目錄

2010年廈門大學(xué)211翻譯碩士英語考研

真題及詳解

2011年廈門大學(xué)211翻譯碩士英語考研

真題及詳解

2012年廈門大學(xué)211翻譯碩士英語考研

真題及詳解

2013年廈門大學(xué)211翻譯碩士英語考研

真題及詳解

2014年廈門大學(xué)211翻譯碩士英語考研

真題及詳解

2010年廈門大學(xué)211翻譯碩士英語考研真題及詳解

PartI.GrammarandVocabulary

A.Proofreading(totalof10points,1pointforeacherrorcorrected)

Thefollowingparagraphscontain10errors.Eachindicatedlinecontains

ONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofread

theparagraphandcorrectitinthefollowingway:

Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneinthe

blankprovidedattheendoftheline.

Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“^”sign

andwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheend

oftheline.

Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/”andput

thewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.

EXAMPLE

【答案與解析】

（1）non-surgically→non-surgical

（修飾名詞“procedures”，應(yīng)該用形容詞，non-surgical非手術(shù)的。）

（2）正確

（3）in→for

（forthemostpart多半;就絕大部分而言。固定詞組。）

（4）life→lives

（their后面應(yīng)用life的復(fù)數(shù)名詞形式lives。）

（5）in→with

（withconfidence自信地。inconfidence秘密地。）

（6）burning→burn

（burn可作名詞，表示“燒傷，灼傷”。）

（7）restore→restores

（主語是“reconstructivesurgery”，是單數(shù)名詞，所以謂語動詞也應(yīng)該用

單數(shù)形式“restores”。）

（8）the→a

（way在這里第一次提到，表示“以一種……的方式”，這種方式前面沒

提到，不是特指，不可以用定冠詞the。）

（9）去掉a

（Itistimeforsbtodosth.固定句型。）

（10）with→without

（綜合全文來看，作者認(rèn)為社區(qū)醫(yī)療成員應(yīng)在不帶偏見和嫉妒之心的前

提下對整容手術(shù)的利弊做出衡量。）

B.Choosethewordorphrasethatcanbeusedtoreplacetheunderlinedpart

ineachsentence(totalof10points,0.5pointforeachquestion).

1．Becausenoisesmodulateradiofrequency,radiostationsuseabandof

frequenciestopreventinterferencewithotherstations.

A.govern

B.adapt

C.temper

D.renovate

【答案】A

【解析】句意：噪音改變了無線電頻率，電臺用頻帶來防止其他電臺的

干擾。modulate調(diào)整，控制；使變調(diào)。govern統(tǒng)治，管理；影響。adapt

使適應(yīng)。temper使緩和，使溫和。renovate更新；改善。

2．Afossilisaremnantofaonce-livingorganism.

A.bone

B.solvent

C.picture

D.vestige

【答案】D

【解析】句意：化石是曾經(jīng)存活的生物的遺跡。remnant遺跡；殘余，

剩余。vestige遺跡；殘余。solvent溶劑；解決方法。picture圖片。

3．Whensquashedthestemandleavesofthejewelweedexudeajuicethat

willsoothesomeskinirritations.

A.boiled

B.aged

C.crushed

D.chopped

【答案】C

【解析】句意：鳳仙花受到擠壓時(shí)，它的莖和葉會流出一種汁液，這種

汁液可緩解皮膚過敏癥狀。squash壓扁，擠壓。crush壓碎，壓壞。boil

煮熟。age使表老，使（味道）變醇。chop砍；剁碎。

4．Thelegislativefilibusterisaparliamentarytacticdesignedtodelayor

preventactionbythemajority.

A.tradition

B.rule

C.observance

D.maneuver

【答案】D

【解析】句意：合法的阻撓手段是用來推遲或阻止多數(shù)黨采取行動的一

種合乎議會法規(guī)的策略。tactic策略。maneuver謀略，策略；(部隊(duì)等的)

調(diào)動；機(jī)動。tradition傳統(tǒng)。rule規(guī)則，條例。observance遵守；注意，

觀察。

5．Oceanwavescancutimposingcliffsalongcoastlines.

A.immobile

B.impermeable

C.impressive

D.imaginative

【答案】C

【解析】句意：海浪能沿著海岸線切斷宏偉的懸崖峭壁。imposing壯觀

的，氣勢宏偉的。impressive給人深刻影響的；威嚴(yán)的。immobile不動

的，固定的。impermeable不可滲透的。imaginative富于想象的。

6．Mergersmaybeeffectedtoreviveorrejuvenatefailingbusinessesbythe

infusionofnewmanagementandpersonnel.

A.inspection

B.introduction

C.evaluation

D.concentration

【答案】B

【解析】句意：通過注入新的管理方式和錄用新的員工，企業(yè)兼并能夠

有效地使那些瀕臨破產(chǎn)的企業(yè)恢復(fù)活力。infusion注入，灌入。

introduction介紹；引進(jìn)。inspection檢查，審視。evaluation評估。

concentration集中；專注。

7．Afableisadidactictalefocusedonasinglecharactertrail.

