LessonThree

AtWarwiththePlanetLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析DisastersinTechnosphereDuststorm,disafforestation,desertification,globalwarming,acidrain,meltingglacier,storm,drought,flood,mudslide,heatwaves,redtides,earthquake,tsunami,pollutions(airpollution,waterpollution,noisepollution,whitepollution,…)Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析SevereEnviromentalProblemsMammalsarefacingextinctionFreshwaterfishareontheedgeofextinctionTreespeciesarefacingthedangerofextinctionPrimitiveforestsareseriouslydamagedPeopledon’thaveSafedrinkingwaterLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析DesertificationinChinaLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析WatershortageLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析AirpollutionLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析AirpollutionLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析SmogLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析waterpollutionLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析RedTidesWithFishKilledLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析TsunamiLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析MudslideLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析MudslideLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析MeltingGlacierLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析AutomobileEngineEmissionLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析AutomobileEngineEmissionLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析AcidRainLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析DroughtinNorthChinaColefield(2008)Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析DroughtinNorthChina(2008)Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析DroughtleavesshipsstrandedinsouthChina

Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Droughtcontinuestoplayhavoc(大破壞，毀壞)inSouthChina

Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析whitepollutionLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析ElectronicwastesLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析DuststorminBeijingLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Duststorm(April,17,2006)Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析TheAuthorLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析TheAuthorontheMagazineLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析AbouttheAuthor[美]巴里·康芒納（BarryCommoner）

《封閉的循環》（THECLOSINGCIRCLE）

——自然、人和技術（NATURE,MANADNTECHNOLOGY）

Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析AbouttheAuthorBarryCommoner

(bornMay28,1917)isanAmericanbiologist,collegeprofessor,andeco-socialist.HeranforpresidentoftheUnitedStatesinthe1980USpresidentialelectionontheCitizensPartyticket.CommonerwasborninBrooklyn.Hereceivedhisbachelor’sdegreeinzoologyfromColumbiaUniversity(1937)andhismaster’sanddoctoraldegreesfromHarvardUniversity(1938,1941).AfterservingasalieutenantintheUnitedStatesNavyduringWWII.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析CommonermovedtoSt.LouisandbecameaprofessorofplantphysiologyatWashingtonUniversity,wherehetaughtfor34years.In1966hefoundedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemstostudythescienceofthetotalenvironment.Duringthelate1950s,Commonerbecameawell-knownprotesteragainstnucleartesting.Hewentontowriteseveralbooksaboutthenegativeecologicaleffectsofabove-groundnucleartesting.In1970hereceivedtheInternationalHumanistAwardfromtheLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析InternationalHumanistandEthicalUnionHis1971book,TheClosingCircle,suggestedaleft-wing,eco-socialistresponsetothelimitstogrowththesis,postulatingthatcapitalisttechnologieswerechieflyresponsibleforenvironmentaldegradation,asopposedtopopulationpressures.In1980,hefoundedtheCitizensPartytoserveasavehicleforhisecologicalmessage,andhiscandidacyforPresidentontheCitizensPartyticketwon233,052votes(0.27%ofthetotal).Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析AfterhisunsuccessfulbidforPresident,CommonerreturnedtoNewYorkCity,andmovedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemstoQueensCollege.Hesteppeddownfromthatpostin2000,andisnowaseniorscientistatQueens.HeisamemberoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofscienceandhasastarontheSt.LouisWalkofFame.CommonercriticizedRonaldReaganandGeorgeBushforregulatingpollutionandnotpreventingit.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析FourLawsofEcology

OneofCommoner’slastinglegaciesishisfourlawsofecology,aswritteninTheClosingCircle

in1971.Thefourlawsare:1.EverythingisConnectedtoEverythingElse.Thereisoneecosphereforalllivingorganismsandwhataffectsone,affectsall.2.EverythingMustGoSomewhere.Thereisno"waste"innatureandthereisno“away”towhichthingscanbethrown.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析3.NatureKnowsBest.Humankindhasfashionedtechnologytoimproveuponnature,butsuchchangeinanaturalsystemis,saysCommoner,“likelytobedetrimentaltothatsystem.”4.ThereIsNoSuchThingasaFreeLunch.Everythingcomesfromsomething.There'snosuchthingasspontaneousexistence.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析HisWritings

ScienceandSurvival.NewYork:Viking,1966.TheClosingCircle:Nature,Man,andTechnology.NewYork:Knopf,1971.ThePovertyofPower:EnergyandtheEconomicCrisis.NewYork:RandomHouse,1976.ThePoliticsofEnergy.NewYork:Knopf,1979.MakingPeacewiththePlanet.NewYork:Pantheon,1990.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析EARTHKEEPERHERO:

BARRYCOMMONER

BarryCommonerisanAmericanenvironmentalscientist.

