第二部分閱讀能力突破篇專題一閱讀理解第2講題型破解——推理判斷題高頻考點·研析透推理判斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題,一般在理解原文字面意義的基礎上，通過對語篇邏輯關系的分析和細節(jié)的暗示，做出一定的判斷和推理,從而得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義。在進行推斷時,要據文推理、合情推理,不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。考點1細節(jié)推斷題辨明題類細節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據語篇內容，就某具體細節(jié)進行推斷，如時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識進行推理判斷。一般題干中經常會出現六個動詞：infer(推斷)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出結論，推斷出)和assume(假定，設想)。該類型的命題方式常常以下列形式呈現：(1)Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthetextthat

．(2)Whatcanweinfer/learnfrom…?(3)Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat

．(4)Thepassage/story…indicates/suggests/impliesthat

．技法點撥第一步：定位關鍵細節(jié)——根據題干提供的信息，抓住某一段話的關鍵信息，即推理的依據；第二步：正確理解推斷——對原文中的信息細讀理解其字面意義，然后結合語境，在字面意義的基礎上進行符合邏輯的分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維和正向推理，從而推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。【特別提醒】(1)如果某個選項是文章中的一個細節(jié)內容，則不能作為推理的結論。(2)切勿把脫離原文的個人看法、主觀臆斷作為答案。真題體驗(2022·全國乙卷B)In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmithCollege.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothing

Daunted:The

Unexpected

Education

of

Two

Society

Girls

in

the

WestbyDorothyWickenden,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff'sgranddaughter.Whydidtheygothen?Well,theywantedtodosomethinguseful.Soon,however,theyrealizedwhattheyhadundertaken.Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings,RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.InWickenden'sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls'decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed(牽涉)drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy'sreturntoAuburn.Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicism(堅忍)ofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.HereisapictureofDorothyWoodruff,onherhorse,lookingdownfromahilltop:“Whenthesunslippedbehindthemountains,itshedarosyglowallaroundthem.Thenafullmoonrose.Thesnowwasmarkedonlybysmallanimals:foxes,coyotes,mice,andvaryinghares,whichturnedwhiteinthewinter.”25．WhatcanwelearnaboutthegirlsfromParagraph3？

.A．Theyenjoyedmuchrespect．B．Theyhadaroomwithabathtub．C．Theylivedwiththelocalkids．D．Theysufferedseverehardships．【解題示范】第一步：確定題干中的關鍵信息：learnabout，Paragraph3；第二步：在確定推理依據的位置或范圍第三段之后，再進行推理判斷：根據“Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning．(她們和一個當地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬進去，并且和他們一樣，幾乎沒有隱私，很少洗澡，早上醒來時被子上覆蓋著一層雪。)”以及“Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice．(在春天，覆蓋在冰上的雪被泥替代。)”可知，女孩們的生活條件非常艱苦，她們飽受磨難。故選D。考點2觀點態(tài)度題辨明題類所謂作者的觀點和態(tài)度，就是表達作者對某個話題、行為、事件的看法、感覺或判斷。作者的觀點和態(tài)度一般分為三大類：支持、贊同、樂觀、悲觀；客觀、中立；反對、批評、懷疑。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間。因此，在推斷過程中，應特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。此類試題往往讓考生推斷文章作者或文中人物對某事所持的態(tài)度、觀點或看法，或推斷文中人物的語氣、性格等。設問形式常有：(1)What'sthewriter'sattitudetowards…?(2)Whatistheauthor'sopinionon…?(3)Whatdoestheauthorthink/feelabout…?技法點撥1．文章作者或文中人物對某事物所持的觀點或態(tài)度往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾詞之中，注意文中作者或人物的措辭。(1)正確掌握字里行間所隱含或流露的意思，切忌用自己的觀點來代替作者或文中人物的觀點。(2)留意那些描寫所處氛圍及表達情感、態(tài)度或觀點的詞語或句子。(3)關注首段首尾句，推斷文章主題，確定作者觀點。2．要分清選項中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反對或否定的詞語，再以此對照文章內容。下面是一些常見的有關作者情感、態(tài)度的詞語：(1)表示支持或肯定的詞語

favorable贊同的，有利的；positive積極的，肯定的，確實的；supportive支持的；approval贊成，正式批準；reasonable合理的；enthusiastic熱情的等。(2)表示反對或否定的詞語critical批評的；negative否定的，消極的；disapproval不贊成；impractical不實際的；radical激進的；prejudiced有成見的，偏頗的等。(3)表示中立或客觀的態(tài)度的詞語objective客觀的；neutral中立的；indifferent漠然的等。真題體驗(2023·全國乙卷B)LivinginIowaandtryingtobecomeaphotographerspecializinginlandscape(風景)canbequiteachallenge,mainlybecausethecornstatelacksgeographicalvariation．AlthoughlandscapesintheMidwesttendtobequitesimilar,eitherfarmfieldsorhighways,sometimesIfinddistinctivecharacterinthehillsorlakes．Tomakesomeofmylandscapeshots,Ihavetraveleduptofourhoursawaytoshootwithina10-minutetimeframe．Itendtotravelwithafewofmyfriendstostateparksortothecountrysidetogoonadventuresandtakephotosalongtheway．Beingattherightplaceattherighttimeisdecisiveinanystyleofphotography．IoftenleaveearlytoseektherightdestinationssoIcansetupearlytoavoidmissingthemomentIamattemptingtophotograph．Ihavemissedplentyofbeautifulsunsets/sunrisesduetobeingonthespotonlyfiveminutesbeforethebestmoment．OnetimemyfriendsandIdrovethreehourstoDevil'sLake,Wisconsin,toclimbthepurplequartz(石英)rockaroundthelake．Afterwefoundacrazy-lookingroadthathungoverabunchofrocks,wedecidedtophotographthesceneatsunset．Thepositionenabledustolookoverthelakewiththesunsetinthebackground．Wemanagedtoleavethisspottoclimbhigherbecauseofthesparetimeuntilsunset．However,wedidnotmarktheroute(路線)soweendedupalmostmissingthesunsetentirely．Oncewefoundtheplace,itwasstressfulgettinglightsandcamerassetupinthelimitedtime．Still,lookingbackonthephotos,theyaresomeofmybestshotsthoughtheycouldhavebeensomuchbetterifIwouldhavebeenpreparedandmanagedmytimewisely．27．HowdoestheauthorfindhisphotostakenatDevil'sLake？

