《英語語言學概論》復習資料1I.Definitions.Directions：Definethefollowingterms.Explainthemwithexamplesifnecessary.arbitrarinessmorphemeendocentricconstructionconstrualprincipleofcompositionalityII..Dothefollowingaccordingtotherequirements.1.Identifythemannerofarticulationoftheinitialsoundsinthefollowingwords(a)cheery(b)funny(c)loony(d)crazy(e)happy2.Makedistinctionsbetweenthefollowingpairofterms.descriptivevs.prescriptive3.Whataretheallomorphsofthemorpheme‘plural’inthissetofEnglishwords?criteria,dogs,oxen,deer,judges,stimuli4.Createatreediagramandalsomakeabracketedanalysisofthefollowingsentence:Thethiefstoleawallet.5.Whatarethefeaturesofwomenregister?III.Discussion.1.HowdoyouunderstandGrice’sCPanditsmaxims?Giveanexampletotheviolationofeachofitsmaxims?2.Whatwillyousaytoastatementlike“oneculture’smeatisanotherculture’spoison”?答案及評分標準I.Definition.共5題1.arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearsnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.2.morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.3.endocentricconstruction:isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinableCENTERorHEAD.4.construal:istheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregationetc.5.principleofcompositionality:Themeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombined.II.Dothefollowingaccordingtotherequirements.1.Identifythemannerofarticulationoftheinitialsoundsinthefollowingwords(a)cheeryaffricate(b)funnyfricative(c)loonylateral(d)crazystop(e)happyfricative2.Makedistinctionsbetweenthefollowingpairofterms.descriptivevs.prescriptivePrescriptive:howthingsoughttobeDo/Don’tsayX.(Commands)Descriptive:howthingsarePeopledo/don’tsayX.(Statements)3.Whataretheallomorphsofthemorpheme‘plural’inthissetofEnglishwords?criteria/iē/dogs/s/oxen/n/deer/i:/judges/iz/stimuli/i/Createatreediagramandalsomakeabracketedanalysisofthefollowingsentence:Thethiefstoleawallet.(((The)(girl))((ate)((the)(apple))))[[[The][girl]][[ate][[the][apple]]]]5.Whatarethefeaturesofwomenregister?WOMENREGISTER:women’slinguisticbehaviorismoreindirectandmorepolitethanmen’s1)womenusemore“fancy”colorterms;mauve,beige,aquamarine2)womenuselesspowerfulcursewords(少用Goddamnit!Damn!常用Oh,dear!Goodnessme!);3)womenusemoreintensifierssuchasterrible,awful,so.4)womenusemoretagquestions(Johnishere,isn’tit?);5)womenusemorestatementquestions(Dinnerwillbereadyatseveno’clock?)III.Discussion.1.HowdoyouunderstandGrice’sCPanditsmaxims?Giveanexampletotheviolationofeachofitsmaxims?Inordertoachievethepurposeofcommunication,peopleshouldfollowsomerulesorprinciplesintheircommunication,suchprincipleiscalledthecooperativeprinciple.MaximsofCP:MaximofQuantity:1).Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.2).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.MaximofQuality:Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.1).Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2).Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Maximofrelation:BerelevantMaximofManner:Beperspicuous.1).Avoidobscurityofexpression.2).Avoidambiguity.3).Bebrief.4).Beorderly.Violationofthemaximsandarisingimplicatures2.Whatwillyousaytoastatementlike“oneculture’smeatisanotherculture’spoison”?Thestatementrelatetothecrossculturalcommunication.Theanswermustincludeculturedifferencesreflectedthroughlanguage.《英語語言學概論》復習資料2I.Trueorfalsestatements.Directions：DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F).Bycreativitywemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.Referencemayrefertothepropertiesanentityhas,whilesensereferstotheconcreteentitieshavingtheseproperties.Thewordformationshownbyeditor---editiscalledbackformation.Thesemantictriangledemonstratestherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirreferents.Conceptualmeaningreferstothelogical,cognitive,orconnotativecontent.ThereferentialtheoryisespeciallytrueinthecaseofpropernounsanddefinitenounphrasesThemeaningofawordisnotananalyzablewhole.Itisacomplexofdifferentsemanticfeatures.Averyimportantpropertyofthepropositionisthatithasatruthvalue.Itiseithertrueorfalse.Theinterplayoflanguageandculturemayrangefromtextualstructuretophonologicalvariation.Anappropriatelanguageuseinanysocialinteractionjusthassomethingtodowithstructuralrules,butdoesnotinvolvesomesociallyinstitutionalizednormsinusage.TheuseofthetermsprincipleandmaximdoesnotmeanthattheCPanditsmaximswillbefollowedbyeverybodyallthetime.Infact,thesignificanceofCPliesintheviolations.ThesentenceJohnisabachelorentailsthesentenceJohnisunmarried.Inlogicsemantics,M(s)indicatesSocratesisaman.Theimpactofcultureuponagivenlanguageissomethingintrinsicandindispensable.Inthesentence“Ibequeathmywatchtomybrother”bequeathistheperformativeverb.Thesenserelationbetweenwide,narrowissynonymyEverywordhasasense,i.e.someconceptualcontent.Andsimilarlyeverywordhasareference.Astudyoflinguisticissuesinaculturalsettingcangreatlypromoteourunderstandingofmotivationanddirectionalityinlanguagechange.Pairsofwordslikebig,small;long,shortformarelationofcomplementaryantonymy.Errorsusuallyarisefromthelearner’slackofknowledge,whilemistakesoftenoccurwhenlearnersfailtoperformtheircompetence.II.Definition.Directions：Definethefollowingterms.Explainthemwithexamplesifnecessary.dualitymorphemecomplementaryantonymyassimilationSapir-WhorfHypothesisIII.Dothefollowingaccordingtotherequirements.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanallophoneandaphoneme?Whatisthebasicsenserelationbetweeneachpairofwordslisted?(a)damp/moist(b)deep/shallow(c)furniture/table(d)married/single(e)move/runMakedistinctionsbetweenthefollowingpairofterms.endocentricconstructionvsexocentricconstructionWhatarethesubjectsofresearchwithinpsycholinguistics?Isthefollowingsentencemorelikelytobespokenbyawomanoraman,andwhy?Ithinkthatgolfontelevisioniskindofboring,don’tyou?答案I.Trueorfalsestatements.共20題1---5TFTTF6---10TFTTF11—15TTTTT16—20FFTFTII.Definition.共5題（答案僅供參考，根據答題情況酌情給分）1.duality:meansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.2.morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.3.complementaryantonymy:themembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother,alive,dead.Theydivideupthewholeofasemanticfieldcompletely:Theassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,andthedenialofonemeanstheassertionoftheother.4.assimilation:aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Therearetwotypes:Regressiveassimilation(afollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound)andProgressiveassimilation(aprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound).5.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis:Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkinganddifferentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Therearetwopointsinhistheory:LanguagemaydetermineourthinkingpatternsthatisLinguisticdeterminism;Similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe,thatisLinguisticrelativityIIIDothefollowingaccordingtotherequirements.1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanallophoneandaphoneme?Aphonemeisthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.It’saunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Forexample,/i/and/e/aretwodifferentphonemesasindin/den;allthe/p/soundinEnglishbelongtothesamephoneme,although/p/inpin,spinandnipisslightlydifferent.[ph,p(p＝)]aretwodifferentphones(phoneticsegment)andarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.Theallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionandarephoneticallysimilar.2.Whatisthebasicsenserelationbetweeneachpairofwordslisted?