被動語態（一）簡介在英語中，語態是動詞的一種形式，表示主語和謂語的關系。英語動詞有兩種語態，即主動語態和被動語態。主動語態（activevoice）表示主語是動作的執行者；被動語態（passivevoice）表示主語是動作的承受者。如：Saddamisbeingtried.薩達姆正在接受審判。TheIraqigovernmentistryingSaddam.伊拉克政府正在審判薩達姆。Moreandmorepeopleusecomputersnow.（主動語態）Computersaremoreandmorewidelyusednow.（被動語態）Englishisspokenallovertheworld.（被動語態）（二） 英漢兩種語言在表達被動方式上的差異漢語表達被動語態非常簡單明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等詞來表示，如“被捕”、“被殺”、“受到凌辱”等。而英語表達被動的方式也不復雜，用“助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”表示。其中助動詞be有人稱、數量和時態的變化，而這正是英語被動語態的難點。（三） 被動語態的構成被動語態由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。這里要強調一定是及物動詞的過去分詞，因為不及物動詞不能帶賓語，也就不可能有被動語態。英語主動語態有16個時態；被動語態常用的有8個，以give為例說明如下：時態動詞形式一般現在時Am/is/aregiven一般過去時Was/weregiven一般將來時Shall/willbegiven現在進行時Am/is/arebeinggiven過去進行時Was/werebeinggiven過去將來時Should/wouldbegiven現在完成時Has/havebeengiven過去完成時Hadbeengiven被動語態的疑問句是將第一個助動詞移到主語之前、句末用問號；否定式是在第一個助動詞后加not或never等其他否定詞、句末用句號。如：“Duringtheinterview,wereyouaskedquestionsinEnglish?”“No,Iwasn'taskedquestionsinEnglish.”“面試的時候，用英語問你問題了嗎？”“沒有，沒有用英語問我問題。”Theoriginoftheuniversewillprobablyneverbeexplained.宇宙的起源大概永遠也不會被解釋清楚。Istherestaurantbeingdecorated?那家餐館正在裝修嗎？Therestaurantisnotbeingdecorated.Inthefacttherestauranthasneverbeendecorated。那家餐館沒有在裝修。實際上，那家餐館從來沒有裝修過。（四）被動語態的用法1、不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執行者。換個說法，有一件事情不知道是誰干的或者不想說出是誰干的，這時就用被動語態。例如：IfeltalittlienervouswhenIwasbeinginterviewed.我接受面試的時候，有點緊張。ThesefightersareimportedfromRussia.這些戰斗機是從俄國進口的。Thatplacehasbeenturnedintoaswimmingpool.那個地方已被變成游泳池。2、說話或發表意見時，為了顯得客觀公正，也常用被動語態He'ssaid/believed/reportedtobeintheU據說/據信/據報道他在美國。還有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：Itissaidthat??.據說Itisreportedthat??.據報道Itishopedthat??.希望Itisbelievedthat??.人們相信Itisannouncedthat??.據宣布itis（well）knownthat??.眾所周知Ithasbeendecidedthat??.已經決定Itissupposedthat??.人們認為Itissuggestedthat??.有人建議Itmustberememberedthat??.務必記住Itistakenforgrantedthat??.被視為當然（五） 主動句變被動句的注意事項一是時態不能改變；二是變為被動語態后，謂語動詞要和被動語態的主語在人稱、數上保持一致。還要作如下變動：把主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語；主動語態的主語放在by的后面，組成介詞短語，再把這個介詞短語放在被動語態的謂語動詞之后。在動作的執行者無須說明或不必要強調時，by短語可以省略。例如：Theywillopenanewsupermarkettheresoon.他們很快將在那里開辦個新超市。Anewsupermarketwillbeopenedtheresoon.一個新超市不久將在那里開辦。ThedoctorgavetwolecturesinEnglish.那位醫生用英語講了兩次課。TwolecturesweregivenbythedoctorinEnglish.由那位醫生用英語講了兩次課。Somebodyhaswarnedustobecarefulofrats.