Heisalsoanauthorandastrongsocialactivist.Commonerwasbornin1917.

HeattendedHarvardUniversityandreceivedadoctorateinbiologyin1941.

Inhisworkasabiologist,Commonerhasfocusedespeciallyonozonelayerdepletion(損耗,減少).Inthe1950s,Commonerbegantopushforatmospherictestingofnuclearweapons,therebybringinghimselfintopublicprominence.

Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Inthe1960s,hebecameinvolvedinotherenvironmentalissues;theseincludedpollutionandenergysources.

Hegavespeechesandwrotenumerousbooks:ScienceandSurvival(1967),TheClosingCircle(1971),EnergyandHumanWelfare(1975),ThePovertyofPower(1976),ThePoliticsofEnergy(1979),andMakingPeacewiththePlanet(1990).

Amonghisviews,Commonerbelievesthatindustrialmethods,especiallythoseinvolvingfossilfuels,arecausingenvironmentalpollution.

HefeelsstronglythatthequestformaximumprofitLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析currentlytakespriorityoverenvironmentalreasoning.

Commoneralsobelievesthatitispointlesstotrytoundotheenvironmentaldamagewehavecaused;thisisalosingbattle.

Weshouldinsteadfocusonpreventingfuturedestruction;forthemostpart,thesolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsliesinnotdestroyingtheenvironmentinthefirstplace.Commoner‘ssolutionsformanyproblemsareconsideredradical.

Heisastrongadvocateofrenewableenergysources,specificallysolar

energy,whichwoulddecentralize(分散)electricLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析utilitiesandusesunlightasanalternativepowersourceformostenergyconsumers.

Tomakethetransitionfromonetotheother,Commonersuggeststhatweusemoderatessuchasmethane(沼氣)andmaketheswitchalittleatatime.Commoneralsohasstrongviewsonsocialcausesofthepresentenvironmentalsituation.

Heargues,forexample,thateliminatingThirdWorlddebtpaymentswouldlessentheeconomicgapbetweendevelopedandlessdevelopedcountriesandendthedesperationthatusuallyresultsinLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析desperationthatusuallyresultsinoverpopulation.

Thisdebtforgivenesscouldalsocompensateforpreviousdecadesofdamageinflictedonsuchcountries.

Commoneralsocallsforredistributionoftheworld'swealth.CommonercombinedhissocialistandenvironmentalbeliefsinabriefCitizen'sPartypresidentialcampaignin1980.

Forthepastnearlytwentyyears,hehasdirectedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemsatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCity.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析BarryCommonerwasaheroinmanyeyes.Hewasanenvironmentalistwhoalertedtheworldaboutsomeofearth’sproblems.HewasalsocalledanEnvironmentalActivist.

BarryCommonerwasbornin1917,inBrooklyn,NYwerehewasinterestedscienceandplants.LaterhewenttoColumbiaCollege,wherehestudiedecology,thenwenttoHarvardforgraduateschool.Nowheis88yearsoldandstillconsideredthe“PaulRevereofEcology.”

Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析BarryCommonerdidmanythingsinhislifeforoneherealizedtheproblemscausedbynuclearactivitiesanditsinfluencesontheenvironmentandhumans.Hefoundthatradioactivity“buildsup”inpeopleuntiltheygetsickandusuallydie.Hishelpfulresearchwasrewardedbythenucleartest-bandtreaty.

BarryCommonerwrotemanybooksabouttheenvironmenthislatestcalled“MakingPeacewiththePlanet”isabouttheproblemscausedbypeopleandhowtohelptheearth.ManyyearsafterMr.CommonerdidallofhisLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析researchontheplanetherealizedsomethinghorrible,unlesspeopledidnothelpmaketheworldabetterplaceitwouldbeunsuitableforhumanlifeinseveralyears.Hisstatementchangedpeople’swaysandmanypeopletookactionthatiswhywearestillallalive.Althoughnotallofourproblemshavebeensolvedyetweneedtokeepworkingtostayaliveonourhomeplanet.

Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析KnowledgeaboutOzonelayerTheozonelayerprotectstheEarthfromtheultravioletrayssentdownbythesun.

Iftheozonelayerisdepletedbyhumanaction,theeffectsontheplanetcouldbecatastrophic.Ozoneispresentinthestratosphere(平流層,同溫層).

Thestratospherereaches30milesabovetheEarth,andattheverytopitcontainsozone.

ThesunsraysareabsorbedbytheozoneinthestratosphereandthusdonotreachtheEarth.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Ozoneisabluishgasthatisformedbythreeatomsofoxygen.

Theformofoxygenthathumansbreatheinconsistsoftwooxygenatoms,O2.

Whenfoundonthesurfaceoftheplanet,ozoneisconsideredadangerouspollutantandisonesubstanceresponsibleforproducingthegreenhouseeffect.Thehighestregionsofthestratospherecontainabout90%ofallozone.

Inrecentyears,theozonelayerhasbeenthesubjectofmuchdiscussion.

Andrightlyso,becausetheozonelayerprotectsbothplantandanimallifeontheplanet.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Thefactthattheozonelayerwasbeingdepletedwasdiscoveredinthemid-1980s.

ThemaincauseofthisisthereleaseofCFCs,chlorofluorocarbons.(氟氯化碳)Antarcticawasanearlyvictimofozonedestruction.

AmassiveholeintheozonelayerrightaboveAntarcticanowthreatensnotonlythatcontinent,butmanyothersthatcouldbethevictimsofAntarctica’smeltingicecaps.

Inthefuture,theozoneproblemwillhavetobesolvedsothattheprotectivelayercanbeconserved.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Howtheworld’sclimatemaychangeinthefutureClimatechangeisoneofthemostseriousenvironmentalthreatsfacingtheworldtoday.Itsimpactswillbefeltacrosstheworld,assealevelrisethreatenstheexistenceofsomesmallislandstatesandputsmillionsofpeopleatrisk.Temperatureincreases,droughtandfloodingwillaffectpeople’shealthandwayoflife,andcausetheirreversiblelossofmanyspeciesofplantsandanimals.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Averageglobalsurfacetemperatureshaveincreasedby0.6°Coverthe20thcentury(seefigure,below).Thetenhottestyearsonrecordhavealloccurredsincethebeginningofthe1990s.AccordingtotheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)thestrongwarmingofthelast50yearscannotbeexplainedbynaturalclimatevariationsalone,butrequirestheinclusionoftheeffectsofhumanemissions.Muchoftheobservedriseinsea-level(10-20cm)duringthe20thcenturymayberelatedtothisincreaseinglobalmeanLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析temperatures.Currentclimatemodelspredictthatglobaltemperatureswillrisebyafurther1.4to5.8°Cbytheendofthe21stcentury.Globalmeansealevels(平均海平面

)arealsopredictedtoriseby9to88cmby2100.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Maldivesheldseabedmeeting

18-10-2009

ThepresidentoftheMaldivesandhisministershaveheldtheworld’sfirstunderwatercabinetmeeting,inasymboliccryforhelpoverrisingsealevelsthatthreatentheexistenceofthelow-lyingtropicalarchipelago(群島,列島).Aimingforanotherattention-grabbingeventtobringtherisksofclimatechangeintoreliefbeforealandmarkUNclimatechangemeetinginDecember,PresidentMohamedNasheed’scabinetheadedtotheLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析bottomofaIndianOceanlagoon.Cladinblackdivingsuitsandmasks,thepresident,11ministers,thevice-presidentandcabinetsecretarydived3.8metrestogatherattablesanchoredtotheseabed.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Nepal

held

highest

Cabinet

meeting

at

Mt.

Everest

(04-12-2009)Nepal’stoppoliticiansstrappedonoxygentanksandheldaCabinetmeetingamid

MountEverest’sfrigid,thinairtohighlightthedanger

globalwarming

posestoglaciers.

Themeetingwasheldataflatareaatanaltitudeof17,192feet(5,250meters)Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析GeneralStructure:PartI(Para.1)Thisistheintroductorypartinwhichtheauthorraisesthethemethatpeopleliveintwoworlds.Likeinlessonone,theauthorcomestothepointrightway.PartII(Paras.2-5)Inthispart,theauthorexplainswhythetwoworldsareatwar.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析GeneralStructure:PartIII(Paras.6-9)Thefirstlawoftheecosphereandthelawgoverningtherelationshipbetweenman-madeobjectsandthesurroundingsPartIV(Paras.10-11)theclosedcyclicalprocessofecosphereandthelinearprocessoftechnosphereLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析GeneralStructure:PartV(Paras.12-14)theconsistentandharmoniousnatureoftheecosphereascontrastedtotherapidchangeandvariationofthetechnospherePartVI.(Paras.15-16)comparisonbetweentheconsequencesoffailureortheecosphereandthatofthetechnosphereLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析GeneralStructure:PartVII(Paras.17-21)thedangeroftakingsideinthewarofthetwoworldsPartVIII.(Paras.22-23)Conclusion:theauthoronceagainstressestheimportanceofunderstandingtheinterplayofthetwoworldsandonthebasisofthisunderstanding,makingitourtasktofindwaystomakepeacewiththeplanet.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Detailedstudyofthetext

1.Whatisthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?Itservesasanintroduction.Inthispart,theauthorraisesthethemethatpeopleliveintwoworlds.2.Thisfirstsentencehasalreadykeptusinsuspense.Whydopeopleliveintwoworlds,whatkindofworldsarethey,thisworldandthenext?Couldwelivehereandthereatthesametime?Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析3.Accordingtotheauthor,whatarethetwoworldsthatpeoplelivein?Thetwoworldsrefertothenaturalworldandtheworldofhumancreation,thatis,man-madeworld.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.14.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthesetwoworlds?Howdopeoplethinkofthesetwoworlds?Thenaturalworldisbeyondhumancontrol.Generallywethinkthatweareresponsibleforeventsofourownworld,butnotforwhatoccursinthenaturalworld.exemptfrom:freefromanobligation,dutyorpaymente.g.goodsexemptfromtaxThehandicappedareexemptfrommilitaryservice.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.2/PartII(Paras.2-5)

1.Now,onaplanetaryscale,thisdivisionhasbeenbreachedbreach:break,tomakeagapinawallsorbarrier,etc.Thisisatransitionalsentence,linkingupthefollowingpartwiththefirstparagraph.Italsoleadstofurtherexplanationoftheinteractionbetweenthetwoworlds.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Globally,thedivisionbetweenthetwoworldshasbeenbroken.Theyarenolongerseparated.Theimpliedmeaningiswhathumansdointhetechnospherewillhaveeffectontheecosphere.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.2HoleintheEarth’sprotectiveozonelayer臭氧層具有保護地球表面遭受來自太陽的強烈紫外線的照射，這些紫外線能夠導致皮膚癌的產生。由此看來，臭氧層其實就是地球的保護傘，現在由于損害臭氧層的化學氣體的排放，臭氧層已經變得越來越薄，好象傘上破了一個洞，而且洞在日益地增大，這對傘下自然會有影響。許多人都在擔心皮膚癌的發病率會大大增加.

Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析2.…evendroughts,floods,andheatwavesmaybecomeunwittingactsofman.Boththeholeinozonelayerandglobalwarmingareconsequencesofhumandeeds.Theyinturnwillcauseothernaturaldisasterslikedroughts,floodsandheatwaves.Inthissense,whatpeopledointhetechnospheremayunintentionallyhaveadverseeffectsontheecosphere.Doyouthinkitacorrectstatement?Ifyes,couldyougiveanexampleofthiskind?Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Forexample,inordertoreclaim(開墾)land,ortogatherfirewood,peoplewouldcutdowntreesandbushes,thuscausingdeforestation.Withouttheprotectionofforests,therewillbefloods,droughtsandlandslides.Inhistory,ourloessplateau(黃土高原)wasoncecoveredwiththickforestandthesoilwasfertile.Withforestgone,ithasturnedintoabarrenland.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析CutdownforestLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.3

1.LiketheCreation,theportendingglobaleventsarecosmic…toportend:tobeanomenorwarningofportending:ominous,threateningglobalevents:refertoeventssuchastheholeintheozonelayerandglobalwarmingcomic:notjustaproblemofaregionExplanation:Likethecreationoftheuniverse,eventsthathappenontheearthmayhavevasteffects,especiallyontherelationshipbetweentheplanetearthandthesun.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.32.Thesun’spowerfulinfluenceontheearthisexertedbytwoforces:gravityandsolarradiation.exert:touseorapplyaquality,skill,pressure,etc(施加)

e.g:Sheexertedalotofpressureonherchildrentosucceed.Thesunexertsit’spowerfulinfluenceontheearththroughtwoforces.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析-----------------------------------------the

NorthPole------------------------theNorthFrigidZone--------theNorthTemperateZone

---------------------theEquator-----------theSouthTemperateZone-----------------------------theSouthFrigidZone--------------------------------------------theSouthPole-------------theTropicalZoneLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.33.Solarradiation-largelyvisibleandultravioletlight-isavaststreamofenergythatbathestheEarth’ssurface…ultravioletlight:oflightthatisbeyondthepurpleendoftherangeofcolors(spectrum)thatmakeuplightthatcanbeseenbyhumanbeing.太陽能—主要是可見光和紫外線---是沐浴大地表層的源源不斷、用之不竭的能量。Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析

4.Solarenergyfuelstheenergy-requiringprocessoflife;itcreatestheplanet’sclimateandgovernsthegradualevolutionandthecurrentbehaviorofitshugeandvariedpopulationoflivingthings.1)solarenergyfuelstheenergy-requiringprocessesoflife…

tofuel:toprovidefuel,togivepowertoThephotosynthesisofplantsisacaseinpoint.2)Thecurrentbehaviorofmanyanimalsandplantsistheresultofclimatechangeovermillionsofyears.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析5.Wehavebeentamperingwiththispowerfulforce,unaware,liketheSorcerer’sapprentice,ofthepotentiallydisastrousconsequencesofouraction.1)tamperwithsth:tointerferewithoraltersthwithoutauthority2)sorcerer’sapprentice:infolklore,thesorcerer’sapprenticeaccidentallyfloodedthesorcerer’shousebecausehelearnedtomakeabroomfetchwaterbutnothowtomakeitstop.It’saninterestingfolklore.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析3)WhydoestheauthorsaythatwehavebeenbehavingliketheSorcerer’sApprentice?BecausewehavebeendoingthingswithoutknowingthattheymayhaveseriouseffectsontheplanetEarth4)我們一直在濫用這股強大的力量，就像傳說中魔術師的徒弟一樣我們并沒有意識到我們的這種行為很可能會導致災難性的后果。Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.41.WehavebecomeaccustomedtothenowmundaneimageoftheEarthasseenfrom….ismisleading.1)mundane:commonplace,ordinary2)Seenfromthemoon,onecannotdiscerntracesofhumanactivities.3)Whatistheauthor’sviewoftheimage?Theauthorthinksthattheimageisspectacularbutismisleading,becauseitfailstoshowhumandamagetotheearth.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析GreenearthLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.44)Butthisimage,nowrepeatedlythrustbeforeusinphotographs,posters,andadvertisements,ismisleading:

Explanation:Theearthweseeninphotos,posters,andads,whichappearssobeautiful,isnotatruereflectionoftheworldwelivein;suchimagelullusintocomplacency.Soitismisleading.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.42.Eveniftheglobalwarmingcatastrophenevermaterializes,andtheozoneholeremainsanesoteric,polarphenomenon,alreadyhumanactivityhasprofoundlyalteredglobalconditionsinwaysthatmaynotregisteronthecamera即使全球變暖這種災難永不發生，即使臭氧空洞仍然只是一種深奧的極地現象，人類活動也已極大地改變了全球條件，這些也許是照相機拍不出來的。Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.41)register:becaptured,appearapparent2)humanactivityhasalreadygreatlychangedglobalconditionsinhidden/covertwaysthatarehardtodiscover:3)Thefollowingsentencegivesussupportingexamples:radioactivityhaschangedglobalconditionsyetitishardtocaptureradioactivitywithacamera.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.43.…noxiousflamesofsmogblanketovermajorcities…1)smog:alow-lying,perceptiblelayerofpollutedair2)blanket:tocoverwithathicklayer4.…carcinogenicsyntheticpesticideshavebeendetestedinmother’smilkallovertheworld…1)carcinogenic:causingorproducingcancerLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析smogblanketovermajorcitiesLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.4Explanation:Testsofmother’smilkallovertheworldshowtheexistenceofsyntheticpesticidewhichmightcausecancer.Thisindicatesthatmothershaveeatenfoodwithresiduesofsyntheticpesticide.5.…greatforestshavenbeencutdown,destroyingecologicalnichesandtheirresidentspecies.1)niche:(biology)smallenvironmentofplantsandanimals;theconditionsinwhichaspeciescanlivesuccessfully2)ecologicalnichesandtheirresidentspecies:

生態小環境及生活在其中的物種。Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.51.Clearly,weneedtounderstandtheinteractionbetweenourtwoworlds:thenaturalecosphere,thethinglobalskinofair,water,andsoilandtheplantsandanimalsthatliveinit,andtheman-madetechnosphere--powerfulenoughtodeservesograndioseaterm.1)whatistheecosphere?(生態圈)Accordingtotheauthor,theecospherereferstoair,waterandsoilthatcovertheearthandtheplantsandanimalsthatliveonit.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.5

2)technosphere:atermcoinedbytheauthor,imitatingandincontrastwithecosphere.Theuseofsuffix–spheremakesthetermappearunnecessarilygrand.2.ThetechnospherehasbecomesufficientlylargeandintensetoalterthenaturalprocessesthatgoverntheecosphereExplanation:Humanactivitieshavetakenplaceoversuchlargeareasandwithsuchintensitythattheyhavealreadycauseddisastrouseffectsonecology.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.5catastrophicallydiminishingourabilitytoprovideforbasichumanneeds.Explanation:Frequentnaturaldisasters(causedbyorworsenedbyhumandisruptionoftheecologicalsystem)havereducedourabilitytosatisfytheneedsofpeopleonearth.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.54.Thehumanattackontheecospherehasinstigatedanecologicalcounterattack.Thetwoworldsareatwar.1)Thisisthethemeoftheessay.Itsumsuptheargumentsinthepreviousparagraphs.2)instigate:tomakesthbeginorhappen;initiate;touchoff;triggeroff;sparkoffe.g.toinstigateastrike/anattackThepolicehaveinstigatedanofficialinquiryintotheincidentLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.53)Thehumanattackontheecospherehasinstigatedanecologicalcounterattack.Theauthorisexpressingtheideainametaphoricalway.Theresponseoftheecosphereiscomparedtoacounterattack.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析PartIII(Paras.6-9)Thispartdealswiththefirstlawoftheecosphereandthelawgoverningtherelationshipbetweenman-madeobjectsandthesurroundings.Para.61.Thetwospheresinwhichwelivearegovernedbyverydifferentlaws.Thisstatementleadstothecomparisonofdifferentlawsandtherootofthewar.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.62.Oneofthebasiclawsoftheecospherecanbesummedupas“everythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse.”Whatisthefirstlawthatgovernstheecosphere?Thefirstlawisthatinecosphere,everycomponentisrelatedtoothercomponents,thusforminganelaboratenetwork.3.Thus,inanaquaticecosystemafishisnotonlyafish,theparentofotherfish…因此，在海洋生態系統中，魚不僅是魚，也不僅是其他魚的生育者…Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.64.…Itisalso..thehabitatofparasites;thefishhawk’sprey.1)thehabitatofparasites:aplacewhereparasiteslive寄生蟲的棲息地2)thefishhawk’sprey:potentialfoodforthehawk魚鷹的捕食對象.5.Thefishisnotonly,existentially,afish,butalsoanelementofthisnetwork,whichdefinesitsfunctions.existentially:inthelivingfactofthecase；ThefunctionofthefishisdeterminedbytheroleitplaysintheecologicalnetworkLesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析Para.63)魚不僅僅是生存意義上的一條魚,還是這一系統中的一個成分，系統決定著它扮演各種角色，發揮不同作用6.Indeed,intheevolutionarysense,agoodpartofthenetwork---themicroorganismsandplants,forexample---proceededthefish,whichcouldestablishitselfonlybecauseitfittedproperlyintothepreexistingsystem.1)Explanation:Thefishcouldplayitsrolebecauseitbecameanecessarylinkwiththeprocessesproceedingitandtheprocessesfollowingitintheecologicalsystem.Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanet課文解析1.Tounderstandthissentence,wecouldraisesuchaquestion:howdoesthefishlive?Well,thefishpe