(a)damp/moistsynonymy(b)deep/shallowantonymy(c)furniture/tablehyponymy(d)married/singleantonymy(e)move/runhyponymy3.Makedistinctionsbetweenthefollowingpairofterms.endocentricconstructionvsexocentricconstructionENDOCENTRICconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinableCENTERorHEAD.Usuallynounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrasesbelongtoendocentrictypesbecausetheconstituentitemsaresubordinatetotheHead.EXOCENTRICconstructionisjusttheoppositeofendocentricconstruction.Itreferstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Center”or“Head”insidethegroup.Exocentricconstructionusuallyincludesbasicsentence,prepositionalphrase,predicate(verb+object)construction,andconnective(be+complement)construction.4.Whatarethesubjectsofresearchwithinpsycholinguistics?Acquisition,Comprehension,Production,Disorders,Languageandthought,NeurocognitionIsthefollowingsentencemorelikelytobespokenbyawomanoraman,andwhy?Ithinkthatgolfontelevisioniskindofboring,don’tyou?BYaWOMAN.Becausethesentenceshowsthepoint(s)ofWOMENREGISTER:women’slinguisticbehaviorismoreindirectandmorepolitethanmen’s1)womenusemore“fancy”colorterms;mauve,beige,aquamarine2)womenuselesspowerfulcursewords(少用Goddamnit!Damn!常用Oh,dear!Goodnessme!);3)womenusemoreintensifierssuchasterrible,awful,so.4)womenusemoretagquestions(Johnishere,isn’tit?);5)womenusemorestatementquestions(Dinnerwillbereadyatseveno’clock?)《英語語言學概論》復習資料3I.Trueorfalsestatements.(20×1=20%)Directions：DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F).Referencemayrefertothepropertiesanentityhas,whilesensereferstotheconcreteentitieshavingtheseproperties.Thesenserelationbetweenwide,narrowissynonymyEverywordhasasense,i.e.someconceptualcontent.Andsimilarlyeverywordhasareference.Thewordformationshownbyeditor---editiscalledbackformation.Pairsofwordslikebig,small;long,shortformarelationofcomplementaryantonymy.Thesemantictriangledemonstratestherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirreferents.ThesentenceJohnisabachelorentailsthesentenceJohnisunmarried.Inlogicsemantics,M(s)indicatesSocratesisaman.Theimpactofcultureuponagivenlanguageissomethingintrinsicandindispensable.Inthesentence“Ibequeathmywatchtomybrother”bequeathistheperformativeverb.II.Matching.(10×1=10%)Directions：Therearetenlinguistsontheleftcolumnandontherightcolumntherearetenbooksandtheories.Matcheachlinguistwithhisworkortheoryappropriately.1.M.A.K.Hallidaya.TheSocialStratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity2.Krashenb.CourseinGeneralLinguistics3.Saussurec.Logicandconversation4.JohnAustind.HowToDoThingsWithWords5.J.Firbase.Anintegratedtheoryofmeaning6.KatzandFodorf.Systemic-functionalgrammar7.OgdenandRichardsg.Transformational-generativegrammar8.WilliamLabovh.CD(communicativedynamism)9.N.Chomskyi.i+1principle10.G.H.Gricej.ThesemantictriangleIII.Definition.(5×5=25%)Directions：Definethefollowingterms.Explainthemwithexamplesifnecessary.displacementallophoneboundmorphemeexocentricconstructionhyponymyIV.Dothefollowingaccordingtotherequirements.(25%)1.Makedistinctionsbetweenthefollowingpairofterms.(4%)competencevs.performance2.Trytopronouncetheinitialsoundsofthefollowingwordsandidentifytheplaceofarticulationofeachone(e.g.bilabial,alveolar,etc.)(6×1=6%)(a)belly(b)foot(c)mouth(d)calf(e)hand(f)thigh3.Createatreediagramandalsomakeabracketedanalysisofthefollowingsentence:Thethiefstoleawallet.(4%)4.Whichofthesepairofwordsareexamplesofconverseantonymy?(6%)above/belowasleep/awakebrother/sisterbuy/selldoctor/patientdry/wetenter/exitfollow/precedehusband/wifetrue/false5.WhatisSapir-Whorfhypothesis?(5%)答案I.Trueorfalsestatements.1---5FFFTF6---10TTTTTII.Matching1.f2.i3.b4.d5.h6.e7.j8.a9.g10.cIII.Definition.1.displacement:meansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.2.allophone:isthevariant(s)ofaphoneme.Forexample,[ph,p＝]aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthesamephoneme/p/.3.boundmorpheme:thosewhichcannotoccuralone,andmustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme.4.exocentricconstruction:referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Center”or“Head”insidethegroup.5.hyponymy:amatterofmeaninginclusivenessandofclassmembership,forexample,therelationbetweenfurnitureandtable,deskIV.Dothefollowingaccordingtotherequirements.1.Makedistinctionsbetweenthefollowingpairofterms.competencevs.performanceCompetence:alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesPerformance: