考研外語提分沖刺試卷7

一、UseofEnglish

1>Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedman

wereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe

discoveryoffire,althoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenacquired

theuseof(1).

The(2)oflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganvery

gradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserve(3)signals,

(4)eventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundableto

pronouncewords(5)withthemostintensiveprofessional

instruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparently(6)

forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficiently

intelligent,wemustsupposethathe(7)thenumberof

criesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatday(8)he

discoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.Thereare

thosewhothinkthat(9)_____picturelanguageprecededoral

language.Aman(10)apictureonthewallofhiscaveto

show(11)directionhehadgone,or(12)preyhehoped

tocatch.Probably-picturelanguageandorallanguage

developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage

(13)themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopment

ofman.Twoimportantstagescamenot(14)beforethedawn

ofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;

thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewas(15)inhuman

progresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable

(16)ourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossible

(17)immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspecies

intheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.

(18)were,atfirst,onlythoseinwhichnaturefertilized

thesoil(19)eachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolent

resistancefromthepastoralnomads,buttheagriculturalway

oflifeprevailedintheend(20)thephysicalcomforts

itprovided.

A.thelatter

B.thelater

C.thesecond

D.thelatest

2、(2)

A.source

B.beginning

C.start

D.origin

3、(3)

A.like

B.with

C.as

D.by

4、(4)

A.and

B.but

C.moreover

D.for

5、⑸

A.evenif

B.even

C.eventhough

D.evenas

6、(6)

A.anecessity

B.necessities

C.necessarily

D.necessity

7、(7)

A.shouldgraduallyincrease

3

B.graduallyincrease

C.graduallyincreased

D.hasgraduallyincreased

8、(8)

A.that

B.atwhich

C.which

D.when

9、(9)

A.withtherespect

B.onthisrespect

C.inthisrespect

D.atthisrespect

10、(10)

A.coulddraw

B.shoulddraw

C.wasabledraw

D.wasdrawing

11、(11)

A.atwhich

B.inwhich

C.onwhich

4

D.withwhich

12、(12)

A.ofwhich

B.that

C.which

D.what

13、(13)

A.is

B.was

C.hasbeen

D.isbeing

14、(14)

A.toolong

B.suchlong

C.aslong

D.solong

15、(15)

A.astage

B.astep

C.adevelopment

D.away

16、(16)

5

A.until

B.with

C.for

D.to

17、(17)

A.the

B.an

C.that

D.one

18、(18)

A.Those

B.These

C.There

D.They

19、(19)

A.after

B.with

C.before

D.at

20、(20)

A.since

B.for

目6

C.because

D.becauseof

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

WithRobertLaurentandWilliamZorach,directcarvingenters

intothestoryofmodemsculptureintheUnitedStates.Direct

carving—inwhichthesculptorsthemselvescarvestoneorwood

withmalletandchisel一justberecognizedassomethingmore

thanjustatechnique.Implicitinitisanaestheticprinciple

aswell:thatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyand

expressivenesswithwhichsculptorsmustbringtheirown

aestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony.Forexample,sometimes

theshapeorveininginapieceofstoneorwoodsuggests,

perhapsevendictates,notonlytheultimateform,buteventhe

subjectmatter.

Thetechniqueofdirect,carvingwasabreakwiththe

nineteenth-centurytraditioninwhichthemakingofaclay

modelwasconsideredthecreativeactandtheworkwasthen

turnedovertostudioassistantstobecastinplasterorbronze

orcarvedinmarble.Neoclassicalsculptorsseldomhelda

malletorchiselintheirownhands,readilyconcedingthatthe

assistantstheyemployedwerefarbetterthantheywereat

carvingthefinishedmarble.

Withtheturn-of-the-centuryCraftsmovementandthediscovery

ofnontraditionalsourcesofinspiration,suchaswooden

Africanfigureandmasks,therearoseanewurgeforhands-on,

personalexecutionofartandaninteractionwiththemedium.

Evenasearlyasthe1880'sand18901s,nonconformistEuropean

artistswereattemptingdirectcarving.Bytheseconddecade

ofthetwentiethcentury,Americans一LaurentandZorachmost

notably一hadadopteditastheirprimarymeansofworking.

BorninFrance,RobertLaurent(1890-1970)wasaprodigywho

receivedhiseducationintheUnitedStates.In1905hewassent

toParisasanapprenticetoanartdealer,andintheyears

thatfollowedhewitnessedthebirthofCubism,discovered

primitiveart,andlearnedthetechniquesofwoodcarvingfrom

aframe,maker.

BackinNewYorkCityby1910,Laurentbegancarvingpiecessuch

asThePriestess,whichrevealshisfascinationwithAfrican,

pre-Columbian,andSouthPacifican.Takingawalnutplank,the

sculptorcarvedtheexpressive,stylizeddesign.Itisoneof

theearliestexamplesofdirectcarvinginAmericansculpture.

Theplank,sform,dictatedtherigidlyfrontalviewandthelow

relief.EvenitsirregularshapemusthaveappealedtoLaurent

asabreakwithalong-standingtraditionthatrequireda

sculptortoworkwithinaperfectrectangleorsquare.

Whatisoneofthefundamentalprinciplesofdirectcarving?

A.Asculptormustworkwithtalentedassistants.

B.Thesubjectofasculptureshouldbederivedfromclassical

stories.

C.Thematerialisanimportantelementinasculpture.

D.Designingasculptureisamorecreativeactivitythan

carvingit.

2、

Howdoesdirectcarvingdifferfromthenineteenth-century

traditionofsculpture?

A.Sculptorsarepersonallyinvolvedinthecarvingofapiece.

B.Sculptorsfindtheirinspirationinneoclassicalsources.

C.Sculptorshavereplacedthemalletandchiselwithother

tools.

D.Sculptorsreceivemoreformaltraining.

3、

WheredidRobertLaurentlearntocarve?

A.NewYork.

B.Africa.

C.TheSouthPacific.

D.Paris.

4、

Thephrase"abreakwith"inthelastparagraphisclosestin

meaningto.

A.adestructionof

B.adeparturefrom

C.acollapseof

D.asolutionto

5、

ThepiecetitledThePriestesshasallofthefollowing

characteristicsEXCEPT.

A.thedesignisstylized

B.itismadeofmarble

C.thecarvingisnotdeep

D.itdepictsthefrontofaperson

6、Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofwork

hasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewho

operatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyintowhichthe

machineshavebeenintroduced.Forexample,ithasbeen

suggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthem

outofthehousehold,theirtraditionalsphere,and

fundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.Inthe

nineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories,Jules

Simon,aFrenchpolitician,warnedthatbydoingso,womenwould

giveuptheirfemininity.EnedrichEngels,however,predicted

thatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthesocial,legal,and

economicsubordinationofthefamilybytechnological

developmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof"thewhole

femalesex...intopubicindustry."Observersthusdiffered

concerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanization，seffects,

buttheyagreedthatitwouldtransform,women'slives.

Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryof

women,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransforming

power.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnological

innovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,the

typewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequally

dramaticsocialchangesinwomen,seconomicpositionorinthe

prevailingevaluationofwomen,swork.Theemploymentofyoung

womenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwas

largelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,

singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinoffice

technology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,

previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanager,

fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880'screatedanewclass

of"deadened"jobs,henceforthconsidered"women'swork'.The

increaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethe

homeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththe

mechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimefor

thesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityand

withhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolof

singlewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomen

employerswouldhire.

Women，sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,

movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,and

laterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.

Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenwork

havechangedlittlesincebeforetheIndustrialRevolution:the

segregationofoccupationsbygender,lowerpayforwomenas

agroupofjobsthatrequirerelatively,lowlevelsofskill

andofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,

whilewomen,shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recent

historicalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthe

notionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryin

itseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedany

changeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabor

marketandinthehome.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemain

ideaofthepassage?

A.Theeffectsofthemechanizationofwomen,sworkhavenot

borneoutthefrequentlyheldassumptionthatnewtechnology

isinherentlyrevolutionary.