A.anauthentic

B.amuddied

C.aninstructive

D.anold-fashioned

【答案】C

【解析】句意：寓言是有教育意義的故事，這種故事集中于對單一人物

的追蹤描述。didactic教導(dǎo)的，教誨的。instructive有教育意義的，有啟

發(fā)性的。authentic真實(shí)的，可靠的。old-fashioned舊式的，過時(shí)的。

8．Thecompactdictionariespublishedinrecentyearsarenotasunwieldyas

someoftheoldereditions.

A.complete

B.tiresome

C.reliable

D.cumbersome

【答案】D

【解析】句意：最近幾年出版的簡明字典不像舊版字典那樣讓人覺得使

用起來很不方便。unwieldy不靈便的，使用不便的。cumbersome笨重

的；難處理的。complete完整的。tiresome使人疲勞的；煩人的。

9．AuthorKatherineSherwoodMcDowellhadaknackforconverting

almosteveryexperienceintomarketableprose.

A.anaptitudefor

B.anobsessionwith

C.analternativeto

D.apurposefor

【答案】A

【解析】句意：作家凱瑟琳·舍伍德·麥克道爾總有本領(lǐng)將他的每次經(jīng)歷

寫成暢銷散文。knack本領(lǐng)；技巧，訣竅。aptitude天資，才能。

obsession著迷；困擾。alternative選擇。purpose目的

10．SouthCarolina’smineralresourcesareabundant,butnotallofthemcan

belucrativelymined.

A.profitably

B.safely

C.easily

D.extensively

【答案】A

【解析】句意：南卡羅來那州有豐富的礦產(chǎn)資源，但并不是所有對這些

資源的開采都是有利可圖的。lucratively賺錢地，有利可圖地。

profitably有利地，有益地。safely安全地。easily容易地。extensively廣

泛地。

11．Ravagedbypollutionandwar,manyfamousmonumentshavebecome

erodedandstained.

A.discolored

B.dismembered

C.displaced

D.distinctive

【答案】A

【解析】句意：受到污染和戰(zhàn)爭的破壞，許多著名的歷史遺跡已經(jīng)被腐

蝕或玷污了。stained玷污的；著色的。discolored玷污的；褪色的。

dismembered分割的。displace被取代的。distinctive有特色的，特殊的。

12．Oriolesarearborealbirds,andwhentheydescendtotheground,itis

mainlytogathernestmaterials.

A.territorial

B.tree-dwelling

C.consummate

D.grumpy

【答案】B

【解析】句意：黃鸝是一種棲息在樹上的鳥，當(dāng)它們落到地面時(shí)，主要

是為了采集搭巢的材料。arboreal棲息在樹上的。tree-dwelling居于樹上

的。territorial領(lǐng)土的；地區(qū)的。consummate熟練的，技藝高超的。

grumpy性情乖戾的。

13．LouisaMayAlcott’snovelLittleWomen,whichrecountsthe

experiencesofthefourMarchsistersduringtheAmericanCivilwar,is

largelyautobiographical.

A.praises

B.narrates

C.exaggerates

D.classifies

【答案】B

【解析】句意：露意莎·梅·奧爾柯特的小說《小婦人》在很大程度上是

自傳體的，小說敘述了美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間馬奇家四姐妹的經(jīng)歷。recount敘

述，描述。narrate敘述。praise表揚(yáng)。exaggerate夸張。classify把……分

類。

14．Fertilizerappliedtosoilcanreplacedepletednutrients.

A.organic

B.acidic

C.exhausted

D.desirable

【答案】C

【解析】句意：施于土壤中的廢料能代替枯竭的營養(yǎng)素。depleted耗盡

的，枯竭的。exhausted耗盡的，用完的。organic有機(jī)的；器官的。

acidic酸性的。desirable值得向往的。

15．Galena,thechieforeoflead,isabrittlemineralwithametallicluster.

A.hazel

B.dense

C.breakable

D.sparking

【答案】C

【解析】句意：皮帶含有的主要礦物成分是方鉛礦，它是一種具有金屬

光澤的脆性礦物。brittle脆的，易碎的。breakable易破壞的，脆的。

hazel淡褐色的。dense密集的。sparking發(fā)出火花的，閃光的。

16．InHawaii,endemicbirds,suchastheomaoandtheapapane,dwellin

thevolcanichighlandsandtropicalrainforests.

A.alluring

B.aquatic

C.graceful

D.native

【答案】D

【解析】句意：在夏威夷，像夏威夷鵝口瘡和白臀蜜鳥這樣的本地鳥都

棲息在火山性高地和熱帶雨林地區(qū)。endemic某地特有的。native本地

的；天然的。alluring迷人的，吸引人的。aquatic水生的，水棲的。

graceful優(yōu)美的，典雅的。

17．Biologistshaveascertainedthatspecializedcellsconvertchemical

energyintomechanicalenergy.