有人警告我們要當心老鼠。Wehavebeenwarnedtobecarefulofrats.我們受到警告，要當心老鼠。如果主動語態有兩個賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語），變為被動語態時，可將其中任何一個賓語變為主語，另一個不變。但較常見的是將間接賓語變為被動語態的主語。Thereportersaskedthepresidentsomequestions.記者們問了總統一些問題。Thepresidentwasaskedsomequestionsbythereporters.（變間接賓語為主語）Somequestionswereaskedthepresidentbythereporters.（變直接賓語為主語）Wehavegivenhimajob.我們已給了他一個工作。Hehasbeengivenajob.（變間接賓語為主語）Ajobhasbeengiven（to）him.（變直接賓語為主語）（六） 含有情態動詞的被動語態句中含有情態動詞時，其被動語態的結構是：情態動詞+be+過去分詞：Thetimetablecanbechangedanytime.時間表隨時可以改變。Thisbookmaynotbetakenoutofthereadingroom.這本書不允許帶出閱覽室。Thisdictionarymustbetakengoodcareof.這本詞典必須保管好。七）不能用于被動語態的動詞1、不及物動詞不能用于被動語態，因為它們沒有賓語。2、 表示狀態而不是動作的及物動詞，如breakout,belongto,cost,deserve,fit,have（有、使），hold（盛下、裝下），lack,resemble,suit,takepartin,takeplace,want,wish等動詞不能變為被動語態。例如：EverybodywantedDoristobethemanager.大家都想讓多里斯來當經理.Welikeeverybodytosaywhattheythink.我們喜歡讓人人都說出他們的看法。Doyouwishmetostay？你希望我留下嗎？Willyouhelpme（to）dothework?你可以幫助我做干活嗎？Thewarbrokeoutin1937.戰爭爆發在1937年。Thiscarbelongstome.這車是屬于我的。Hehasagoodjob.他有個好工作。（不說Agoodjobishadbyhim.）Theyhavealargehouse.他們有所大房子。I'llhavehimcomeearly.我要讓他早來。ThoughIlikethedress,itdoesn'tfitme.盡管我喜歡那件連衣裙，但穿著不合適。（不說Thoughthedressislikedbyme,I'mnotfittedbythedress.）Welackmanpoweratthemoment.我們現在缺少人手。（不說Manpowerislackedbyusatthemoment.）Mycomputercostmesevenhundredandninetydollars.我花了790美元買這臺計算機。Sheresemblesherfather.她像她父親。（不說herfatherisresembledbyher.）3、 短語動詞中有些用于被動結構，有些不可以。但沒有規律可循，只能個別掌握：IwasverywelllookedafterwhenIwasworkingthere.我在那里工作的時候，得到很好的照顧。Anoverpassisbeingputupatthecornerofthestreet.在那條街的拐角處正在建起一個過街天橋。Everybodyagreedwithme.大家都同意我的意見。（不能說Iwasagreedwithbyeverybody.）Iwalkedintothehouse.我走進房子。（不能說Thehousewaswalkedinto.）Ibrokeintothehouse.我破門而入那棟房子。（卻可以說Thehousewasbrokenintobyme.）4、 反身代詞和eachother,oneanother作賓語時不能變為被動。例如：Theyacknowledgedthemselvestobedefeated.他們承認他們自己被擊敗了。Shepraisedherself.她自我表揚。Heruinedhimself.他毀了自己。5、 下列及物動詞有特殊的賓語，也不能變為被動語態：Thepoliceofficershoutedhisloudesttostopthecar.警官用最大的聲音喊叫，想叫住那輛車。Thefamousactressbreathedherlast.那位著名的女影星咽氣了。Shenoddedherapproval.她點頭同意。Ismiledmythanks.我微笑致謝。Hewishestobesomebody.他想成個人物。Heenjoystakingpictures.他喜歡攝影。Keepsilence,please.請保持安靜。Theyusuallytakeawalkaftersupper.他們通常晚飯后散步。（八）關于被動語態的幾點說明1、有些動詞形式上是主動，意義上是被動。例如:SchoolbeginsinSeptember.學校九月份開學。Thelibrarydoesn'topenonSunday.圖書館星期天不開放。Themachinerunswell.