B.Recentstudieshaveshownthatmechanization

revolutionizesasociety，straditionalvaluesandthe

customaryrolesofitsmembers.

C.Mechanizationhascausedthenatureofwomen'sworkto

changesincetheIndustrialRevolution.

D.Themechanizationofworkcreateswholenewclassesofjobs

thatdidnotpreviouslyexist.

7、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwould

considerwhichofthefollowingtobeanindicationofa

fundamentalalterationintheconditionsofwomen'swork?

A.Statisticsshowingthatthemajorityokwomennowoccupy

white-collarpositions.

B.Interviewswithmarriedmenindicatingthattheyarenow

doingsomehouseholdtasks.

C.Surveysofthelabormarketdocumentingtherecentcreation

ofanewclassofjobsinelectronicsinwhichwomenworkers

outnumbermenfourtoone.

D.Censusresultsshowingthatworkingwomen，swagesand

salariesare,ontheaverage,ashighasthoseofworkingmen.

8、

Thepassagestatesthat,beforethetwentiethcentury,which

ofthefollowingwastrueofmanyemployers?

A.Theydidnotemploywomeninfactories.

B.Theytendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomen.

C.Theyemployedwomenonlyinthosejobsthatwererelated

towomen'straditionalhouseholdwork.

D.Theyresultedtechnologicalinnovationsthatwould

radicallychangewomen'srolesinthefamily.

9、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormost

probablybelieveswhichofthefollowingtobetrueconcerning

thosehistorianswhostudythehistoryofwomen?

A.Theirworkprovidesinsightsimportanttothoseexamining

socialphenomenaaffectingthelivesofbothsexes.

B.Theirworkcanonlybeusedcautiouslybyscholarsinother

disciplines.

C.Becausetheyconcentrateonlyontheroleofwomeninthe

work-placetheydrawmorereliableconclusionsthantheother

historians.

D.Theirworkhasnothadanimpactonmosthistorians，current

assumptionsconcerningtherevolutionaryeffectoftechnology

inthework-place.

10、

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthe

concludingsentenceofthepassage?

A.Itsumsupthegeneralpointsconcerningthemechanization

ofworkmadeinthepassageasawhole.

B.Itdrawsaconclusionconcerningtheeffectsofthe

mechanizationofworkwhichgoesbeyondtheevidencepresented

inthepassageasawhole.

C.Itrestatesthepointconcerningtechnologymadeinthe

sentenceimmediatelyprecedingit.

D.Itqualifiestheauthor'sagreementwithscholarswhoargue

foramajorrevisionintheassessmentoftheimpactof

mechanizationonsociety.

11、Oneoftheoldestseafaringshipsintheworldhasbeen

reconstructedaftersevenyears'patientarchaeologicalwork.

Theship,a60-footsailingvessel,sankoffthecoastofCyprus

inthedaysofAlexandertheGreataroundtheyear300B.C.Its

discoveryandrestorationhavenowthrownnewlightonthe

ancienttraderoutesandshipbuildingtechniques.

WhatmakestheCyprusshipsoinformativeistheremarkable

stateofpreservation一mainlyduetoanunusualfeatureofits

design.Thehullwassheathedontheoutsidewithleadthatwas

fixedtothetimberwithbronzetackswhichhelpedthewooden

frame,survive2000yearsunderthesea.

Thefirstcluetothewreck,sexistencecamein1964whena

spongediverfromthepresent-dayresortofKyreniacameacross

apoleofamphorae(ancientstoragejugs).Unfortunatelyhis

divingairsupplyranoutjustatthatmoment,sothathehad

notimetomarkthespot.Ittookhimthreeyearsandhundreds

ofdivesbeforehechanceduponthemagain.

Hereportedhisfindtoanunderwaterarchaeologicalteamfrom

theUniversityofPennsylvaniawhichwassurveyingtheCypriot

coastsforwrecks.Aftercheckinghisdescription,theteam

decidedtoconcentratetheirresourcesontheKyreniaship,and

overthenexttwoyearsateamofnofewerthat50archaeologists

anddiverstookpartintheexcavation.