A.determined

B.argued

C.hypothesized

D.griped

【答案】A

【解析】句意：生物學(xué)家已經(jīng)確定特化細(xì)胞能把化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化成機(jī)械能。

ascertain查明，確定，弄清。determine決定；確定。argue爭論；主張。

hypothesize假設(shè)，假定。grip理解，掌握；緊握。

18．Pocahonta,aseventeenthcenturyPowhatanIndian,wenttothe

Jamestowncolonyasherfather’semissary.

A.ward

B.attendant

C.messenger

D.translator

【答案】C

【解析】句意：波卡洪塔斯，一個十七世紀(jì)的坡瓦坦印第安人，來到詹

姆斯頓殖民地當(dāng)她父親的特使。emissary特使，密使。messenger信差，

信息源。ward病房，病室。attendant陪從；侍者。translator譯員。

19．Neonlightisutilizedinairportbeaconsbecauseitcanpermeatefog.

A.passthrough

B.transmit

C.suspend

D.breakup

【答案】A

【解析】句意：霓虹燈可被用作機(jī)場的指向標(biāo)，因?yàn)樗艽┻^霧層。

permeate滲入，透過。passthrough穿過，通過。transmit傳遞，傳達(dá)。

suspend懸掛；使中止。breakup解散；中斷。

20．AlexanderWoollcott’sflamboyantpersonalitycombinedsharpnessof

witwithsentimentality.

A.devious

B.humorous

C.singular

D.showy

【答案】D

【解析】句意：亞歷山大·伍爾科特喜歡炫耀的個性是睿智與多愁善感

的結(jié)合體。flamboyant炫耀的，浮夸的。showy炫耀的，浮夸的；引人注

目的。devious迂回的；不正直的。humorous幽默的。singular單一的；

異常的。

C.Choosethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachsentence(totalof10

points,0.5pointforeachquestion).

1．Theformandphysiologyofleavesvaryaccordingtothe_____inwhich

theydevelop:forexample,leavesdisplayawiderrangeofadaptationsto

differentdegreesoflightandmoisture.

A.relationship

B.sequence

C.patterns

D.environment

【答案】D

【解析】句意：葉子的形狀和生理機(jī)能隨著它生長環(huán)境的變化而變化。

例如，葉子會調(diào)節(jié)自身去適應(yīng)環(huán)境中光度和水分的變化。從所舉的有

關(guān)“l(fā)ight”和“moisture.”的例子中，可推斷應(yīng)填入“l(fā)ight”和“moisture”的上

義詞“environment”。

2．Sincemost,ifnotall,learningoccursthrough_____,relatingone

observationtoanother,itwouldbestrangeindeedifthestudyofother

culturesdidnotalsoilluminatethestudyofourown.

A.assumptions

B.experiments

C.comparisons

D.repetitions

【答案】C

【解析】句意：因?yàn)榇蟛糠謱W(xué)習(xí)都是通過比較，即把一個觀察現(xiàn)象與另

一個聯(lián)系起來，來進(jìn)行的，所以如果學(xué)習(xí)另一種文化，卻不能很好的闡

明我們自己的文化，這就著實(shí)有點(diǎn)太離譜了。根據(jù)此空后面解釋說明的

部分“relatingoneobservationtoanother”，可推斷此處應(yīng)填C項(xiàng)。

3．Hehadexpectedgratitudeforhisdisclosure,butinsteadheencountered

_____borderingonhostility.

A.patience

B.discretion

C.ineptitude

D.indifference

【答案】D

【解析】句意：他本期望別人會因他（對此事）的揭發(fā)而對他深表感

謝，但恰恰相反，他受到了冷漠，甚至?xí)饎e人的敵意。通過“but

instead”可推斷所填詞應(yīng)與“gratitude”表示相反的意思，所以選擇D項(xiàng)。

indifference冷漠。

4．AlthoughSimpsonwasingeniousat_____toappearinnovativeand

spontaneous,beneaththeruseheremaineduninspiredandrigidinhis

approachtoproblem-solving.

A.intending

B.contriving

C.forbearing

D.declining

【答案】B

【解析】句意：雖然辛普森可以利用計(jì)謀來表現(xiàn)地富有創(chuàng)新意識和自然

大方，但在他的計(jì)謀背后，他處理問題時(shí)卻總是那么平庸死板，一點(diǎn)也

不靈活。根據(jù)句首的“although”可推斷前后兩句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，后半句說

他辦事死板，說明他的靈活與創(chuàng)新是偽裝的，是用計(jì)謀達(dá)到的。

contriveto以計(jì)謀達(dá)成。intendto打算。forbearto忍耐，克制。declineto

婉拒。

5．BecausemodernscientistsfindtheancientGreekviewofthecosmos

outdatedandirrelevant,theynowperceiveitasonlyof_____interest.

