國內外土壤環境質量標準概要四川省環境保護科學研究院傅堯信2009,4,10國外土壤環境質量標準體系國內土壤環境質量標準概要土壤修復相關標準國外土壤環境質量標準體系目

錄國外土壤環境質量標準概況美國土壤環境質量標準體系荷蘭土壤環境質量標準體系加拿大土壤環境質量標準澳大利亞土壤環境質量標準其它國家土壤環境質量標準國外土壤環境質量標準概況保護對象的多樣性暴露方式的多樣性標準的多樣性保護對象的多樣性人體健康生態系統植物農作物其它植物野生動物哺乳類動物鳥類無脊椎動物生物過程地下水暴露方式的多樣性皮膚接觸直接攝入間接攝入呼吸吸入地下水飲用標準的多樣性通用標準按土地用途分類標準按暴露方式分類標準土地修復污染物清除標準值設定示意圖concentrationScreening

Risk

AssessmentNegligibleriskWarning

riskUnacceptableriskLong

termobjectivese.g.

TargetvaluesFurtherinvestigatione.g.

Trigger

valueNeed

of

remediatione.

g.interventionvalues歐洲國家標準設定級別countries可忽略風險警示風險不可接受風險Screening

RAScreening

RAScreening

RASite-specific

RAATTrigger

ValuesIntervent.

valuesNLTarget

valueIntervent.

valuesITLimit

valueBE-FLbackgroundFurther

invensti.Cleanup

stan.BE-wReferen.valuetrigger

valueIntervent.

valuesCZLong

term

ob.Further

invenstiremediationDKSoil

quality

crit.Cut-off

valuesDETrigger

valuesAction

levels金屬的可忽略風險濃度(mg/kg)比利時wa捷克荷蘭斯洛伐克As12302929Ba600160500Be50.043Cd0.20.50.800.8Cr34130100130Cr(Ⅵ)2.5Hg0.050.40.30.3Pb25808585Ni24603535有機物的可忽略風險濃度(mg/kg)比利時wa捷克荷蘭斯洛伐克苯0.10.030.01乙苯0.10.040.0021甲苯0.10.030.0007二甲苯0.20.030.0007萘0.050.01蒽0.10.1苯并芘0.010.10.1三氯乙烯0.10.01PCB0.020.02金屬的警示值(mg/kg)奧地利比利時wa捷克德國斯洛伐克瑞典As204065503015Be1520Cd23102051Cr50125450400250250Cr(Ⅵ)4.215Hg292.52025Pb100195250400150300Ni70150180140100150Zn2301500500700金屬的行動干預值(mg/kg)奧地利比利時wa捷克荷蘭斯洛伐克As50300705550Ba10006252000Be203030Cd1030201220Cr250520500380800Hg1056101010Pb500700300530600Ni140300250210500Zn71025007203000美國土壤環境質量標準體系美國國家土壤環境質量標準體系的組成: 通用土壤篩選值(Generic

SSLs)生態土壤篩選值(Eco-SSLs)人體健康土壤篩選值土壤放射性核素篩選值美國區系(region)土壤環境質量標準體系美國各州的土壤環境質量標準體系美國土壤環境質量標準體系的特點科學性系統性完整性互補性通用土壤篩選值(Generic

SSLs)generic

SSLs

for

110

chemicals.

Generic

SSLsThe

generic

SSLs

are

not

necessarily

protective

of

allknown

human

exposure

pathways,reasonable

land

uses,or

ecological

threats.Generic

SSLs

are

presented

separately

for

majorpathways

of

concern

in

both

surface

and

subsurfacesoils.通用土壤篩選值Generic

SSLs(Inorganics)CAS

No.CompoundIngestion(mg/kg)InhalationFugitive

particulate(mg/kg

)Migration

to

ground

water20

DAF 1

DAF(mg/kg)