Withthehelpofametaldetector,theteamdiscoveredthat

wreckagelayscatteredovera2000-square-footarea,often

buriedbeneathsandandsea-weed.Eachitemwascarefully

photographedinitsplace,andasystemofplasticgrids

stretchedoverthewholesitesothatitcouldbeaccurately

mapped.

Morethan400amphoraelayburiedinthesand.Theshiphadbeen

carryingacargoofwineandalmonds.Morethan9000ofthese

werefoundinornearbytheamphorae,theiroutershellsstill

perfectlypreserved.Aswellasthese,therewere29stonegrain

mills,beingcarriedbothascargoandasballast.Thesewere

carefullystoredinthreerowsparalleltotheaxisofthekeel.

Aswellasthemaincargo,therewereothersmallfinds.Four

woodenspoons,fouroiljugs,foursaltdishesandfourdrinking

cupssuggestedthenumberofcrewontheshipslastvoyage.

Therewasanaxe,andneartheintricatelycarvedmastlaya

woodenpulley,usedtoraiseandlowertheyard.Abronze

cauldron,usedperhapstopreparethecrew,smealswasalso

lyinginthewreck.

Offivebronzecoinsfound,nonedatedearlierthan306B.C.

Carbon-14analysisofthealmondcargopinpointedtheirdate

atabout288B.C.,butthatoftheship,splankingsuggested

anearlierof370B.C.ThustheKyreniashipwasmorethan80

yearsoldthedayshesank-alonglifeforawoodenhulland

proofofthegoodcraftsmanshipofherbuilder.

Thediscoveryoftheshipisimportanttostudentsofearly

shipsandtheirroutesbecause.

A.theoldestsurvivingshipitisavaluablesourceof

information

B.itisausefulmeansofextendingtheirexistingknowledge

C.itsdiscoveryhaschangedcompletelytheirexistingideas

D.thisprovidestheonlyinformationaboutearly

Mediterraneantradingshipsthathascometheirway

12、

Archaeologistswereabletolearnalotabouttheconstruction

oftheshipbecause.

A.itwasdiscoveredonlyashortdistancefromland

B.therewerevariousformsoftoolsandequipment

C.itwasinasurprisinglygoodcondition

D.alotofitscargostillremained

13、

WhenwasthewreckofKyreniashipfound?

A.In1969.

B.In1964.

C.In1967.

D.Sevenyearsafter1964.

14、

Whichofthefollowingtasksisnotstatedashavingformed

partoftheresearch?

A.Recordingpicturesofthefinds.

B.Makinganexactplanofthepositionofthefinds.

C.Locatingallthepartsoftheshipanditscargointhat

area.

D.Storingeverythingcarefullyinrows.

15、

Theapproximatedateoftheshipwreckcouldbedecidedfrom

A.thedatesonthecoinsfound

B.theanalysisoftheageofthematerialsfromwhichtheship

wasbuilt

C.thescientifically-determinedageofsomeofthecargo

D.aknowledgeofthedateofthebuildingoftheshiptogether

withherknownage

16^Readingthepapersandlookingattelevisionthesedays,

onecaneasilybepersuadedthatthehumanspeciesisonits

lastlegs,stilltotteringalongbutonlybarelymakingit.In

thisview,diseaseisthebiggestmenaceofall.Evenwhenwe

arenotendangeringourlivesbyeatingthewrongsortsoffood

andtakingthewrongkindsofexercise,weareplacingourselves

inharm，swaybymeansofthetoxinswekeepinsertingintothe

environmentaroundus.

Asifthiswasnotenough,wehavefallenintothenewhabit

ofthinkingourwayintoillness.Ifwetakeupthewrongkind

ofpersonality,weruntheriskofcontractinganewdisease

calledstress,followedquicklybycoronaryocclusion.Orif

wejustsittightandtrytolettheworldslipby,herecomes

cancer,fromsomethingweate,breathedortouched.Nowonder

weareanervouslot.Thewordisoutthatifwewerenot

surroundedandproppedupbyplatoonsofhealthprofessionals,

wewoulddropinourtracks.