A.historical

B.intrinsic

C.experimental

D.superfluous

【答案】A

【解析】句意：因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)古希臘關(guān)于宇宙的觀點(diǎn)是過時(shí)的、

不恰當(dāng)?shù)模运麄儸F(xiàn)在認(rèn)為它只與歷史研究相關(guān)。historical歷史的；

與歷史相關(guān)的。intrinsic本身的，固有的。experimental實(shí)驗(yàn)性的。

superfluous多余的。

6．Inspiteoftheincreasing_____oftheiropinions,thegroupknewthey

hadtoarriveataconsensussothattheawardcouldbepresented.

A.impartiality

B.judiciousness

C.polarity

D.consistency

【答案】C

【解析】句意：雖然他們的觀點(diǎn)越來越出現(xiàn)對立面，但這個團(tuán)隊(duì)成員都

知道他們不得不達(dá)成一致意見，以便于能得到這個獎項(xiàng)。polarity極性；

對立。impartiality公平，公正。judiciousness賢明，明智。consistency一

致性；穩(wěn)定性。

7．Ironically,theproperuseoffigurativelanguagemustbebasedonthe

denotativemeaningofthewords,becauseitisthefailuretorecognize

this_____meaningthatleadstomixedmetaphorsandtheirattendant

incongruity.

A.esoteric

B.literal

C.allusive

D.symbolic

【答案】B

【解析】句意：比喻句子的合理運(yùn)用必須基于單詞的外延意，這一點(diǎn)極

具諷刺意義，因?yàn)檎怯捎跊]能意識到單詞表面的意思才導(dǎo)致繁雜的隱

喻以及隨之產(chǎn)生的不調(diào)和錯誤。literal字面的。symbolic象征性的。

esoteric隱秘的。allusive暗指的；含典故的。

8．Althoughanydestructionofvitaminscausedbyfoodirradiationcouldbe

_____theuseofdietsupplements,theremaybenoprotectionfrom

carcinogensthatsomefearmightbeintroducedintofoodsbytheprocess.

A.counterbalancedby

B.attributedto

C.augmentedwith

D.stimulatedby

【答案】A

【解析】句意：雖然食品輻照引起的維他命損害可以通過攝入膳食補(bǔ)充

劑得到彌補(bǔ)，但還沒有辦法保護(hù)人們不受致癌物的侵害，于是對食物的

擔(dān)心便產(chǎn)生了。counterbalance彌補(bǔ)；使平衡。attributeto歸因于。

augment擴(kuò)大，增加。stimulate刺激。

9．Dataconcerningtheeffectsonasmallpopulationofhighconcentrations

ofapotentiallyhazardouschemicalarefrequentlyusedto_____theeffects

onalargepopulationofloweramountsofthesamechemical.

A.verify

B.redress

C.predict

D.realize

【答案】C

【解析】句意：潛在的危險(xiǎn)性化學(xué)藥品對高度集中的小種群造成了影

響，有關(guān)這些影響的數(shù)據(jù)常常被用來預(yù)測同樣性質(zhì)的少量化學(xué)藥品對大

種群造成的影響。predict預(yù)測，預(yù)知。verify證實(shí)，核實(shí)。redress糾正；

補(bǔ)償。realize實(shí)現(xiàn)。

10．EarlycriticsofEmilyDickinson’spoetrymistookforsimplemindedness

thesurfaceofartlessnessthatinfactsheconstructedwithsuch_____.

A.astonishment

B.vexation

C.allusion

D.cunning

【答案】D

【解析】句意：早期對艾米莉·狄金森詩歌的批評誤把她的樸實(shí)看成是

頭腦簡單的，實(shí)際上，這是她的匠心獨(dú)用所在。根據(jù)“infact”可推斷，

所填詞應(yīng)與“simplemindedness”表示相反的意思。cunning靈巧，熟練；

狡猾，奸詐。astonishment驚訝，驚奇。vexation煩惱，苦惱。allusion暗

示；隱喻；典故。

11．Afteraslowsalesstartearlyintheyear,mobilehomeshavebeen

gainingfavoras_____toincreasinglyexpensiveconventionalhousing.

A.areaction

B.anaddition

C.anintroduction

D.analternative

【答案】D

【解析】句意：今年初銷售變得緩慢后，拖車住房已成為除價(jià)格飛漲的

傳統(tǒng)住房外人們的另一選擇，因而受到人們的喜愛。alternative供選擇

的東西。reaction反應(yīng)。addition增加的人或物。introduction介紹；引

進(jìn)。

12．Althoughadolescentmaturationalanddevelopmentalstatesoccurinan

orderlysequence,theirtiming_____withregardtoonsetandduration.

A.lasts

B.varies

C.falters

D.accelerates

【答案】B

【解析】句意：盡管青少年的成熟與發(fā)育狀態(tài)是按照一種有條不紊的順

序發(fā)生的，但其時(shí)間指控卻在起始和延續(xù)長度方面各不相同。vary變

化，呈多樣性。last延續(xù)。falter蹣跚；猶豫。accelerate加速，增加。

13．Psychologyhasslowlyevolvedintoan_____scientificdisciplinethat

nowfunctionsautonomouslywiththesameprivilegesandresponsibilitiesas

othersciences.