(

mg/kg)7440-36-0Antimony

Sb31---50.37440-38-2Arsenic

As0.47502917440-39-3Barium

Ba55006.9E﹢051600827440-41-7BerylliumBe0.113006337440-43-9Cadmium

Cd78180080.47440-47-3Chromium(total)39027038216065-83-1Chromium

(III)78000---------18540-29-9Chromium

(VI)39027038257-12-5Cyanide1600---4027439-92-1Lead

Pb400---------7440-02-0Nickel

Ni16001300013077782-49-2Selenium390---50.37440-22-4Silver

Ag390---3427440-28-0Thallium------0.70.047440-62-2Vanadium550---60003007440-66-6Zinc

Zn23000---12000620通用土壤篩選值Generic

SSLs(organics)CAS

No.CompoundIngestion(mg/kg)Inhalationvolatiles(mg/kg

)Migration

to

ground

water20

DAF 1

DAF(mg/kg)

(

mg/kg)67-64-1acetone78001.0E

﹢

05160.8309-00-2aldrin0.0430.50.0271-43-2benzene220.80.030.00265-85-0Benzoic

acid3.1E

﹢

05---4002075-25-2bromoform81530.80.0471-36-3butanol780010000170.967-66-3chloroform1000.30.60.0372-54-8DDD3---160.872-55-9DDE2---54350-29-3DDT2---3221336-36-3PCBs1---------108-95-2Phenol47000---1005生態土壤篩選值(Eco-SSLs)（mg/kg土壤干重）序號金屬和有機污染物植物土壤無脊椎動物野生動物鳥類哺乳動物1鎘Cd321400.770.362鉻Cr--CrⅢ-26CrⅥ-無CrⅢ-34CrⅥ-1303鈷Co13-1202304銅Cu708028495鉛Pb120170011566錳Mn220450430040007鎳Ni382802101308硒Se0.524.11.20.639銀Ag560-4.21410釩V--7.8280續上表11鋅Zn160120467912銻Sb-78-0.2713砷As18-434614鋇Ba-330-200015鉍Be-40-2116DDT(包括代謝物)--0.0930.02117狄氏劑--0.0220.004918PAH低分子量-29-100高分子量-18-1.119五氯苯酚5.0312.12.8人體健康土壤篩選值居住區土壤篩選值（mg/kg）污染物攝入-皮膚接觸揮發物吸入地下水DAF=

20DAF=

1艾氏劑0

.

0430

.

50

.

02DDT2-322狄氏劑0

.

0410

.

0040

.

0002銻Sb31-50

.

3砷As0

.

4-291鋇Ba5500-160082鉍Be160-633鎘Cd70-80

.

4鉻（總量）230-382鉻Cr-Ⅲ120000---鉻Cr-Ⅵ230-382汞Hg1600-20

.

1鎳Ni23101307硒Se1600-50

.

3銀Ag390-342鉈TI390-0

.

70

.

04釩V6-6000300鋅Zn550-12000620商業區/工業區土壤篩選值（以室外作業人員為受體）（mg/kg）污染物攝入-皮膚接觸揮發物吸入地下水DAF=

20DAF=

1艾氏劑0

.260

.50

.02DDT8-322狄氏劑0

.220

.0040

.0002銻Sb450-50

.3砷As2-291鋇Ba79000-160082鉍Be2300-633鎘Cd900-80

.4鉻（總量）3400-382鉻Cr-Ⅲ1000000---鉻Cr-Ⅵ3400-382汞Hg3401420

.1鎳Ni23000-1307硒Se5700-50

.3銀Ag5700-342鉈TI91-0

.70

.04釩V7900-6000300鋅Zn340000-12000620商業區/工業區土壤篩選值（以室內作業人員為受體）（mg/kg）污染物攝入-皮膚接觸地下水DAF=

20DAF=

1艾氏劑0

.

30

.

50

.

02DDT17322狄氏劑0

.

40

.

0040

.

0002銻Sb82050

.

3砷As4291鋇Ba140000160082鉍Be4100633鎘Cd200080

.

4鉻（總量）6100382鉻Cr-Ⅲ1000000--鉻Cr-Ⅵ6100382汞Hg61020

.

1鎳Ni410001307硒Se1000050

.

