Chapter

1 Circuit

Theory

FundamentalsSpecialized

EnglishforElectrical

Engineering

and

Automation1.1

Kirchhoff’s

Laws1.2

Basic

Analysis

Methods1.3

Three

Phase

circuitsCircuit

Design

Software—OrCAD–PSpice

A/DReading

and

Translation

Skills－科技英語的特點ContentEmphasisWords

and

Expressions

aboutKirchhoff’s

LawsRepresentative

SentencesReading

and

Translating

Skills

of

theSpecialized

EnglishWords

and

Expressions

1?

lumped

parameter

circuit集總參數電路lumped把…歸并在一起（考慮）；集總lumped

load集中負載，集總負載Words

and

Expressions

2?

element

元

件a

lumped

element

can

be

idealized

to

the

point

where

it

can

be

treated

as

ablack

box

accessible

through

a

few

terminals.

An

electroniccircuit

is

constructed

by

connecting

together

a

collection

of

separate

elements

at

their

terminals.Words

and

Expressions

3?

Series-connectedelement

串聯元件parallel-connectedcircuit

并聯電路shunt

circuit

并聯電路?

charge

n.電荷；vt.充電l

An

electron

has

a

negative

charge,a

proton

has

a

positive

chargel

If

we

charge

it

with

electricity

,it

will

become

magnetic.Words

and

Expressions

4Couplen. 對；vt. 結合(couple…with)；連接working

couple

雙職工a

couple

of

days

一兩天Electronic

advancements

have

had

a

dramaticimpact

on

sensors.

By

coupling

the

signalprocessing

capability

of

electronics

withfundamental

sensors,

overall

performance

andaccuracy

has

been

improved

while

size,

powerdissipation,

and

cost

have

declined.We

couple

the

pump

with

the

engine.我們把水泵與引擎連接起來?

nodeWords

and

Expressions

5The

junction

points

at

which

the

terminals

of

two

or

more

elements

are

connected

are

referred

to

as

the

nodes

of

acircuit結點/節點network

nodenode-voltage

methodNodalnodal

analysis網絡節點節點電壓法節點的節點分析法Words

and

Expressions

6?

branch支

路The

connections

between

the

nodes

are

referred

to

as

the

edges

or

branches

of

a

circuit.p

branch

分支；部門His

speciality

was

psychology--one

important

branch

on

the

great

tree

of

knowledge.他的專業是心理學,這是知識樹上的一個重要分枝Each

node

can

be

either

abranch

or

aleaf.All

thebranch

managers

will

be

there.?

loopWords

and

Expressions

7回

路

Circuit

loops

are

defined

to

beclosed

paths

through

a

circuit

along

its

branches.loop

current

回路電流openloop

開環；closed

loop

閉環Words

and

Expressions

8?

intuitive直觀的、直覺的obtained

through

intuition

rather

than

fromreasoning

or

observation詞根：intuitadj.intuitionist直覺主義的adv.intuitively直觀地；直覺地n.intuition直覺；直覺力；直覺的知識intuitionism直觀論；直覺說intuitionist直覺論者vi.intuit憑直覺知道vt.intuit由直覺知道Sentences

1Kirchhoff’s

current

law

and

Kirchhoff’s

voltagelaw

describe

how

lumped

parameter

circuitelements

couple

at

their

terminals

whentheyare

assembled

into

a

circuit.基爾霍夫電流定律和電壓定律描述了在組成電路時，各集總參數電路元件是如何（在它們的端點處）連接在一起的。Sentences

22.

Put

another

way,

KCL

states

that

the

netcurrent

that

flows

into

a

node

through

some

ofits

branches

must

flow

out

from

that

nodethrough

its

remaining

branches.換句話說，基爾霍夫電流定律表明了：通過某些分支流入節點的凈電流必須通過剩下的分支流出該節點。Sentences

33.

This

is

inconsistent

with

the

constraint

of

thelumped

matter

discipline

that

dq/dt

be

zero.dq/dt=0與集總物質規則約束不一致。4.The

current

sources

might

cease

tofunctionas

ideal

sources

as

they

oppose

one

another.當多個電流源之間相互沖突的時候，它們將不能再作為理想電源了。Sentences

45.