A.independent

B.unusual

C.outmoded

D.uncontrolled

【答案】A

【解析】句意：心理學(xué)已緩慢地演變成一種獨(dú)立的、具有科學(xué)性的學(xué)

科，現(xiàn)在可以肅立自護(hù)地運(yùn)作，擁有與其他學(xué)科相同的獨(dú)立地位和責(zé)

任。independent獨(dú)立的。unusual不尋常的。outmoded老式的，過時(shí)的。

uncontrolled不受控制的。

14．Notingthemurdervictim’sflaccidmusculatureandpear-likefigure,she

deducedthattheunfortunatefellowhadearnedhislivinginsome_____

occupation.

A.treacherous

B.ill-paying

C.illegitimate

D.sedentary

【答案】D

【解析】句意：注意到這個被謀殺的受害人松弛的肌肉的梨形的身材，

她推斷這個不幸的家伙曾經(jīng)是一位長期坐著的職業(yè)者。sedentary久坐

的，固定不動的。treacherous背叛的；不牢靠的。illegitimate非法的。

ill-paying報(bào)酬低的。

15．Thediscoverythat,frictionexcluded,allbodiesfallatthesamerateis

sosimpletostateandtograspthatthereisatendencyto_____its

significance.

A.underrate

B.reassess

C.praise

D.eliminate

【答案】A

【解析】句意：忽略摩擦的情況下，所有物體會以同樣的速率下落，這

一發(fā)現(xiàn)非常容易被抓住和闡述，以至于有一種低估它的重要性的趨勢。

空格填入一個動詞，表示對“它的重要性（itssignificance）”做的動作。

so…that…表示因果關(guān)系，所以空格填上以后要表達(dá)和“非常容易抓住并

闡述（simpletostateandtograsp）”一致的含義，所以空格應(yīng)該對“重要

性”做負(fù)動作，表示“不那么重視”。underrate低估。reassess再評價(jià)，再

估價(jià)。praise表揚(yáng)。eliminate排除，消除。

16．Thepaintingwaslargerthanitappearedtobe,forhanginginadarkened

recessofthechapel,itwas_____bytheperspective.

A.improved

B.diminished

C.embellished

D.jeopardized

【答案】B

【解析】句意：畫其實(shí)要比看上去大，（只是）因?yàn)閽煸谶@樣一個黑暗

的小教堂休庭里，由于透視效果而被看起來縮小了。diminish減小。

improve提高。embellish美化。jeopardize危及，損害。

17．Becausefolkartisneithercompletelyrejectednoracceptedasanart

formbyarthistorians,theirfinalevaluationsofitnecessarilyremain_____.

A.arbitrary

B.estimable

C.equivocal

D.orthodox

【答案】C

【解析】句意：因?yàn)槊耖g藝術(shù)既沒有被藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家作為一種藝術(shù)形式

徹底拒絕，也沒有被全面接受，所以他們對民間藝術(shù)的最終評價(jià)必然是

模棱兩可的。equivocal有歧義的；模棱兩可，不確定的。arbitrary隨心

所欲的。estimable可估計(jì)的；值得尊敬的。orthodox正統(tǒng)的。

18．Althougheconomistshavetraditionallyconsideredthedistricttobe

solelyanagriculturalone,the_____oftheinhabitants’occupationsmakes

suchaclassificationobsolete.

A.productivity

B.diversity

C.predictability

D.profitability

【答案】B

【解析】句意：雖然傳統(tǒng)上經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為這個區(qū)域是單一的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)，但

該地居民職業(yè)的多樣性使這樣的劃分顯得過時(shí)了。句首的“although”暗

示前后句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此可推斷所填詞應(yīng)與“solely”表示相反的意

思。diversity多樣性。productivity生產(chǎn)力。predictability可預(yù)測性。

profitability有利性。

19．Althoughspecificconcernsmaydeterminetheintentofaresearch

project,itsresultsareoften_____.

A.unanticipated

B.beneficial

C.spectacular

D.specialized

【答案】A

【解析】句意：雖然具體的關(guān)注能決定一個研究課題的意圖，但研究的

結(jié)果常常卻是不可預(yù)見的。unanticipated不可預(yù)見的。beneficial有利

的。spectacular壯觀的；引人注目的。specialized專門的；專業(yè)的。

20．Thenotionthataparasitecanalterthebehaviorofahostorganismisnot

merefiction;indeed,thephenomenonisnoteven_____.

A.observable

B.real

C.comprehended

D.rare

【答案】D

【解析】句意：寄生蟲能改變寄住物的行為的觀點(diǎn)不是虛構(gòu)的，這種現(xiàn)

象的確不罕見。“indeed”表明前后句要表達(dá)一個意思，“notrare”與“not

fiction”表達(dá)的意思相似。

PartII.ReadingComprehension

Readeachofthefollowingpassages.Choosethemostappropriatefromthe

fourchoicestocompletethesentenceoranswerthequestion.Answerthe

questionorwriteasummaryasisrequired.(totalof40points,2pointsfor

eachquestion).