3銀Ag10000342鉈TI1600

.

70

.

04釩V140006000300鋅Zn61000012000620美國土壤篩選值的制定方法通用土壤篩選值(Generic

SSLs)制定方法生態土壤篩選值(Eco-SSLs)制定方法人體健康土壤篩選值制定方法確定土壤篩選值(SSLs)的一般步驟Developing

a

conceptual

site

model

(CSM)Comparing

the

CSM

to

the

SSL

scenarioDefining

data

collection

needsSampling

and

analyzing

soils

at

siteCalculating

site-specific

SSLs

Comparing

site

soil

contaminant

concentrationsto

calculated

SSLs

Determining

which

areas

of

the

site

requirefurther

study.SSL

Equations--Surface

SoilsEquation

1:

Screening

Level

Equation

for

Ingestion

of

NoncarcinogenicContaminants

in

ResidentialSoilScreening

Level(mg/kg)

=

THQ×BW×AT×365d∕1/RfDo×10-6

kg/mg

×

EF×

ED×IRParameter/Definition

(units)THQ/target

hazard

quotient(unitless)Default115BW/body

weight

(kg)AT/averaging

time

(yr)RfDo/oral

reference

dose

(mg/kg-d)EF/exposure

frequency

(d/yr)ED/exposure

duration

(yr)IR/soil

ingestion

rate

(mg/d)6chemical-specific3506200Equation

2:

Screening

Level

Equation

forIngestion

of

Carcinogenic

Contaminantsin

Residential

SoilScreening

Level

(mg/kg)=

TR×

AT×365

d∕SFo×10-6

kg/mg×

EF×IF

soil/adjDefault10-670chemical-specifi350Parameter/Definition

(units) TR/target

cancer

risk

(unitless) AT/averaging

time

(yr)SFo

/oral

slope

factor

(mg/kg-d)-1EF/exposure

frequency

(d/yr)IFsoil/adj

/age-adjusted

soilingestion

factor

(mg-yr/kg-d)114確定生態土壤篩選值(Eco-SSLs)的步驟The

General

Process

for

Establishing

Eco-SSLsStep

1:

Literature

Search

Step

2:

Determine

Acceptability

of

Study

forUse

in

Deriving

Eco-SSL

Step

3:

Extract,

Evaluate

and

ScoreDataStep

4:

Select

Value影響土壤污染物生物獲取率的土壤參數Key

Soil

Parameters

Affecting

ContaminantBioavailability

in

SoilsSoil

pH.Cation

and

Anion

Exchange

Capacities.

Clay

Minerals

（Clays,

by

definition,

aresoil

particles

less

than

2

microns

in

sizeOrganicMatter

(Organic

Carbon)

Content.植物對部分金屬的吸收率與土壤條件的關系(Al,Sb,Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Ag,Zn)土壤pH土壤有機質含量﹤2﹪2

to

﹤6﹪6

to

10﹪4≦pH

≦

5.5很高高中5.5﹤pH

﹤

7高中低7≦pH

≦

8.5中低很低植物對部分金屬的吸收率與土壤條件的關系(As,Cr,Se,V)土壤pH土壤有機質含量﹤2﹪2

to

﹤6﹪6

to

10﹪4≦pH

≦

5.5中低很低5.5﹤pH

﹤

7高中低7≦pH

≦

8.5很高高中部分有機物的可獲取率與土壤條件的關系(PCB,DDT,PAHs,TNT,狄氏劑)(㏒Kow-辛醇-水分配系數)土壤pH㏒Kow有機質含量(％)﹤22

to

﹤66

to

104≦pH

≦

5.5㏒Kow﹥3.5高中低㏒Kow﹤3.5很高高中5.5﹤pH

﹤

7㏒Kow﹥3.5中低低㏒Kow﹤3.5高中低7≦pH

≦

8.5㏒Kow﹥3.5低低低㏒Kow﹤3.5中低低美國區系(region)土壤環境質量標準體系Region

9Preliminary

Remediation

Goals

(PRGs)Region

4Ecological

Screening

ValuesRegion

6Human

Health

Medium-Specific

Screening

LevelsRegion

3Risk-Based

Concentration

(RBC)美國各州的土壤環境質量標準體系OregonScreening

Level

Values

for

Ecological

Risk

AssessmentCaliforniaHuman

Health

Screening

Levels

for

SoilMassachusettsHuman

Exposure

Categories:

