffortsaytheyaredeterminedtoeliminatethedisease.Poliocaseshavedecreasedbyover99percentsince1988,fromabout350,000casesthentolessthanthreedozenin2016.這種病毒同樣出現(xiàn)在另一沖突地區(qū)，即：巴基斯坦和阿富汗邊界一帶。疫苗研發(fā)專家稱，他們正在努力，并決心消除這一病毒。自1988年以來，小兒麻痹癥病例下降超過百分之九十九，從1988年的35萬例病例降至2016年的不到36例病例。AtthebeginningofDecember,theNationalInstitutesofHealthannouncedthestartofamajortrialofanexperimentalvaccineagainsttheAIDSvirus.12月初，美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院宣布開始一項(xiàng)重大試驗(yàn)，以研發(fā)出有望遏制艾滋病毒的實(shí)驗(yàn)性疫苗。"AnHIVvaccineisnotgoingtobeeasy.Wemaynotevenknowifwe'regoingtogetavaccine."FaucidescribedtheadvancesinAIDStreatmentasnothingshortofspectacular."研制出對(duì)抗艾滋病毒的疫苗極不容易。我們甚至不知道能否成功。"費(fèi)希把在治療艾滋病方面取得的進(jìn)展，描述為"不折不扣的偉大成就。""Today,thecombinationsoftherapieswehaveforindividuals—forsomeonewhoisintheir20sandgetsinfectedandcomesinandgetsonacombinationofdrugs—youcouldpredictthattheycouldliveanadditional50years(Fivezero).Thatisoneofthemostextraordinaryadvancesinthetransitionfrombasicresearchtoanapplicableinterventioninanyfieldofmedicine.""目前，我們?yōu)閭€(gè)人提供綜合療法，假如患者在20多歲感染艾滋病毒，綜合服用相應(yīng)藥物，我們就能預(yù)測(cè)他們的壽命可以延長(zhǎng)50年。這將是最為非凡的進(jìn)步之一，并會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)從基礎(chǔ)研究到實(shí)際運(yùn)用于醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的轉(zhuǎn)變。Ifaneffectivevaccinecanbefound,itcouldfinallymeantheendforavirusthathasinfectedmorethan70millionpeopleandkilled35millionpeopleoverthepasthalf-century.如果能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)有效疫苗，這就真正意味著艾滋病毒的徹底終結(jié)，半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，艾滋病毒感染者超過7000萬人，迄今已造成3500萬人死亡。ManyKenyansweresurprisedaftertheeducationministerreleasedresultsofthecountry's2016universityentranceexam.Just15percentofthemorethan500,000studentswhotooktheexampassedit.Theresultsaremuchlowerthanlastyear.Somepeoplebelievetheresultsarelowerbecauseofficialstookactiontoreducecheatingonthetest.Thenumberofstudentswhoreceivedthehighesttestgradein2016droppedby95percentcomparedtooneyearearlier.Inoneschool,with202students,everyonereceivedthehighestgradein2015.Butin2016,only141studentsintheentirecountrydid.Thetestresultswerereleasedtwomonthsearlierthanexpected.Kenyanmediareportssayeducationofficialsreleasedtheresultsearlyaftersomeschoolofficialspressuredthemtogivetheirstudentshighgrades.Someprincipalshavebeenaccusedofofferingpaymentsof$100to$160toexaminerstogivetheirstudentshighgrades.JohnMugoworksatanon-profitgroupcalledTwawezaEastAfrica.Hesayseducationofficialswillbeforcedtoansweralotofquestionsbecauseofthetestresults."Questionsarebeingraisedonwhetherthose,thoseheadsorthemanagement,shouldbebroughttoaccounttothepublic.Whathappened?Iftheywereinvolvedinmassiveirregularities,thenIthinkweshouldnotjustkeepquiet.Theyshouldbemadetoaccount.Butthen,thentheotherquestionthatKenyanshaveisquality.Arestudentsreallylearningorhavewebeendrillingthemtojustpassthetest,suchthatwhenthetestchangesslightly,thentheyallfail?"EducationexpertTomkinBarazasaystheuniversityentranceexamisnowcredible,andthetestresultsbelievable.Butthereisanotherquestionthatmustbeanswered."Butnow,welookathowmanystudentswhowereaffected,wherearewegoingtohavethem?Theministryshouldcomeupwithawaytoensurethatatleastthemajorityofthestudentsatleastgosomewhere..."GeorgeMagohaisthechairmanoftheKenyaNationalExaminationsCouncil.Hesaysstudentscanbesuccessfuleveniftheydonothavehighgrades.Kenya'sministryofeducationsaiditwilltakeacloselookattheproblemaftertheshockingtestresults.I'mLucijaMillonig.Thenewspapershadbeencutopeninthemiddlesothepupilscouldputthemontheirheads.