PassageA

Notationgavewesternmusicameansofwrittenrecord,butatfirstonlyfora

kindofmusic,chant,thatwasbelievedtohaveoriginatedhalfamillennium

andmoreinthepast—tobe,effectively,ageless.Earlymedievalchants

sprangfromthewholetimeofeternalsameness,whichtheysoreadily

convey,andsimilarlytherewasnomeasureofthetimewithinthem—the

rhythm.Thenmeasurecame.Andwithitcamethefirstidentifiable

composersandpreciselydatableworks.

Wherechantwasofapiecewithothermusicaltraditionsinbeingself-

sufficientmelody,workingwithinamodalsystem,belongingtonocreator

(buttoGod)anddesignedforworship,thenewmusicofthetwentieth

centuryopenedadistinctivelywesternpath.Themeasuringoftimewasthe

beginningnotonlyofrhythmicnotation—known,farbeyondEurope,tothe

IndiantheoristSarngadevainthefirsthalfofthethirteenthcentury—butalso

ofmusicinvolvingcoordinationamongsingerscarryingdifferentmelodies,

ofpolyphony.This,too,wasbynomeansconfinedtothewedgeofland

betweentheMediterraneanandtheAtlantic:thegamelanmusicofBali,a

traditionindependentofEurope,iscomparablewithearlywesternpolyphony

initssuperpositionofdifferenttimestreams,fastandslow,whilethemusic

ofmanysub-SaharanAfricanpeoplesoftenpilesupdissimilarrhythmic

layersinwaysforeigntoEuropeoutsidecertainspecialrepertories

(fourteenth-centurysongandsomemusicsince1950).But,fromthetwelfth

centurytothefifteenth,polyphonyinthewestgraduallymovedawayfrom

therepetitivestructuresthatwereretainedonBaliorincentralAfricaas

Europeansdiscoveredhowharmonycouldresultincontinuousflow.

Thesource,asofsomuchinwesternculture,wasamisunderstandingof

classicalGreekknowledge,againacquiredthroughBoethius.Hehadnothing

tosayaboutharmonyinthesenseofchords,butheconveyedaGeek

satisfactionintheprimacyoftheoctaveandthefifth,whichmedieval

musicianstookasmodelsofconsonance(theeuphoniouscombiningnotes).

Justasessentialweredissonantcombinations,lackingeuphony,forthese

wouldintensifytheneedforconsonance.Adissonanceplacedimmediately

beforeafinalconsonancewouldproduceafirmlyconclusiveending—a

cadence,suchasbecameanessentialofwesternmusic.Extendingbackfrom

thecadence,theforcesofharmony,marshaledthroughrelationshipsbetween

eachchordandthenext,couldamplifythedirectionalsensealreadypresent

inthemelody—thesenseofmovementtowardsarestingpointonthelast

note.Thustimemeasuredbecametimedecisivelyhavingagoal,andmusic

couldemulatetheprogressineveryhumansoultowardseternity.

Musicmirrored,too,howtimegenerallywasbeingtold.Guido’sstaff

notationcameroughlywhenwaterclockswerereintroducedfromByzantium

andIslam,enablingmonkstoknowwhenaservicewasduefromthelevel

reachedbywaterslowlyfillingavessel.Thusreading,whetherofa

chantbookorawatergauge,substitutedformemoryandintuition.Exact

synchronybetweenmusicandtimewaslostalittlewhenclockwork

mechanismsappearedinthemid-thirteenthcentury,halfacenturylaterthan

thegear-drivenmusicproducedatNotreDameinParis.However,the

perfectionofhour-chimingwithhour-chimingcapabilities,inthe

astronomicalclockmadebyRichardWallingfordforSt.AlbansAbbey

(1327-36),strikinglycoincidedwiththeperfectionofrhythmicnotationthat

spreadfromParisandgavemusicitsownmachineryoftimelengths.

Choosethemostappropriatefromthefourchoicestoanswerthequestionor

completethesentence.

1．Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthispassage?

A.TheDevelopmentofRhythm

B.TimeMeasured.

C.NotationandTime

D.MusicandCivilization

2．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforenotationappeared_____.

A.musicwasalwaysrenewedandcouldlastonlyaslongasmemory

B.musicpresentedpeoplewiththreetimesatonce:thenowinwhichthey

heardit,thetheninwhichitwasmade,andthefurtherthenofwhenthepiece

wascomposed

C.polyphonyhadalreadybeendevelopedtosuchadegreethatdifferent

melodiescarriedbydifferentsingerscouldformacoordinatedharmony

D.musicmostlywasnotimprovisedandwasnotdatedwithprecision

3．TheauthorwouldmostlikelyconsiderWesternmusicandthemusicof

non-Westernculturesas_____.

A.respectivelyrevolutionaryandconservative

B.equalbutdistinct

C.bothhomogeneousandheterogeneous

D.illustrativeofadvancementandbackwardness

4．Thepassagestatesthat_____.