S-1,

S-2

AND

S-3FloridaSoil

Cleanup

Target

Levels(CTLs)Oregon生態風險評價篩選值污染物植物無脊椎動物鳥類哺乳動物鋁Al50600450107銻Sb515砷AsⅢ10601029鋇Ba500300085638鈹Be1083鉍Bi20硼B0.5201203500溴Br10鎘Cd4206125續上表鈣Ca鉻CrⅢ10.44340000鉻CrⅥ410鈷Co201000150銅Cu10050190390鐵Fe10200碘I4鑭La50鉛Pb50500164000鋰Li2101175鎂Mg錳Mn500100412511000續上表汞Hg0.30.11.573鉬Mo22001514鎳Ni30200320625鈮Nb9鉀K硒Se170225銀Ag250鈉Na鍶Sr32875锝Te0.2碲Th2鉈Tl11續上表錫Sn502000鈦Ti1000鎢W400鈾U565170釩V24725鋅Zn502006020000鋯Zr97荷蘭土壤環境質量標準體系

RIVM

—National

institute

of

public

health

andEnvironment荷蘭公共衛生與環境國家研究院的簡稱

VROM—Ministry

of

housing,spatial

planningand

the

Environment荷蘭住房及規劃和環境部荷蘭土壤環境質量標準體系中的重要概念Target

values

目標值The

target

values

indicate

the

level

at

which

there

is

a

sustainablesoil

quality.

target

values

indicate

the

level

that

has

to

be

achievto

fully

recover

the

functional

properties

of

the

soil

for

humans

andplant

and

animal

life.

Besides

this

the

target

values

give

an

indicatof

the

benchmark

for

environmental

quality

in

the

long

term

on

theassumption

of

negligible

risks

to

the

ecosystem.Soil

remediation

intervention

values

土壤修復干預值The

soil

remediation

intervention

values

indicate

when

the

functionaproperties

of

the

soil

for

humans,

plant

and

animal

life,

is

seriouslimpaired

or

threatened.

They

are

representative

of

the

level

ofcontamination

above

which

there

is

a

serious

case

of

soilcontamination.

Indicative

levels

for

serious

contamination

嚴重污染警示值

The

RIVM’s

proposals

for

intervention

values

have

not

resulted

inintervention

values

being

set

for

a

number

of

substances.The

so-called

indicative

levels

for

serious

contamination

have

been

given

fthese

substances.

Indicative

levels

have

been

set

for

substances

inthe

second,

third

and

fourth

series.

No

indicative

levels

have

beenset

for

the

first

series

of

substances.

Maximum

permissible

concentration

(MPC)最大允許濃度:The

sum

of

the

maximum

permissible

addition(MPA)and

thebackground

concentration(Cb)MPC＝MPA﹢CbNegligible

concentration(NC)可忽略濃度:The

sum

of

the

background

concentration

Cb

and

the

negligibleaddition

(NA),or,

The

NC

is

derived

from

the

MPC

by

dividing

it

by

100NC＝NA﹢CbNegligible

addition(NA)可忽略增加:NA

is

derived

by

dividing

the

MPA

by

100ecotoxicologicalseriousrisk

concentration(SRCECO)嚴重生態風險濃度ecotoxicological

serious

risk

addition

(SRAeco)嚴重生態風險增加RIVM提出的九個微量元素的各項標準ElementSymbolC

b[mg.kg-1]NA[mg.kg-1]NC[mg.kg-1]MPA[mg.kg-1]MPC[mg.kg-1]SRA

ECO[mg.kg-1]SRC

ECO[mg.kg-1]berylliumBe1.10.00431.10.431.51.93.0vanadiumv420.00032420.032422567CobaltCo90.00239.00.239.21524seleniumSe0.70.0000580.700.00580.711.21.9molybdenumMo0.50.00760.510.761.3270270tinSn190.00068190.06819250270antimonySb3------------5154bariumBa1550.0821608.2160210360thalliumTi1.00.0011.00.101.11.02.0Target