報(bào)紙的中間被剪開了，這樣學(xué)生們就可以將其戴在頭上。ThepicturehassparkedadebateamongChinesesocialmediausers.照片在中國社交媒體用戶中引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論。Somepraisedtheteachers'creativity,suchas'xianmuzixi'whosaidonWeibo'itreallyworks'.一些人稱贊老師們的創(chuàng)意，比如，網(wǎng)友“xianmuzixi”在微博上表示“這種方法真管用”。However,manyotherssuggestedthatitwouldharmstudents'dignity.不過，不少網(wǎng)友認(rèn)為該做法會(huì)損害學(xué)生的尊嚴(yán)。'ZhaoJiaxuan'wroteunderthesamepostonWeibo:'It'snolongeramatterofpreventingcheatinginexams,it'sseriousdistrustofstudents.Itcouldbringgreatpsychologicaldamagetostudents.'“ZhaoJiaxuan”在同一篇微博下寫道：“這已經(jīng)不是考試作不作弊的問題了。這么做是嚴(yán)重的不信任學(xué)生，會(huì)給學(xué)生的心理造成多大的傷害啊。”'Timemachine-2009'agreed:'Iftheteachersupervisedtheexamcarefullystandinginthefrontoftheclassroom,itwouldbeeasytocatchcheaters.Thereisnoneedtodothisatall.'“Timemachine-2009”表示贊同：“如果監(jiān)考老師小心地站在教室前邊，很容易看到誰作弊。根本不需要這么干。”'Chunfengyida'said:'IfeelsadabouttheChineseeducation.'“Chunfengyida”說：“為中國教育感到悲哀”。Ontheotherhand,somepeoplepointedoutthatthenewspaperswouldactuallymakeiteasierforthestudentstocheat.另外，有些人指出，實(shí)際上這種方法會(huì)方便學(xué)生作弊。Weibouser'XiRuogu'said:'Itwouldbeeasiertocopyfromnotesas(theteacher'sview)wasblocked.'微博用戶“XiRuogu”說：“這樣抄小抄更容易，因?yàn)椋ɡ蠋煹囊暰€）被擋住了。”'YanGuiling'joked:'Whatiftheanswerswereonthenewspaper?'“YanGuiling”戲稱：“如果答案就在報(bào)紙上怎么辦？”Afollow-upreportonPeople'sDailyOnlinesuggestedthatthepicturehadbeentakenattheChuzhouExperimentalSchoolinChuzhou,人民網(wǎng)的補(bǔ)充報(bào)道稱，這張照片拍攝于安徽省滁州市滁州實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校。Aspokesmanfromtheschoolexplainedtothereporterthatitwasnotanexambut'agame'betweentheteachersandthestudents.一位校方發(fā)言人向記者解釋稱，這并非一場(chǎng)考試，而是老師和學(xué)生之間的一場(chǎng)“游戲”。Theschoolsaidbyusingthemethodtheteachershopedtohelpthestudentsde-stressbeforetheupcomingfinalexam.學(xué)校表示，老師們希望在期末考試來臨之際通過這種方法幫助學(xué)生減壓。Accordingtotheschool,allofthestudentswerewillingtoparticipateinthegame.據(jù)校方稱，所有學(xué)生都愿意參與這個(gè)游戲。其實(shí)，這樣的反作弊方式并非滁州實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)的首創(chuàng)。早在2013年，泰國某大學(xué)教授為防學(xué)生作弊，就發(fā)明了一種類似的紙質(zhì)“頭盔”：看你怎么作弊監(jiān)考老師出高招：頭頂報(bào)紙擋視線PupilsinChinaoftenendureintensepressurebeforeexamsastheyareexpectedbytheirfamiliestostayatthetopoftheclassatalltimes.中國學(xué)生在考前通常承受著巨大的壓力，因?yàn)榧议L(zhǎng)希望他們的成績(jī)一直名列前茅。ChineseauthoritieshaveinthepastreleasedpicturesoftheJamesBond-stylecheatingtechnologyusedbystudentsduringthecompetitiveexams.中國官方曾經(jīng)公開過學(xué)生在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的考試中使用的007式作弊科技的照片。Theseincludedsophisticatedveststhatlinkuptoabutton-holecamerahiddeninapenorwatch,usedtobeamoutimagesoftheexampapertosomeoneoutsidethehallwithareceiver.其中包括連接到筆或者手表上的針孔攝像機(jī)的精密背心，借助針孔攝像頭可將試卷圖像通過接收器傳給考場(chǎng)外的某個(gè)人。