TopicTenTense匯報人：2023-12-11目錄CONTENTSPresentsimpletensePresentcontinuoustenseFuturedefinePastperfecttensePresentperfecttenseSimplepasttensePastcontinuoustensePastfuturetense01PresentsimpletenseCHAPTERDefinitionThepresentsimpletenseisaverbformthatexpressesactionsorstatesinthepresenttimeItdoesnotshowthecompletionoftheactionConceptsThepresentsimpletenseisusedtodescribeactionsorstatesthatarehappeningnoworhaveapermanentvalidityItisalsousedtoexpresshabitualorrepeatedactionsDefinitionandConceptsToexpressanactionthatiscurrentlyhappening:e.g.,"IeatpizzaeveryFriday."Todescribeacharacteristicorpermanentstate:e.g.,"Sheisadoctor."Toexpressageneraltruthorfact:e.g.,"Thesunrisksintheeast.""TheygototheGymeveryday."BasicUsageThepresentcontinuoustenseexpressesanactionthatiscurrentlyhappeningandtemporarilyinterruptingthepresenttimeItisformedwiththeverb"tobe"andthepresentationarticleoftheverbExample:"Iamstudying."PresentcontinuoustenseThepresentperfecttenseexpressesanactionthathasbeencompletedinthepresenttimeoruptonowItisformedwiththeverb"tohave"andthepastparticleoftheverbExample:"Ihavefinishedmyhome."PresentperfecttenseDifferencefromothertensions02PresentcontinuoustenseCHAPTERPresentContinuousTenseisaverbtensethatrepresentsanongoingactionoracurrentsituation.Whenwedescribeanactioninprogressorasituationinprogress,weusethepresentcontinuoustense.DefinitionandConceptsConceptDefinitionIndicatingongoingactionsThepresentcontinuoustensecanbeusedtodescribeongoingactions,suchas"Iamstudying".IndicatingtheupcomingfutureAlthoughthepresentcontinuoustensemainlyrepresentsongoingactions,itcanalsobeusedtoindicatetheupcomingfuture,suchas"Iammeetingmyfriendtomorrow".BasicUsageDifferencefromothertensionsThedifferencefromSimplePresentTense:Thepresentcontinuoustenseemphasizesthatanactionisinprogress,whilethesimplepresenttenserepresentsahabitualorroutinesituation.Forexample,"Iusuallygotoschoolbybus"isthesimplepresenttense,indicatingaregularsituation;And"Iamgoingtoschoolnow"isthepresentcontinuoustense,indicatingthecurrentaction.Thedifferencebetweenpresentperfecttenseandpresentperfecttense:presentperfecttenserepresentstheimpactorresultofapastactiononthepresent,whilepresentcontinuoustenseemphasizestheongoingaction.Forexample,"Ihavecompletedmyhomework"isthepresentperfecttense,indicatingthecompletedresult;And"Iamdoingmyhomeworknow"isthepresentcontinuoustense,emphasizingtheactionsbeingdone.03FuturedefineCHAPTERVSThefutureuncertaintense,alsoknownasthefutureindefinitemoodorfutureinfinitive,isatensethatexpressesactionsorstatesthatmayormaynotoccurinthefuture.ConceptThefutureuncertaintenseiscommonlyusedtodescribepredictions,speculations,orexpectationsaboutthefuturebasedoncurrentinformation,butsuchpredictionsorexpectationsarenotnecessarilydefinite.DefinitionDefinitionandConceptsWhenweneedtospeculateorpredictthefuturebasedoncurrentinformation,situations,ortrends,wecanusetheuncertainfuturetense.Forexample,"Itmayraintomorrow."Expressingexpectationsordesires:Whenwehopeorexpectsomethingtohappeninthefuturebutareunsureifitwillactuallyhappen,wecanusethefutureuncertaintense.Forexample,"Ihopetoseeyoutomorrow."Expressingpossibility:Whenwedescribesomethingthatmayormaynothappeninthefuture,wecanusethefutureuncertaintense.Forexample,"Thismoviemaybeverypopular."BasicUsageThedifferencefromthepresenttensethepresenttenserepresentsanactionorstatethatiscurrentlytakingplace,whiletheuncertainfuturetenserepresentsapossiblefuturestateoraction.Thedifferencefromthepasttensethepasttenserepresentsactionsorstatesthathavealreadyoccurred,whiletheuncertainfuturetenserepresentspossibilitiesorpredictionsforthefuture.Differencefromothertensions04PastperfecttenseCHAPTERThepastperfecttenseisatenseusedtodescribeanactionorstatethathasoccurredbeforeacertaintimeinthepast.DefinitionThepastperfecttenseisrelativetoacertaintimeinthepast,anditrepresentsanactionorstatethathasoccurredbeforeacertaintimeinthepast,thatis,thepast.ConceptDefinitionandConceptsBasicUsage010203Indicatesanactionthathasalreadybeencompletedbeforeapastactionoccurred.Forexample:Ihadalreadyfinishedmyhomebeforedinner(Ihadalreadycompletedmyhomeworkbeforedinner.)Representingthepast,thatis,anotherpastactionthatoccurredbeforeapastaction.Forexample:Hesaidhehadalreadyseenthemovie(Hesaidhehasalreadywatchedthismovie.)Inastoryornarrative,usedtoreviewortelleventsthathavealreadyoccurredinthepast.Forexample:Yesterday,IhadfinishedmyhomeandthenIwatchedamovie(Yesterday,Ifinishedmyhomeworkandwatchedamovie.)Comparedtothesimplepasttense,thepastperfecttenseemphasizesthatanactionoccurredinthepast,meaningthatonepastactionwascompletedbeforeanotherpastaction.Differencefromothertensions05PresentperfecttenseCHAPTERThepresentperfecttenseisatenseinEnglishgrammarthatrepresentstheimpactorresultofpastactionsorsituationsonthepresent.DefinitionThepresentperfecttenseisaconnectionestablishedbetweenthepastandthepresent,linkingpasteventswiththepresentstate.Itcanhelpusdescribehowpasteventshaveaffectedthecurrentsituation,orexpressthatactionscompletedinthepaststillhaveanimpactinthepresent.ConceptDefinitionandConceptsIndicatestheimpactoroutcomeofactionsthatoccurredinthepastonthepresent.Forexample:Ihavefinishedmyhome(Ihavecompletedmyhomework.)Indicatesanactionthatoccurredinthepastbutstillhasanimpactorresultnow.Forexample:Ihaveseenthatmoviebefore(Ihaveseenthatmoviebefore.)Indicatesanactionorstatethatbeganinthepastandhascontinueduntilthepresent.Forexample:Hehaslivedinthiscitysince2010BasicUsageThedifferencebetweenthepresentperfecttenseandthesimplepasttenseisthatthepresentperfecttenseemphasizestheimpactoroutcomeofpastactionsonthepresent,whilethesimplepasttensesimplydescribespastevents.Forexample:HeclosedthedoorHehasclosedthedoor(Hehasalreadyclosedthedoor.)Thedifferencebetweenthepresentperfecttenseandthepastcontinuoustense:thepresentperfecttenseindicatestheimpactorresultofpastactionsonthepresent,whilethepastcontinuoustenseemphasizesactionsthatwerealreadytakingplaceinthepast.Forexample:IwasstudyingwhenthephonerangWhenthephonerang,Iwasstudying(Ihavereceivedtheletter.)Differencefromothertensions06SimplepasttenseCHAPTERDefinitionandConceptsDefinitionSimplepasttenseisaformofverbusedtoindicateanactionorstatethatoccurredatacertaintimeorperiodinthepast.ConceptThesimplepasttenseisoftenusedtonarratestories,describehistoricaleventsorpastexperiences,etc.

BasicUsageUsedtodescribepastactionsorstates.Indicatesanactionorstateatacertainpointintimeorperiodinthepast.Usedinconjunctionwithpasttimewordssuchasyesterday,lastyear,in2000,etc.Thedifferencebetweenpresentperfecttenseandpresentperfecttenseisthatpresentperfecttenseemphasizesactionsthathaveanimpactorresultonthepresent,whilesimplepasttenseemphasizesactionsorstatesthatoccurredatacertaintimeorperiodinthepast.Thedifferencebetweenthepastcontinuoustenseandthepastcontinuoustenseisthatthepastcontinuoustenseemphasizesanactionorstatethatiscurrentlytakingplaceatacertainpointintimeorperiodinthepast,whilethesimplepasttenserepresentsanactionorstatethathasalreadybeencompletedatacertaintimeorperiodinthepast.Differencefromothertensions07PastcontinuoustenseCHAPTERThepastcontinuoustenseisatypeofEnglishtensethatrepresentsanactionorastateofexistencethatwastakingplaceatacertaintimeinthepast.Thepastcontinuoustenseisadescriptionofanactionorastatethatisoccurringorexistingatacertainpointintimeinthepast.Thisactionorstatemaylastforaperiodoftimeormayonlybeinstantaneous.DefinitionConceptDefinitionandConceptsTimemarkerwordsWhenusingthepastcontinuoustense,timemarkerwordsareusuallyused,suchasthe"was/were+presentparticipleofaverb"form.Forexample,"Iwasstudyingatthistimeyesterday."ExpressingcontinuousactionThepastcontinuoustensecanbeusedtoexpressanactionthathaslastedforaperiodoftimeinthepast.Forexample,"Wewereworkinginthegardenfortwohours."ExpressingstateThepastcontinuoustensecanalsobeusedtoexpressastatethatexistedinthepast.Forexample,"ThephonewasringingwhenIenteredtheroom."BasicUsageDifferentfromthesimplepasttense:thepastcontinuoustenseemphasizesanactionorstatethatwashappeningatacertainpointintimeinthepast,whilethesimplepasttenserepresentsanactionorstatethatoccurredorexistedatacertaintimeinthepast.Forexample,"Isawhimyesterday."and"Iwasseeinghimyesterdaywhenthephonerang."Thedifferencebetweenthepresentperfecttenseandthepresentperfecttenseisthatthepresentperfecttenserepresentsanactionorastatethathasbeencompletedsofar,whilethepastcontinuoustenserepresentsanactionorastatethatwasoccurringatacertainpointinthepast.Forexample,"IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears"and"IwasstudyingEnglishatthistimelastyear."Differencefromothertensions08PastfuturetenseCHAPTERDefinitionThepastfuturetenseisatensethatrepresentsapredictionorexpectationofafutureeventorsituationatacertainpointinthepast.要點一要點二ConceptThepastfuturetenseisrelativetothepresenttense,anditusesacertaintimeinthepastasareferencepointtodescribeeventsorsituationsthatwilloccurafterthattimepoint.DefinitionandConceptsWhendescribingpastsituations,weusethepastfuturetenseto