values

and

soil

remediation

intervention

values

andbackground

concentrationsfor

metals(

VROM

)Values

for

soil

have

been

expressed

as

the

concentrationin

a

standard

soil

(10%

organic

matter

and

25%

clay).MetalsSoil

(mg/kg

dry

matter)National

backgroundconcentrationTarget

valueIntervention

valueSb3315As292955Ba160160625Cd0.80.812Cr100100380Co99240Cu3636190續上表Hg0.30.310Pb8585530Mo0.53200Ni3535210Zn140140720加拿大土壤環境質量標準體系Canadian

Soil

Quality

Guidelines土壤質量指導值for

four

land

use

categories:

Agricultural

農業用地:where

the

primary

land

use

is

growing

cropsor

tending

livestock.This

also

includes

agricultural

lands

that

prohabitat

for

resident

and

transitory

wildlife

and

native

flora.主要用物栽培和放養家畜,包括野生動植物棲息地

Residential/Parkland

居住/公共用地:where

the

primary

activity

isresidential

or

recreational

activity;parkland

is

defined

as

a

buffebetween

areas

of

residency,and

also

includes

campground

areas,but

excludes

wildlands

such

as

national

or

provincial

parks.居住和娛樂活動用地,居住區之間的緩沖區,露營地,但不包括國家公園的荒地

Commercial商業用地:where

the

primary

activity

is

commercial(e.g.,shopping

mall)and

not

residential

or

manufacturing.This

doesnot

include

zones

where

food

is

grown.Industrial工業用地:where

the

primary

activity

involves

the

product manufacture,or

construction

of

goods.Two

generic

soil

types

coarse-textured

soils

(soils

containingpredominantly

sand

and

gravel

sizes)

fine-textured

soils

(soils

containingpredominantly

silt

and

clay

sizes).The

criterion

distinguishing

the

twocategories

is

a

median

grain

size

of

75microns.Canadian

Soil

Quality

Guidelines

(mg·kg-1).SubstanceAgriculturalResidential/parkland*CommercialIndustrialCoarseFineCoarseFineCoarseFineCoarseFineArsenic12121212Barium75050020002000Cadmium1.4102222lead70140260600DDT0.70.71212nickel50505050BenzeneSurfaceSubsoil0.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.0068澳大利亞土壤環境質量標準體系Soil

Investigation

level土壤調查值Health

Investigation

level土壤健康調查值absorbedEcological

Investigation

level土壤生態調查值proposed

percentage

of

species

and

processes

for

different

land

uses;land

usestandard

%protectionresidential80urban

parkland80rural

parkland80commercial60industrial60agricultural95substace

x＝background

expossures＋amount

of

substancefrom

soil＝BE

＋(Sing

×Cing

×

Bing＋Sinh

×

Cinh

×

Binh＋Sskin

×

Cskin

×

Bskin)BE:

background

expossures

(eg.

From

food

and

water)Sing:

amount

of

soil

ingested

Sskin

:

amo＋unt

of

soil

on

skinSoilInvestigation

level(mg/kg)australia)substancesHealth

investigation

levels

(HILs)Ecological

investigationlevels(EILs)BackgroundrangesABCDEFInterium

urbanAs100400200500201-50Be208040100Cd20804010031Co1004002005001-40Pb300120060015006002-200Mn1500600030007500500850Ni60024006003000605-500DDT＋DDD＋DDE2008004001000PCBs10402050瑞典土壤環境質量標準