看你怎么作弊監(jiān)考老師出高招：頭頂報(bào)紙擋視線Thepersonoutsidethenlooksuptheanswertothequestion,andrelaysitbacktoamobilephonehiddenonthepupilintheexamhall.外面的人查到問題答案后，將答案回傳到考場(chǎng)內(nèi)考生藏在身上的手機(jī)上。看你怎么作弊監(jiān)考老師出高招：頭頂報(bào)紙擋視線Thespeechispickedupviathemobile,andthensentontoahiddenearpiece.語音信息通過手機(jī)接收，然后被發(fā)送到隱形耳機(jī)上。看你怎么作弊監(jiān)考老師出高招：頭頂報(bào)紙擋視線Inrecentyears,officialshavelaunchedacrackdownonthosehelpingstudentscheatduringthe'gaokao',theannualuniversityentranceexamination.近年來，官方已經(jīng)開始對(duì)在高考中幫助學(xué)生作弊的行為展開打擊。高考是一年一度的大學(xué)入學(xué)考試。Inthepastcriminalgroupshavebeenfoundtobesellingstolenexampapersandlaunchingcyberattacksonexamboardwebsites.過去曾有犯罪團(tuán)伙兜售偷盜來的考卷，還對(duì)考試機(jī)構(gòu)的網(wǎng)站發(fā)起網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊。不過，不僅作弊技術(shù)變得越來越發(fā)達(dá)，為了保障所有考生的權(quán)益，監(jiān)考官們也在堅(jiān)持不懈地提高反作弊技術(shù)。比如：這位占領(lǐng)制高點(diǎn)俯瞰一切的老師。看你怎么作弊監(jiān)考老師出高招：頭頂報(bào)紙擋視線再比如：讓作弊者“無從下眼”的答題卡。看你怎么作弊監(jiān)考老師出高招：頭頂報(bào)紙擋視線Lastyear,educationalauthoritiesofcentralChina'sLuoyangcityuseddronestostopstudentscheatinginthehigh-pressure'gaokao'.去年，中國中部城市洛陽市的教育局曾在緊張的高考考場(chǎng)出動(dòng)無人機(jī)防止考生作弊。據(jù)報(bào)道，無人機(jī)能“全頻捕捉”無線電信號(hào)，并實(shí)施跟蹤、定位。附近一旦出現(xiàn)可疑信號(hào)，地面監(jiān)控站上便會(huì)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的波動(dòng)，且通過定位，系統(tǒng)可以迅速、準(zhǔn)確地為工作人員提供發(fā)射源所在的參考位置。TownsandcitiesacrosstheeastofVladimirPutin'svastempirecould'collapse'inthecomingdecadesbecauseofthawingpermafrost.隨著永久凍土的逐漸消融，弗拉基米爾?普京手中巨大帝國的東部城鎮(zhèn)在未來幾十年間可能會(huì)轟然倒塌。Groundthatwasoncesolidiscrumblingduetoclimatechange,andtheimpactforbuildingsacrossArcticandSiberianregionswillbe'devastating'by2050,saysanewUS-Russianreport.一篇美俄的最新報(bào)道稱，由于氣候的變化，曾經(jīng)堅(jiān)固的土地開始破裂，截止到2050年，北極地區(qū)和西伯利亞地區(qū)的建筑將會(huì)受到毀滅性的影響。ProblemsareexpectedevensoonerinAnadyr,thecapitaloftheextremeeasternregiononChukotka,whereChelseatycoonRomanAbramovichonceservedasgovernor.阿納德爾很快就會(huì)面臨難題。阿納德爾是俄羅斯東部楚科奇自治區(qū)首府，切爾西大亨羅曼?阿爾卡季耶維奇曾任區(qū)長(zhǎng)。Hereproblemscanbeexpectedbythemid-2020s,astheycaninSalekhard,atownwhichstraddlestheArcticCircle,gatewayRussia'slargegassuppliesontheYamalpeninsula.預(yù)計(jì)21世紀(jì)20年代中期，阿納德爾將遇到問題。橫跨北極圈的薩列哈爾德城是亞馬爾半島上俄羅斯大量天然氣供應(yīng)的樞紐，它也面臨著同樣的威脅。Atrisktoofromastarkweakeningofthe'bearingcapacity'ofthegroundareRussia'sdiamondcapitalYakutskandnickelminingcityNorilsk.俄羅斯鉆石之都雅庫茨克和鎳礦開采城諾里爾斯克的土地承受能力顯著下降，也面臨危險(xiǎn)。ThethawhasmajorimplicationsforRussiasinceasmuchas63percentofRussianterritoryisunderpinnedbypermafrost.俄羅斯63%的領(lǐng)土都是靠永久凍土支撐，因此凍土消融對(duì)俄羅斯影響十分重大。Itisalreadyhittingbuildingsinnorthernregions,makingthemunsafe,andhascausedrailwaylinestobecomecrooked,renderingthemuseless,reportedTheSiberianTimes.據(jù)《西伯利亞時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道，北部地區(qū)的建筑物已經(jīng)受到影響，十分不安全，鐵軌也因此變彎，無法再投入使用。Theanalysissaysaworst-casescenariocouldleadtoa75-95percent'reductioninbearingcapacitythroughoutthepermafrostregionby2050'.分析稱，最糟糕的情況將導(dǎo)致“到2050年，永久凍土地區(qū)的承受能力下降75%到95%”。Theauthorsconclude:'Thiscanhaveadevastatingeffectoncitiesbuiltonpermafrost.'作者們總結(jié)說：“對(duì)于建立在永久凍土上的城市來說，這會(huì)產(chǎn)生毀滅性影響。”Thawingofpermafrost'canpotentiallyleadtodeformationandcollapseofstructures',withresidentiala