./英語四、六級段落信息匹配題一、英語四級段落信息匹配題是什么？長篇閱讀理解篇章后附有10個句子,每句一題。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落,要求考生找出與每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能對應兩題,有的段落可能不對應任何一題。四級考試需要各位同學做的是,大家需要去看十個左右的段落,然后去匹配十個信息點。但是到六級當中,我們的難度就要增加了,我們見到的情況是六級當中變成了15個段落,去匹配十個信息點。但總體來看,不管題型怎么變,其實學習方法沒變,還是仍舊需要大家提高閱讀的能力,比如說讀文章的時候,是不是直接拿英語讀,如果讀快速閱讀的時候,還是拿中文邊翻譯邊讀的話,會發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀速度一直會比較慢,所以那么長的文章很難找到細節(jié),所以大家一定要養(yǎng)成拿英語直接閱讀的這樣一種習慣,這樣才能保證我們的閱讀速度又快又準。二、信息匹配題難點分析1.

考生難以按照閱讀題一貫遵循的"順序原則"解題。由于這一題型要求考生把細節(jié)信息與其所在的段落進行匹配,因此細節(jié)信息的排列絕對是"亂序的",這就意味著考生從文章開頭到結(jié)尾按順序定位的方法是行不通的。2.題干信息復雜,考生難以迅速抓住要領。題干中的細節(jié)信息通常是極復雜和繁瑣的名詞短語或長難句,考生往往在尋找到合適的定位詞之前,就已經(jīng)被題干信息的復雜表述弄得暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向了。3.考生難以尋找到合適的定位詞。即使考生能夠讀懂題干中晦澀難懂的細節(jié)信息,但也會在尋找定位詞時遇到很大障礙。因為題干提供的細節(jié)信息中往往不會出現(xiàn)非常明顯的定位詞<如數(shù)字、時間、地點、人物、特殊字體和特殊符號等>。即使考生能夠找到一個定位詞,這一定位詞也通常和文章主題密切相關,會在文章中多次出現(xiàn),因而也沒有太大的意義。三、匹配題出題特點及應試技巧匹配類題型有很多種,常見的種類有：1人名-觀點匹配；2.地名-描述匹配；3句子-句子匹配；4分類題<Classification>；5段落-標題匹配；6段落-細節(jié)匹配。其中前四種做題方法比較類似,而后兩種相對較復雜。這里將闡述前四種題型的做題方法。1.扭轉(zhuǎn)做題思維先要扭轉(zhuǎn)做題思維,不是找到句子答案所在,而是判斷這句話在哪一段會出現(xiàn)。所以我們首要明確,考官出這個題是要考察我們什么閱讀能力,我認為不是細節(jié)閱讀能力,而是對文章框架思路的把握能力。2．預覽題干,明確關鍵詞該題型的解題基本思路是：先快速地將題干讀一下,劃出關鍵詞;然后采用skimming和scanning的方式通讀原文,匹配信息。3．快速掌握文章脈絡通過閱讀中心句快速掌握文章脈絡。中心句一般出現(xiàn)在首位句,轉(zhuǎn)折詞如but或者因果關系聯(lián)接詞如asaresult引領的第二句,或者問句后面的答句。一般建議在找到中心句后,讀一下末句,可以更精確地掌控段意。若無特別明顯的中心句,首尾句的閱讀也有助于理解段意。閱讀過程當中,有的信息點明確可直接先去選出答案。這里我們也要明確要多看英文,掌握英文的行文思路。一般而言劍橋里的文章組織有三大類。一是按時間,如貨物運輸,這是最簡單的。二是按觀點—原因—發(fā)展—瓶頸—措施—目標的布局來分析一件事物。三是偏科普的夾雜很多不同派別的理論,這個相對而言比較難。注意字句的形式變化。在長篇閱讀中尋找相關信息的難度很大程度上取決于考生對字句形式變化的辨題干對原文中整句話題干對原文中幾句話或整段內(nèi)容進行綜合概括或推斷。這就對考生的單詞量、對某一單詞多重釋義的了解以及對句意的概括或推斷能力提出了新要求。注意標記。在首次閱讀的過程中如果不能確定某些單句是否與該段落相匹配,最好做個記號,以便第二次閱讀時更有針對性。第二次閱讀的目的：一是檢查已初步確定的段落與單句是否確實匹配；未解答的題目。注意時間的合理使用,不要為確定某個細節(jié)問題而浪費大量的時間。[關鍵詞的類型]1.人名、地名和專有名詞2.一些拼寫較長的詞,比如：internship,competitiveness,globalization,integration,sustainability,innovative,immigration等。這些詞屬于低頻詞,一般不會大篇幅地出現(xiàn)。利用這些詞可以高效地查找匹配段落。另外,這些詞有時會作為生詞在文中標注出來,像internship,在原文中用斜體印刷,并以括號備注中文。我們選它做關鍵詞,瞬間就能找到原文出處了。2.數(shù)字,包括年代、百分比、特殊事件等。如四級樣卷中的：mid-1970s,3.9percent,20percent,September11等。教研君利用這些數(shù)字進行定位,測得的準確率是100%哦!3.以連字符連接的特殊詞匯。如：university-based,one-child。這些詞是由兩個<或三個>單詞連接的新詞,一般當成形容詞使用。三個單詞的例子如：hard-to-grasp難以理解的。這些詞也屬于低頻詞,一般不會大篇幅出現(xiàn)。需要注意的是有時候我們需要將這些詞拆開來定位,如one-child在原文中是沒有的,原文是這樣的"Theyoftencompromisebyhavingjustonechild."這里的onechild就不是整體作為形容詞使用了。4.研究、報告、書籍型詞匯,如：report,study,books等。一般來說研究、報告等內(nèi)容都是易考點,這些信息經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在特定的段落里,所以根據(jù)這些詞匯作為關鍵詞也很容易定位。5.最高級,如best,worst,most等。如六級第54題,關鍵詞之一為thebestsolution。然而僅憑此關鍵詞我們可能無法迅速地找到答案,因為原文的表述是themosteffectivemethod,用的詞匯是完全不一樣的。這時,我們還需要增加一個關鍵詞pension,幫助我們定位。這就提醒我們在平常的閱讀中應多關注最高級出現(xiàn)的地方,因為它常常是考點。6.具有特殊意義的指示性詞匯。