.A．Amusing． B．Satisfying．C．Encouraging． D．Comforting．【解題示范】第一步：根據題干確定題型：由題干中的Howdoestheauthorfind可知本題是考查作者的觀點態(tài)度；第二步：確定答案，定位到原文，尋找相關信息：根據最后一段“Still,lookingbackonthephotos,theyaresomeofmybestshotsthoughtheycouldhavebeensomuchbetterifIwouldhavebeenpreparedandmanagedmytimewisely．(盡管如此，回顧這些照片，它們仍然是我最好的一些照片，盡管如果我能明智地準備和管理我的時間，它們本可以拍得更好。)”可知，作者認為自己在魔鬼湖拍攝的照片是令人滿意的。故選B。考點3寫作意圖題辨明題類通常情況下，作者在文中不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文中所列事物使讀者感受到其所傳遞的想法。所以，這種題型要求考生具備對作者闡述的內容進行總結和分析的能力。設問形式常有：1．整篇文章的寫作目的/意圖(1)Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto

．(2)Thepurposeofthetextisto

．(3)Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?(4)Thewriterofthestorywants/intendstotellusthat

．2．某處細節(jié)的寫作目的/意圖(1)Thewriteruses…inthefirstparagraphto

．(2)Thewriterusestheexampleof…to

．(3)Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto

．技法點撥通常可依據文體特點來推斷作者寫作意圖：1．記敘文：通常會在首段或尾段出現高度概括性語言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有敘述都圍繞該哲理展開。2．應用文：文章常對某事物或服務進行詳細介紹，使用具有明顯傾向性的語言。3．說明文：其寫作意圖依賴于對文章主題句的把握，故應找準主題句。4．議論文：一般開頭提出某論點，中間進行論證，最后得出結論，寫作意圖常隱含于最后一部分中。真題體驗(2021·全國乙卷C)You'veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4．8and12．7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear．Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes．Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts．Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse，”apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash．Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam．Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled．Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來源)ofplasticpollution,butthey'verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon'tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled．Everystrawthat'spartofVonWong'sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes．Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear．Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(說明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload'sworthofplasticenterstheocean．Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic，”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey'dbeendumped(傾倒)fromatruckallatonce．VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint．29．WhydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinParagraph3？

.A．Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling．B．Toexplainwhytheyareuseful．C．Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart．D．Tofindasubstituteforthem．【解題示范】第一步：閱讀題干，把握出題意圖：Whydiscuss，plasticstraws；第二步：通過題干中的Paragraph3迅速定位第三段，該段講的是“全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管絕不是最大的塑料污染源，但它們最近卻受到了抨擊，因為大多數人不需要吸管喝飲料，而且由于它們體積小、重量輕，無法回收利用。馮·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能來自只喝了幾分鐘的飲料。一旦飲料消失了，吸管也要幾個世紀才能消失。”吸管由于體積小，重量輕，無法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段討論吸管是為了展示它們回收的困難。故選A。文章來源題要求考生具備一定的常識，能夠根據文章的體裁和題材來推斷文章的出處或類別。讀者對象推斷題要求考生根據短文內容和文中的措辭推斷文章的讀者對象，即作者針對的讀者對象是什么人。設問形式常有：(1)Thispassagewouldprobably/mostlikelybefoundin______．(2)Thepassageisprobablytakenfrom/out______．(3)Thepassageisprobablyintendedfor______．考點4語篇出處或讀者對象題辨明題類1．利用內容判斷文章出處(1)文章前面有日期、地點或通訊社名稱：newspaper。(2)推銷介紹新產品：advertisement。(3)文章中有clickhere,download,upload,link,mouse,surf等網絡標志語等網絡用語：website。(4)旅游勝地方面的介紹：travelguide。(5)時尚、名人或娛樂方面的介紹：magazine/journal/entertainmentsection。(6)科普知識：sciencereport。(7)文化教育類文章：educationsection。技法點撥2．利用內容判斷文章類別(1)旅游景點方面的介紹：travelguide。(2)新產品/新書/新影片/演出介紹：advertisement。(3)活動介紹：notice/announcement。(4)文章前面有日期、地點或通訊社名稱：news。(5)科普知識/研究介紹：sciencereport/studyreport。3．確定讀者對象先確定文章主題，再根據文章具體細節(jié)內容判斷讀者對象。真題體驗(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷A)GradingPoliciesforIntroductiontoLiteratureGradingScale90－100,A;80－89,B;70－79,C;60－69,D;Below60,E．Essays(60%)Yourfourmajoressayswillcombinetoformthemainpartofthegradeforthiscourse:Essay1＝10%;Essay2＝15%;Essay3＝15%;Essay4＝20%．GroupAssignments(30%)Studentswillworkingroupstocompletefourassignments(作業(yè))duringthecourse．AlltheassignmentswillbesubmittedbytheassigneddatethroughBlackboard,ouronlinelearningandcoursemanagementsystem．DailyWork/In-ClassWritingsandTests/GroupWork/Homework(10%)Classactivitieswillvaryfromday