KVL

is

applied

to

circuit

loops,

that

is,

tointerconnections

of

branches

that

form

closedpaths

through

a

circuit.基爾霍夫電壓定律可應用于電路各回路，即是，可應用于電路中形成閉合回路的互聯的各支路。Sentences

5A

helpful

mnemonic

for

writing

KVL

equationsis

to

assign

the

polarity

to

a

given

voltage

inaccordance

with

the

first

sign

encountered

whentraversing

that

voltage

around

the

loop.traverse

本意為橫貫、穿過，這里指沿回路移動。

in

accordance

with

依照；與…一致列寫KVL方程的一種有效的助記方法是將通過回路中的每一個電壓依照第一個電壓的符號規定其極性。Sentences

67.

By

the

same

reasoning,

since

the

voltagebetween

any

pair

of

nodes

must

be

unique,

itmust

be

independent

of

the

path

along

whichbranch

voltages

are

added.基于相同的推論，由于任意兩個節點間的電壓必須是唯一的，該電壓必定與累加支路電壓的通路無關。Sentences

78.

Note

that

in

summing

voltages

along

aloop

we

have

adopted

the

conventionproposed

earlier:

A

positive

branch

voltageisadded

to

the

sum

if

the

path

enters

thepositive

end

of

a

branch.

Otherwise

anegative

branch

voltage

is

added

to

thesum.注意：在對回路的電壓求和時，我們承襲了傳統的做法，如果通路進入的是支路的正向端，則將正的支路電壓加入和中；反之，則將負的支路電壓加入和中。1.2

Basic

Analysis

Methodsimpedance：阻抗resistance：電阻reactance

：電抗susceptance：電納conductance：電導admittance：導納loop

analysis：回路分析法mesh

analysis：網孔分析法nodal

analysis：節點分析法Words

and

Expressionssimultaneous

equations：聯立方程active

element：有源元件passive

element：無源元件principal

node：主節點secondary

node：次節點plannar

network：平面網絡bilateral

network：雙向網絡as

a

function

of：根據Words

and

Expressionscompact

set：緊集一個歐氏空間（EuclideanSpace）Rn的子集被稱為緊致的，當且僅當此子集有界（bounded）且封閉（closed）.實數集R（一維歐氏空間）中，任一閉區間如[0,1]是緊集；平面集R2中的圓，立體集R3中的球都是緊集dependent

voltage

source：受控電壓源ground

node：接地節點1.3

Three

Phase

Circuitsflow

of

power：電力傳輸sinusoidal

source：正弦電源instantaneous

power：瞬時功率spurts:

短暫而突然的活動或努力；突然奮起in

spurts：斷斷續續地deliveredpower：輸出功率identical：同一的；完全相同的synchronize：同步asynchronize：異步Words

and

Expressionsrms：root

meansquare，均方根lag

by：延遲，滯后phasor

diagram：相量圖，矢量圖conjugate：共軛wye

connection：星形連接It

is

evident

that：顯然，顯而易見的是–Itis

self-evident

that：不言而喻power

station：發電站，發電廠distribution

transformer：配電變壓器line-to-line：兩線間，相間專業英語特點1語言簡練，結構嚴謹，表達明確，不重虛文潤飾In

contrasttothe

continuous-timesystemwhose

operation

is

described

or

modeled

by

aset

of

differential

equations,

the

discrete-timesystem

is

one

whose

operation

is

described

by

a

set

of

difference

equations.

The

transformmethod

employed

in

the

analysis

of

lineartime-invariant

continuous-time

systems

is

theLaplace

transform;

in

a

similar

manner,

thetransform

used

in

the

analysis

of

linear

time-invariant

discrete-time

systems

is

the

z-transform.專業英語特點2邏輯推理性強，原理概念清楚，段落章節分明Power

and

EnergyThe

definitions

of

potential

and

potential

differencelead

to

the

following

relationships:

the

energy,

w,expanded

in

moving

a

charge

q

through

a

potentialdifference

(p.d.)v

is

given

by:w=qv,

hence,dw/dt=v·dq/dt=vi.The

rate

of

expenditure

of

energy

is

define

as

thepower

p.

Hence,

in

general

the

power

is

given

byp(t)=v(t)·i(t)

and

is

measured

in

WATTS

when

v

and

Iare

in

volts

and

amperes,

respectively.If

power

p(t)

is

expended

for

time

T,

the

totalenergy

expended

(or

stored)

is

:專業英語特點3專業英語的詞匯特點–常用詞匯專業化–大量使用專業詞匯和半專業詞匯；–大量使用詞性轉換；–廣泛運用構詞法–大量使用單詞縮寫或專用符號；–不斷有新的專業詞匯出現。新詞可分為三種：在現有詞意的基礎上賦予新的意義的單詞完全新創造的單詞已經被人們廣泛接受的縮寫詞。常用詞匯專業化－專業英語詞匯特點DogEyeHandBus狗

擋板眼

孔手

指針，柄公共汽車

總線大量使用專業詞匯和半專業詞匯－專業英語詞匯特點The

Motorola

Series

8000

family

ofservers

and

multi-user

computers

isbased

on

the

Motorola

M88000

family

ofmicroprocessors,

the

VMEbus

standardand

software

compatible

with

UNIX

System

V.

The

Series

8000

exploits

thelatest

developments

in

RISC(ReducedInstruction

Set

Computer)

architecture

toprovide

unprecedented

performance

andcapacity

in

commercial

multi-user

andnetworking

application.詞性轉換－專業英語詞匯特點A

careful

study

of

the

original

text

willgive

you

a

better

translation.仔細研究原文，你會翻譯得更好。Light

coating薄涂層廣泛運用構詞法－專業英語詞匯特點合成法（Compounding）Headline

標題，頭條新聞Pulse-scaler

脈沖定標器混成法（Blending）Zincode=zinc+electrode

陽極Telecommunication＝telephone＋communication

電訊，無線電通訊詞綴法（Affixation）－派生法或綴合法Semidiameter

半徑Microcomputer

微機用前綴micro構成的詞有300多個，用semi或auto構成的詞各有200多個。縮略詞（Acronym）LED:Light

Emitting

Diode

發光二極管ATM:

Automated

Teller

Machine

自動取款機不斷出現的專業新詞－專業英語詞匯特點在現有詞意的基礎上賦予新的意義的單詞Work

is

the

transfer

of

energy

expressedas

the

product

of

a

force

and

thedistance

through

which

its

pointofapplication

moves

in

the

direction

oftheforce.work:功；energy：能；product:乘積；force:力新創造的詞Aircraft；

liquid

crystal；已經被人們廣泛接受的縮寫詞

PDA,RFD,…專業英語特點4專業英語的語法特點被動語態多長句、復合句多名詞做定語多條件語句和虛擬語氣多非謂語動詞多后置定語多祈使句、It…to或It…that（主語從句）用法多公式、圖表、數據、縮略詞多復合詞多被動語態多－專業英語語法特點專業英語的主要目的是表述科學事實、科學發現、實驗結果及各類說明等，

因此多以客觀陳述為主。這樣的特點

使得專業英語大量使用被動語態.Electrical

energy

canbe

stored

intwo

plates

separated

by

aninsulating

medium.

Such

a

deviceis

called

a

condenser,

and

itsability

to

store

electrical

energy

istermed

capacitance.長句、復合句多－專業英語語法特點為了清晰描述事物的內在聯系，科技英語中普遍使用各種從句，尤其是定語從句。One

of

the

difficulties

in

carrying

out

aworld-wide

birth

control

program

lies

in

thefact

that

official

attitudesto

populationgrowth

vary

from

country

to

countrydepending

on

the

level

of

industrialdevelopment

and

the

availability

of

foodand

raw

materials.在全球范圍內實施人口控制計劃的一個難點在于，由于工業發展水平和食物以及原料供應能力的不同，各國政府在人口控制上的態度也不相同。名詞做定語多－專業英語語法特點

科技英語中經常使用一個或多個名詞作前置定語

Data

AcquisitionSystem：數據采集系統

Current

Output

Point：電流輸出點Feedback

control

system

反饋控制系統

Power

semiconductor

device

功率半導體器件

Oil

pump油泵條件語句和虛擬語氣多－專業英語語法特點從學術的觀點提出假設、條件、建議和要求等。在英語表達中常使用if引導條件語句，虛擬條件用虛擬語氣來表述。If

f

is

any

bounded

function

on

[a,b],then

sup{L(f,P)}

and

inf{U(f,P)}

will

beexist,even

iff

is

notintegrable.Without

electric

pressure

in

asemiconductor,

the

electron

flow

wouldnot

take

place

in

it.非謂語動詞多－專業英語語法特點使用非謂語動詞敘事簡潔To

understand

the

derivative,we

canstart

from

the