這類詞匯雖然不是通常意義上的定位關鍵詞,但其特殊含義可將考生的注意力指向原文的開頭、結(jié)尾或是某個具有特殊特征的段落。這些詞通常包括如下三類：①能夠指示開頭段的詞匯<如overview、introduction、initiation、mainidea、definition等>；②能夠指示結(jié)尾段的詞<如overview、future、solution、conclusion、suggestion、summary等>；③能夠幫助考生回原文定位的特殊詞匯<如rate、ratio、proportion、percentage等詞往往對應含"%"的段落；number、figure、statisticaldemographics等詞往往對應數(shù)字集中的段落；financial、income、revenue、salary等詞往往對應含諸如"$""￥"等貨幣符號的段落>?？忌軌蛲ㄟ^這些指示性詞匯縮小回原文定位的范圍,從而快速判定表1—四級樣卷長篇閱讀表2—六級樣卷長篇閱讀PassageOneUniversitiesBranchOutA>Asneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.B>Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecomemoreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative<合作的>researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.C>Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica’sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroadD>Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships<實習>abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunity—andprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.E>Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryfacility.Yalefaculty,postdoctorsandgraduatestudentsvisitregularlyandattendvideoconferenceseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfromaworld-classscientistandhisU.S.team.F>Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure<基礎設施>andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.G>Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.Mostpoliticiansrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.H>Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericanuniversityandbusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandareversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.I>MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation’swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.TheyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:first,theverybestofthemstayintheStatesand—likeimmigrantsthroughouthistory—strengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished<珍視>valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewinstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcominginternationaluniversitystudents.1.Americanuniversitiespreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareersbygivingthemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship.2.Sincethemid-1970s,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedatanannualrateof3.9percent.3.TheenrollmentofinternationalstudentswillhaveapositiveimpactonAmericaratherthanthreatenitscompetitiveness.4.Thewayresearchiscarriedoutinuniversitieshaschangedasaresultofglobalization.5.OfthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringintheUnitedStates,twentypercentcomefromforeigncountries.6.ThenumberofforeignstudentsapplyingtoU.S.universitiesdecreasedsharplyafterSeptember11duetochangesinthevisaprocess.7.TheU.S.federalfundingforresearchhasbeenunsteadyforyears.8.Aroundtheworld,governmentsencouragethemodeloflinkinguniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplication.9.Present-dayuniversitieshavebecomeapowerfulforceforglobalintegration.10.WhenforeignstudentsleaveAmerica,theywillbringAmericanvaluesbacktotheirhomecountries.PassageTwoIntotheunknownA>Untiltheearly1900snobodythoughtmuchaboutthewholepopulationsgettingolder.UNhadtheforesighttoconvenea"worldassemblyonageing"backin1982,butthatcameandwent.By1994theWorldBankhadnoticedthatsomethingbigwashappening.Inareportentitled"AvertingtheOldAgeCrisis",itarguedthatpensionarrangementsinmostcountrieswereunsustainable.B>Forthenexttenyearsasuccessionofbooks,mainlybyAmericans,surroundedbythealarm.TheyhadtitleslikeYoungvs.Old,GrayDawnandTheComingGenerationalStorm,andtheirmessagewasblunt:health-caresystemswereheadingfortherocks,pensionersweretakingyoungpeopletothecleaners,andsoontherewouldbeintergenerationalwarfare.C>Sincethenthedebatehasbecomelessemotional,notleastbecausealotmoreisknownaboutthesubject.Books,conferencesandresearchpapershavemultiplied.InternationalorganizationssuchastheOECDandtheEUissueregularreports.Populationageingisoneveryagenda,fromG8economicconferencestoNATOsummits.TheWorldEconomicForumplanstoconsiderthefutureofpensionsandhealthcareatitsprestigiousDavosconferenceearlynextyear.Themedia,includingthenewspaper,aregivingthesubjectextensivecoverage.D>Whetherallthatattentionhastranslatedintosufficientactionisanotherquestion.Governmentsinrichcountriesnowacceptthattheirpensionandhealth-carepromiseswillsoonbecomeunaffordable,andmanyofthemhaveembarkedonreforms,butsofaronlytimidly.Thatisnotsurprising:politicianswithaneyeonthenextelectionwillhardlyrushtointroduceunpopularmeasuresthatmaynotbearfruitforyears,perhapsdecades.E>Theoutlineofthechangesneededisclear.Toavoidfiscal<財政的>meltdown,publicpensionsandhealth-careprovisionwillhavetobereinedbackseverelyandtaxesmayhavetogoup.Byfarthemosteffectivemethodtorestrainpensionspendingistogivepeopletheopportunitytoworklonger,becauseitincreasestaxrevenuesandreducesspendingonpensionsatthesametime.Itmayevenkeepthemalivelonger.JohnRother,theAARP’sheadofpolicyandstrategy,pointstostudiesshowingthatotherthingsbeingequal,peoplewhoremainatworkhavelowerdeathratesthantheirretiredpeers.F>Youngerpeopletodaymostlyacceptthattheywillhavetoworkforlongerandthattheirpensionswillbelessgenerous.Employersstillneedtobepersuadedthatolderworkersareworthholdingonto.Thatmaybebecausetheyhavehadplentyofyoungeronestochoosefrom,partlythankstothepost-warbaby-boomandpartlybecauseoverthepastfewdecadesmanymorewomenhaveenteredthelaborforce,increasingemployers’choice.Butthereservoirofwomenableandwillingtotakeuppaidworkisrunninglow,andthebaby-boomersaregoinggrey.G>Inmanycountriesimmigrantshavebeenfillingsuchgapsinthelaborforceashavealreadyemerged<andrememberthattherealshortageisstillaroundtenyearsoff>.Immigrationinthedevelopedworldisthehighestithaseverbeen,anditismakingausefuldifference.Instill-fertileAmericaitcurrentlyaccountsforabout40%oftotalpopulationgrowth,andinfast-ageingWesternEuropeforabout90%.H>Onthefaceofit,itseemstheperfectsolution.Manydevelopingcountrieshavelotsofyoungpeopleintheneedofjobs,manyrichcountriesneedhelpinghandsthatwillboosttaxrevenuesandkeepupeconomicgrowth.Butoverthenextfewdecadeslaborforcesinrichcountriesaresettoshrinksomuchthatinflowsofimmigrantswouldhavetoincreaseenormouslytocompensate:toatleasttwicetheircurrentsizeinwesternEurope’smostyouthfulcountries,andthreetimesintheolderones.Japanwouldneedalargemultipleofthefewimmigrantsithasatpresent.Publicopinionpollsshowthatpeopleinmostrichcountriesalreadythinkthatimmigrationistoohigh.Furtherbigincreaseswouldbepoliticallyunfeasible.I>Totackletheproblemofageingpopulationsatitsroot,"old"countrieswouldhavetorejuvenate<使年輕>themselvesbyhavingmoreoftheirownchildren.Anumberofthemhavetried,somemoresuccessfullythanothers.Butitisnotasimplematterofofferingfinancialincentivesorprovidingmorechildcare.Modernurbanlifeinrichcountriesisnotwelladaptedtolargefamilies.Womenfindithardtocombinefamilyandcareer.Theyoftencompromisebyhavingjustonechild.J>Andiffertilityinageingcountriesdoesnotpickup?Itwillnotbetheendoftheworld,atleastnotforquiteawhileyet,buttheworldwillbecomeadifferentplace.Oldersocietiesmaybelessinnovativeandmorestronglydisinclinedtotakerisksthanyoungerones.By2025atthelatest,abouthalfthevotersinAmericaandmostofthoseinwesternEuropeancountrieswillbeover50—andolderpeopleturnouttovoteinmuchgreaternumbersthanyoungerones.Academicstudieshavefoundnoevidencesofarthatoldervotershaveusedtheirpowerattheballotboxtopushforpoliciesthatspecificallybenefitthem,thoughifinfuturetherearemanymoreofthemtheymightstartdoingso.K>Noristhereanysignoftheintergenerationalwarfarepredictedinthe1990s.Afterall,olderpeoplethemselvesmostlyhavefamilies.Inarecentstudyofparentsandgrown-upchildrenin11Europeancountries,KarstenHankofMannheimUniversityfoundthat85%ofthemlivedwithin25kmofeachotherandthemajorityofthemwereintouchatleastonceaweek.L>Evenso,theshiftinthecentreofgravitytoolderagegroupsisboundtohaveaprofoundeffectonsocieties,notjusteconomicallyandpoliticallybutinallsortsofotherwaystoo.RichardJacksonandNeilHoweofAmerica’sCSIS,inathoughtfulbookcalledTheGrayingoftheGreatPowers,arguethat,amongotherthings,theageingofthedevelopedcountrieswillhaveanumberofserioussecurityimplications.M>Forexample,theshortageofyoungadultsislikelytomakecountriesmorereluctanttocommitthefewtheyhavetomilitaryservice.Inthedecadesto2050,Americawillfinditselfplayinganever-increasingroleinthedevelopedworld’sdefenseeffort.BecauseAmerica’spopulationwillstillbegrowingwh