Thetruthissomethingdifferent,inmyview.Therehasnever

beenatimeinhistorywhenhumanbeingsingeneralhavebeen

statisticallyashealthyasthepeoplenowlivinginthe

industrialsocietiesoftheWesternworld.Ouraveragelife

expectancyhasstretchedfrom45yearsacenturyagototoday's

figureofaround75.Moreofusthaneverbeforearelivinginto

our80sand90s.Dyingfromdiseaseinchildhoodand

adolescenceisnolongerthecommonoccurrencethatitwas100

yearsago,whentuberculosisandotherlethalmicrobial

infectionswerethechiefcausesofprematuredeath.Today,

dyingyoungisarareandcatastrophicoccurrence,andwhenit

doeshappen,itisusuallycausedbytrauma.

Medicinemustgetsomeofthecreditfortheremarkable

improvementinhumanhealth,butnotall.Theprofessionof

plumbingalsohadmuchtodowiththechange.Whensanitary

engineeringassuredthepopulaceofuncontaminatedwater,the

greatepidemicsoftyphoidfeverandcholeracametoanend.

Evenbeforesuchadvances,asearlyasthe17thcentury,

improvementsinagricultureandnutritionhadincreased

people'sresistancetoinfection.

Inshortwehavecomealongway一thelongestpartofthatway

withcommonsense,cleanlinessandabetterstandardofliving,

butasubstantialrecentdistanceaswellwithmedicine.We

stillhaveanagendaoflethalandincapacitatingillnessesto

causeusanxiety,buttheseshouldn，tworryustodeath.The

diseasesthatusedtokilloffmostofusearlyinlifehave

beenbroughtundercontrol.

Nowa.dayspeoplearelikelytofeelthatthey.

A.areallright

B.areverytired

C.tendtobeiii

D.arestressed

17、

Today,dyingyoungis.

A.acommonphenomenon

B.thecasewithmanypeople

C.usuallycausedbytrauma

D.neverreported

18、

Onehundredyearsago,peoplewere.

A.notashealthyastoday

B.asstrongastoday

C.aspoorastoday

D.ashardastoday

19、

Medicineisconsideredthechiefcausefor

A.increasingdisease

B.improvinghealth

C.reducingthenumberofdeath

D.helpingpeopletolivelonger

20、

Wecanassertthat.

A.manynewmedicinesareinvented

B.wecancuremanyseriousdiseases

C.manynewmedicinesareuseless

D.therearestillmanyseriousdiseases

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E>F^G....)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriously

inthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsand

soldiers,whereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilization

forwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Peoplethinkagreat

dealofthemsomuch,sothatonallthehighestpillarsinthe

greatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconqueror

orageneralorasoldier.(41).

Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingis

tobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgood,

butitisnottobecivilized.Fightingmeanskilling,and

civilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettling

theirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthe

greaternumberoftheotherside,andthensayingthatthatside

whichhaskilledmosthaswon.

Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.

Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistory,

inwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.

(42).Butnationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothis

yet,andstillbehavelikesavages.

Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.(43).Scientistsreckon

thattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheform,

ofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundred

millionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillion

years,andtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteight

thousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficultto

grasp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthe

wholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;

thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonth,and

duringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetween

sevenandeighthours.(44).

Takingman'scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthours,we

mayestimatehisfuture,thatistosay,thewholeperiod

betweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlife

anylongerontheearth,ataboutonehundredthousandyears.

(45).Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeapretty

beastlybusiness,abusinessoffightingandbullyingand

gorgingandgrabbingandbutting.Wemustnotexpecteven

civilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanask

isthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.

A.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkill

eachotherinthestreets—while,thatistosay,wehavegot

tothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeach

otherindailylife.

B.Inmyopinion,thegreatestcountriesshouldbehaveproperly

toothercountriesandobeytherulestheyconstitutedtogether.

C.Nowwe'vegotlittletimetolearnhowtogetalongwellwith

othersorothercountries.

D.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearnin,butthere

willbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.

E.Afterall,theraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.

F.Thusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlife,

andasIsay,wemustnotexpecttoomuch.

G.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountries

arethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberof

othercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26^