這臺機器容易操作。Mypenwriteswell.我的鋼筆好使。Theclothwasheswell.這料子耐洗。Thedictionarysellswell.這詞典銷路很好。Thebookhardlysells.這書買不出去。Thedoorwillnotshut/lock.門關/鎖不上。AmItoblame?我該受責備嗎？Thehouseistolet.房子要出租。Thestoryisinterestingtoread.這故事讀起來很有趣。Thefilmisworthseeing.這片子值得一看。Yourshirtneedswashing.你的襯衫該洗了。2、 make,see,watch,hear,notice,feel等使役動詞和感官動詞的賓語后面可以接不帶to的不定式作賓補。但在被動語態中，不定式符號to必須補上。例如：Theymadehimgo.他們讓他去。Hewasmadetogo.他被要求去了。Iheardhimsaygood-byetohisfriends.我聽見他向他的朋友說再見。Hewasheardtosaygood-byetohisfriends.有人聽到他向他的朋友說再見。3、 除助動詞be外，動詞get有時也可跟過去分詞構成被動語態，是比較口語化的一種被動語態。這種結構中很少用by短語。例如:Igotlostinthehugemarket.在那個巨大的市場中我迷失了方向。Youmightgetkilled/hurt.你會送命/受傷的。IntheendthisstorygottranslatedintoEnglish.這故事最后被譯成了英文。Hiscargotdamagedinaroadaccident.他的車在交通事故中被毀了。4、 “have/get+賓語+過去分詞”這個句型也表達了一種被動的意思。如：I'llhavethebikerepairedinn我一會就把自行車修好。Ihadmywalletstolen/lostlastSundaywhenIwasshopping.上星期天買東西的時候我的錢夾被盜。Hegothislegbrokenwhenplayingfootball.踢足球的時候他把腿弄斷了。Iboughtthesebooksatadiscountandhadtwohundreddollarssaved.我打折買了這些書，省了兩百美元。5、 在need,want,require后面，主動的-ing形式表達被動的意思：Mywatchneedscleaning.(=?needstobecleaned)我的表需要清洗。Yourgardenneedswatering.(=?tobewatered)你的花園需要澆水。Doesyoursuitrequirepressing,sir?先生，您的衣服要燙嗎？Thecarwantsservicing.這汽車要檢修。(九)練習1、將下列句子變成被動語態：[主要步驟是：把原句的賓語變成主語(代詞賓格要變成主格)；把原句的謂語動詞變成被動形式(注意：時態不變，新謂語動詞與新主語要一致，疑問句要注意助動詞的轉換)。復合句中如有可能主句和從句都要變成被動語態。]Hegavemeapresent.Iwasgivenapresentbyhim.Mysistermadethesoup.Thesoupwasmadebymysister.Theworkerscouldnotfindthemanageranywhereinthefactory.Themanagercouldnotbefoundanywhereinthefactorybytheworkers.Thearmyengineersandsoldiershavebuiltabridgeovertheriver.Abridgehasbeenbuiltovertheriverbythearmyengineersandsoldiers.Thepolicewillsurelyarrestthethieves.Thethieveswillsurelybearrestedbythepolice.Mybrotherwillrepairmybikeforme.Mybikewillberepairedbymybrother.Youmustcleanyourwatchonceayear.Yourwatchmustbecleanedonceayear.Ididn'ttellyouXiaoWangcoulddothejob.Youwerenottold(that)thejobcouldbedonebyXiaoWang.Icannotfindmydictionary.Someonehastakenit.Mydictionarycannotbefound.Ithasbeentakenbysomeone.Shecannotfindherbag.Someonemusthavetakenit.Herbagcannotbefound.Itmusthavebeentakenbysomeone.Thepupilsaskedtheteachertotellastory.Theteacherwasaskedbythepupilstotellastory.TheAssociationaskedMr.Greentomakeaspeech.Mr.GreenwasaskedbytheAssociationtomakeaspeech.Thegovernmentissendinghimabroad.Heisbeingsentabroadbythegovernment.Hetoldmetowaithereforhim.Iwastoldtowaithereforhim.Mr.Hopkinshasfoundhiswallet.Mr.Hopkins'wallethasbeenfound.Theworkersthemselvesinventedthenewmachine.Thenewmachinewasinventedbytheworkersthemselves.Theysetupthishospitalin1950.Thishospitalwassetupin1950.Tombrokethewindow.ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom.Didyouwritetheletter?Wastheletterwrittenbyyou?TheydonotmakethiskindofwatchesinBeijing.ThiskindofwatchesarenotmadeinBeijing.PeoplecallhimLittleOldMan.HeiscalledLittleOldMan.Johnansweredallthequestions.AllthequestionswereansweredbyJohn.Thefarmerwasploughingthefield.Thefieldwasbeingploughedbythefarmer.PeoplespeakEnglishinalmostallthecountriesoftheworld.Englishisspokeninalmostallthecountriesoftheworld.Thewindblewthecloudsaway.Thecloudswereblownawaybythewind.Weshallpainttheroom.Theroomwillbepainted.MustIdoalltheexercisesonmyown?Mustalltheexercisesbedone?IamgoingtoringTomup.Tomisgoingtoberungup.Everyoneexpectsthathewillwin.Itisexpectedthathewillwin.Heisexpectedtowin.Didyoufinishyourcompositioninclass?Wasyourcompositionfinishedinclass?Doyouwashyourclothesveryoften?Areyourclotheswashedveryoften?Havetheypaidyouthemoney?Haveyoubeenpaidthemoney?Hasthemoneybeenpaidtoyou?Mr.WanggaveusanEnglishlesson.WeweregivenanEnglishlessonbyMr.Wang.AnEnglishlessonwasgiventousbyMr.Wang.Hetoldhisbrotherthenews.Hisbrotherwastoldthenews.2、將下列句子變成主動語態：Whatwereyoutoldtodo?Whatdidtheytellyoutodo?Theyweremadetolearnthepoembyheart.Theprofessormadethemlearnthepoembyheart.Thehousewasbeingcleanedwhilethedinnerwasbeingcooked.Hewascleaningthehousewhileshewascookingthedinner.Itmusthavebeendonebyanartist.Anartistmusthavedoneit.Thebusinesshasbeentakenoverbyhiscompetitors.Hiscompetitorshavetakenoverthebusiness.Suchcustomsshouldbedoneawaywith.Weshoulddoawaywithsuchcustoms.Whyhaven'tthelettersbeenwritten?Whyhaven'tyouwrittentheletters?Itmustbedoneatonce.Youmustdoitatonce.Ioughttohavebeentoldsooner.Yououghttohavetoldmesooner.Iwasn'ttoldthathehadbeendismissed.Theydidn'ttellmethattheyhaddismissedhim.3、用被動語態翻譯以下句子(做翻譯時，首先要看用什么句型和結構，再看用什么謂語動詞，然后看用什么時態。這些是漢譯英的關鍵。)沒有人強迫你去做那項工作。Youarenotforced/compelledtodothework.2）這個班由布朗先生教英語。TheclassistaughtEnglishbyMr.Brown.3）那棵大樹被風刮倒了。Thatbigtreewasblowndownbythewind.4）這間教室靠兩個火爐取暖。Thisclassroomisheatedbytwostoves.5）這篇文章是湯姆寫的嗎？WasthearticlewrittenbyTom?6）你會得到老師們的幫助。Youwillbehelpedbytheteachers