generic

guideline

values按土地敏感程度,guidelinevalues分為三類:敏感土地(sensitive

land

use)較不敏感土地＋地下水保護(less

sensitive

land

use,groundwater

protection)較不敏感土地(less

sensitive

land

use)按污染程度評價分類Not

very

seriousModerately

seriousSeriousVery

serious＜guideline

values1-3×guideline

values3-10×guideline

values＞10×guideline

values＋巴西圣保羅州土壤環境質量標準

(1)

quality

reference

value,

indicating

the

quality

lof

a

soil

considered

as

clean

soil,

generally

associatedwith

the

natural

concentration

of

the

element

of

interes

(2)

preventing

value,

above

which

harmful

changes

inthe

soil

quality

may

occur;

and

(3)

intervention

value,

above

which

potential

risks

tothe

human

health

exist,

considering

a

generic

exposurescenario.The

model

used

by

CETESB

to

obtain

these

values

was

based

on

that

developed

by

the

NetherlandsNational

Institute

of

Public

Health

and

Environment德國土壤環境質量標準中的特色三級設定:Precaution

levels

預防值Trigger

levels

啟動值Action

levels

行動值污染途徑(Pathway):Soil—human

beings(direct

contact)土壤—人體直接接觸土壤---植物轉移土壤---地下水Soil---plants(transfer)Soil---groundwater3.土壤用途:

Agriculture農業Gardening

園地

Green

land綠地4.acceptable

additional

annual

load

ofhazadous

substances有害物質可接受年負荷cadmium

6

(g/ha*a)lead400chromium300copper360國內土壤環境質量標準國家土壤環境質量標準

GB15618-1995 污染物10項,

其中無機物8項,展覽會用地土壤環境質量評價標準(暫行)HJ350-2007污染物92項,其中無機物14項,分級:

A級: 目標值B級:修復行動值環保部環發[2008]39號文件<<全國土壤污染狀況評價技術規定>>.在土壤環境質量評價標準值中,無機物12項,有機物4項.4.食用農產品產地環境質量評價標準(HJ

332-2006)其中土壤環境質量評價指標限值與國標一致.5.

溫室蔬菜產地環境質量評價標準6.(HJ

333-2006)溫室土壤環境質量評價指標限值與國標基本一致,略有調整.擬開放場址土壤中剩余放射性可接受水平規定（暫行）(HJ

53-2000)工業企業土壤環境質量風險評價基準(HJ/T

25—1999) 有機物30項.基準嚴重偏高,如苯:1640mg/Kg,美國.12mg/Kg土壤修復相關標準待修復土壤判斷標準修復土壤行為標準修復土壤驗收標準待修復土壤判斷標準國內標準:展覽會用地土壤環境質量評價標準 修復行動值國外標準:荷蘭國家標準

Intervention

values

干預值土壤污染、風險及行動程度關系示意圖參照值啟動值干預值無須行動土壤濃度風險修復行動調查或修復未污染可視作未污染已污染待修復土壤判斷標準比較污染物國標(三級)展會標荷蘭美國GssL(攝入)Cd1.0221270Pb500600530400As3080550.4Hg1.5501023Zn500150072023000DDT1.0------2Benzene---131.012修復土壤行為標準EPA:Green

Cleanup

Standard

InitiativeEnergy

Use

and

Efficiency能源利用和效率Water

Use

and

Efficiency水利用和效率Air

Quality

空氣質量Land

and

Ecosystems

Enhancements土地和生態系統強化Material

Consumption

and

Waste

Generation材料消耗和廢物生成Long-Term

Stewardship長期管理

ASTM

E

1739,石油污染清除行動標準指南

Standard

Guide

for

Risk-Based

CorrectiveAction

Applied

at

Petroleum

Release

Sites.

ASTM

E

1689,開發概念站點模型標準指南

Standard

Guide

for

Developing

ConceptualSite

Models

for

Contaminated

Sites.ASTM

E

978,評價化學物質環境變遷數學模型標準Standard

Practice

for

EvaluatingMathematical

Models

for

the

EnvironmentalFate

of

Chemicals.修復土壤驗收標準Region

9Preliminary

Remediation

Goals

(PRGs)FloridaSoil

Cleanup

Target

Levels(CTLs)Reg