A.musicandcivilizationcomplementeachotherandcontradicteachother

B.rhythmicnotationappearedbecausehumanbeingscouldtelltimeinanew

way

C.notationappearedwhenmusicalworkswerenolongeranonymousand

non-datable

D.theappearanceofrhythmicnotationmanifestsanewstageofhuman

beings’quantitativemethodofthought

【答案與解析】

1．D本文講了音樂如何隨著歷史的演變而不斷發(fā)展，第二、三。四段

揭示了音樂與不同地區(qū)、不同歷史發(fā)展階段。不同文化之間的關(guān)系。所

以選項(xiàng)D最合適，揭示了音樂與文明之間的關(guān)系。

2．D第一段最后一句提到，隨著拍子的產(chǎn)生，第一批作曲家產(chǎn)生了，

第一批可準(zhǔn)確確定時(shí)間的作品也產(chǎn)生了。據(jù)此可推斷，在音樂符號產(chǎn)生

之間，即在節(jié)拍產(chǎn)生之前，音樂不能被即興創(chuàng)作，也不能被準(zhǔn)確記錄。

所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

3．C第二段第三句，多聲部音樂不僅出現(xiàn)在歐洲，在一些非歐洲地區(qū)

如巴厘島和撒哈拉沙漠以南地區(qū)也出現(xiàn)了相同的音樂形式，說明西方和

非西方音樂有相似性。接著，本段最后一句，作者又指出從十二到十五

世紀(jì)，歐洲多陰部音樂不再局限于巴厘島和中非的音樂形式的束縛，變

得連續(xù)而和諧，說明西方和非西方音樂又有相異性，故選C。

4．D最后一段最后一句講到，具有報(bào)時(shí)裝置的鐘表的完美運(yùn)行與韻律

符號同時(shí)產(chǎn)生。可據(jù)此推斷，韻律符號的出現(xiàn)表明人類定量思維方式的

新階段，這與D項(xiàng)吻合。

Writeasummary.

5．Summarizethepassagein4or5sentences.

【答案】Thepassagedemonstratedhowmusicevolvedtogetherwithtime

measure.Earlymedievalchantsoriginatedhalfamillenniumandmoreinthe

pasthadnomeasureoftimewithinthem.Theappearanceofrhythmic

notationandpolyphonymarkedthebeginningoftimemeasure.Infact,the

developmentofmusicreflectedhowmeasureofthetimedeveloped.

PassageB

Frenchtoys:Onecouldnotfindabetterillustrationofthefactthattheadult

Frenchmanseesthechildasanotherself.Allthetoysonecommonlyseesare

essentiallyamicrocosmoftheadultworld;theyareallreducedcopiesof

humanobjects,asifintheeyesofthepublicthechildwas,alltold,nothing

butasmallerman,ahomunculustowhommustbesuppliedobjectsofhis

ownsize.

Inventedformsareveryrare:afewsetsofblocks,whichappealtothespirit

ofdo-it-yourself,aretheonlyoneswhichofferdynamicforms.Asforthe

others,Frenchtoysalwaysmeansomething,andthissomethingisalways

entirelysocialized,constitutedbythemythsorthetechniquesofmodern

adultlife:thearmy,broadcasting,thepostoffice,medicine(miniature

instrument-cases,operatingtheatersfordolls),school,hairstyling(driersfor

permanent-waving),theairforce(parachutists),transport(trains,Citro?ns,

Vedettes,Vespas,petrolstations),science(Martiantoys).

ThefactthatFrenchtoysliterallyprefiguretheworldofadultfunctions

obviouslycannotbutpreparethechildtoacceptthemall,byconstitutingfor

him,evenbeforehecanthinkaboutit,thealibiofaNaturewhichhasatall

timescreatedsoldiers,postmen,andVespas.Toyshererevealthelistofall

thethingstheadultdoesnotfindunusual:war,bureaucracy,ugliness,

Martians,etc.itisnotsomuch,infact,theimitationwhichishesignofan

abdication,asitsliteralness:FrenchtoysarelikeaJivarohead,inwhichone

recognizes,shrunkentothesizeofanapple,thewrinklesandhairofanadult.

Thereexist,forinstance,dollswhichurinate;theyhaveanesophagus,one

givesthemabottle,theywettheirnappies;soon,nodoubt,milkwillturnto

waterintheirstomachs.Thisismeanttopreparethelittlegirlforthe

causalityofhousekeeping,to“condition”hertoherfutureroleasmother.

However,facedwiththisworldoffaithfulandcomplicatedobjects,thechild

canonlyidentifyhimselfasowner,asuser,neverascreator;hedoesnot

inventtheworld,heusesit:Thereare,preparedforhim,actionswithout

adventure,withoutwonder,withoutjoy.Heisturnedintoalittlestay-at-

homehouseholderwhodoesnotevenhavetoinventthemainspringsofadult

causality;theyaresuppliedtohimready-made:Hehasonlytohelphimself,

heisneverallowedtodiscoveranythingfromstarttofinish.Themerestset

ofblocks,provideditisnottoorefined,impliesaverydifferentlearningof

theworld:Then,thechilddoesnotinanywaycreatemeaningfulobjects,it

matterslittletohimwhethertheyhaveanadultname;theactionsheperforms

arenotthoseofauserhutthoseofademiurge.Hecreatesformswhichwalk,

whichroll,hecreateslife,notproperty:Objectsno,actbythemselves,they

arenolongeraninertandcomplicatedmaterialinthepalmofhishand.But

suchtoysareratherrare:Frenchtoysareusuallybasedonimitation,theyare

meanttoproducechildrenwhoareusers,notcreators.

Thebourgeoisstatusoftoyscanberecognizednotonlyintheirforms,which

areallfunctional,butalsointheirsubstances.Currenttoysaremadeofa

gracelessmaterial,theproductofchemistry,notofnature.Manyarenow

moldedfromcomplicatedmixtures;theplasticmaterialofwhichtheyare

madehasanappearanceatoncegrossandhygienic,itdestroysallthe

pleasure,thesweetness,thehumanityoftouch.Asignwhichfillsonewith

consternationisthegradualdisappearanceofwood,inspiteofitsbeingan

idealmaterialbecauseofitsfirmnessanditssoftness,andthenaturalwarmth

ofitstouch.Woodremoves,fromalltheformswhichitsupports,the

woundingqualityofangleswhicharetoosharp,thechemicalcoldnessof

metal.Whenthechildhandlesitandknocksit,itneithervibratesnorgrates,

ithasasoundatoncemuffledandsharp.Itisafamiliarandpoeticsubstance,

whichdoesnotseverthechildfromclosecontactwiththetree,thetable,the

floor.Wooddoesnotwoundorbreakdown;itdoesnotshatter,itwearsout,

itcanlastalongtime,livewiththechild,alterlittlebylittletherelations

betweentheobjectandthehand.Ifitdies,itisindwindling,notinswelling

outlikethosemechanicaltoyswhichdisappearbehindtheherniaofabroken

spring.Woodmakesessentialobjects,objectsforalltime.Yettherehardly

remainanyofthesewoodentoysfromtheYosges,thesefretworkfarmswith

theiranimals,whichwereonlypossible,itistrue,inthedaysofthe

craftsman.Henceforth,toysarechemicalinsubstanceandcolor;theirvery

materialintroducesonetoacoenaesthesisofuse,notpleasure.Thesetoysdie

infactveryquickly,andoncedead,theyhavenoposthumouslifeforthe

child.

Choosethemostappropriatefromthefourchoicestocompletethesentence.

6．Inthispassage,theauthoranalyzesFrenchtoysforcluesthatreveal

_____.

A.howtoyspreventchildrenfromgettingaccesstosocialrealityandbeing

educatedinearlierwaysoflife

B.toysasbarriersbetweentherealculturalandideologicalfunctionsoftoys

andtheirfunctionsofreplicatingnature

C.howFrenchtoysinsubstance,form,andmaterialreconfirmsFrench

valuesandwaysoflife

D.toysasideologicallyconstitutedsignsloadedwiththemythsortraditions

ofmodemadultlife

7．Thepassageisoverall_____.

A.informalandironic

B.criticalyetsympathetic

C.academicandphilosophic

D.observantandsatiric

8．By“Itisnotsomuch,infact,theimitationwhichisthesignofan

abdication,asitsliteralness”inparagraph2,theauthormeanstosaythatthe

_____ofFrenchtoysisthesignofanabdication.

A.literariness

B.precision

C.verbatim

D.verisimilitude

9．Theauthorofthepassagebelievesthatmore_____toysarelesslikelyto

carrytheideologicalsignsofthecultureandthusallowformorefreedomand

creativityonthepartofthechild.

A.primitive

B.sophisticated

C.abstract

D.elaborate

【答案與解析】

6．D第二段第二句提到“…andthissomethingisalwaysentirely

socialized,constitutedbythemythsorthetechniquesofmodernadult

life。”法國的玩具總蘊(yùn)含著一些神話故事或現(xiàn)代成人生活中的一些技巧

性知識。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

7．B第三段第一句提到，法國玩具總是象征著成人世界的一些東西，

這就免不了讓孩子們被迫接受一些東西。據(jù)此可看出，作者對法國玩具

是懷有批評態(tài)度的。

8．C這句話是說，“實(shí)際上，模仿并不是失敗的跡象，真正的失敗在于

完全的照搬。C項(xiàng)“verbatim”意思是“逐字翻譯”，“照搬”，與原

文“l(fā)iteralness”同義。

9．C作者在第二段提到法國的玩具總把一些神話故事或現(xiàn)代成人生活

中的一些技巧性知識直接傳授給孩子，給孩子很少的想象與創(chuàng)新空間。

所以可見，作者認(rèn)為玩具越抽象，就越含有更少的文化意識，就越能給

孩子更多的想象和創(chuàng)新空間。

Answerthequestionacco