英語專八考試閱讀難點提升練習附解析FederalGovernment'sHelpFederaleffortstoaidminoritybusinessesbeganinthe1960’swhentheSmallBusinessAdministration(SBA)beganmakingfederallyguaranteedloansandgovernment-sponsoredmanagementandtechnicalassistanceavailabletominoritybusinessenterprises.Whilethisprogramenabledmanyminorityentrepreneurstoformnewbusinesses,theresultsweredisappointing,sincemanagerialinexperience,unfavorablelocations,andcapitalshortagesledtohighfailurerates.Even15yearsaftertheprogramwasimplemented,minoritybusinessreceiptswerenotquitetwopercentofthenationaleconomy’stotalreceipts.RecentlyfederalpolicymakershaveadoptedanapproachintendedtoacceleratedevelopmentoftheminoritybusinesssectorbymovingawayfromdirectlyaidingsmallMESBIC’saretheresultofthebeliefthatprovidingestablishedfirmswitheasieraccesstorelevantmanagementtechniquesandmorejob-specificexperience,aswellassubstantialamountsofcapital,givesthosefirmsagreateropportunitytodevelopsoundbusinesssponsoringcorporationsbegantocapitalizeMESBIC’sfarabovethelegalminimumofminorityenterprises.Ironically,MESBICstaffs,whichusuallyconsistofHispanicandBlackprofessionals,tendtoapproachinvestmentsinminorityfirmsmorepragmaticallythandomanyMESBICdirectors,whoareusuallyseniormanagersfromsponsoringcorporations.Thelatteroftenstillthinkmainlyintermsofthe‘socialresponsibilityapproach’andthusseemtopreferdealsthatareriskierandlessattractivethannormalinvestmentcriteriawouldwarrant.Suchdifferencesinviewpointhaveproduceduneasinessamongmanyminoritystaffmembers,whofeelthatminorityentrepreneursandbusinessesshouldbejudgedbyestablishedbusinessconsiderations.ThesestaffmembersbelievetheirpointofviewisclosertotheoriginalphilosophyofMESBIC’sandtheyareconcernedthat,unlessamoreprudentcourseiffollowed,MESBICdirectorsmayreverttopolicieslikelytore-createthedisappointingresultsoftheoriginalSBAapproach.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?TheuseofMESBIC’sforaidingminorityentrepreneursseemstohavegreaterpotentialforsuccessthandoestheoriginalSBAapproach.ThereisacrucialdifferenceinpointofviewbetweenthestaffanddirectorsofsomeMESBIC’s.Afterinitialproblemswithmanagementandmarketing,minoritybusinesseshavebeguntoexpandatasteadyrate.Minorityentrepreneurswishingtoformnewbusinessesnowhaveseveralequallysuccessfulfederalprogramsonwhichtorely.Accordingtothepassage,theMESBICapproachdiffersfromtheSBAapproachinthatMESBIC’sseekfederalcontractstoprovidemarketforminoritybusinesses.Encourageminoritybusinessestoprovidemarketsforotherminoritybusinesses.Attempttomaintainaspecifiedrateofgrowthintheminoritybusinesssector.Relyontheparticipationoflargecorporationstofinanceminoritybusinesses.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheSBAprogramcanbeinferredfromthepassage?Themaximumtermforloansmadetorecipientbusinesseswas15years.Businessloanswereconsideredtobemoreusefultorecipientbusinessesthanwasmanagementandtechnicalassistance.Theanticipatedfailurerateforrecipientbusinesseswassignificantlylowerthantheratethatactuallyresulted.Recipientbusinesseswereencouragedtorelocatetoareasmorefavorableforbusinessdevelopment.Theauthorreferstothe‘financialandoperatingproblems’encounteredbyMESBIC’sprimarilyinordertocallattentiontothefactthatMESBIC’smustreceiveadequatefundinginordertofunctioneffectively.CompareSBAandMESBIClimitsonminimumfunding.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheattitudeofsomeMESBICstaffmembertowardtheinvestmentspreferredbysomeMESBICdirectorscanbebestdescribedasdisappointing.Indifferent.Shocked.Defensive.答案詳解：A運用MESBIC來幫助少數民族企業似乎比原來SBA的方法更具成功的可能性。文章一開始就點名SBA(小型企業管理局)向少數民族企業提供聯邦保證貸款，政府資助管理和技術方面的幫助，結果令人失望。組建成的少數民族新企業由于管理上缺乏經驗、地點不佳、資金短缺而導致失敗的情況很多。其他見難句譯注1、2、3.總之在MESBIC支持下：為它的潛在市場提供大量資金等，使它們在地點和市場流通方面風險小的多，從而帶來足夠的收入和保持所需的管理質量。這一切都說明MESBIC比SBA的成功可能性大。B.MESBIC中的領導者和職工方面在觀點上有著至關重要的分歧。C.經歷了早期管理和市場問題后，少數民族企業已開始穩步發展。D.希望組建新公司的少數民族企業家已有好幾個成功的聯邦計劃可依靠。D依靠打工四向少數民族企業投資。見第二段第二句：大公司利用政府資助的風險資本參與成功而又穩固的少數民族企業的發展。參與的大公司用這筆資金建立了“少數民族小型企業投資公司”(MESBIC)A.尋求為少數民族企業提供市場聯邦合同。B.鼓勵少數民族企業為其他少數民族企業提供市場。C.試圖在少數民族部門保持特定的增長率。C預期加入SBA項目中的公司的失敗率比實際失敗率低得多。文內沒有直接點出，而是從(見第一題注釋)SBA幫助的.企業失敗率很高――令人失望，從而推斷C項結論。A.給企業貸款最高期限為15年。B.商業貸款對企業來說遠筆管理和技術幫助重要。D.鼓勵接受貸款企業重新尋找利于企業發展的地區。B為的是引人注意這一實際情況：MESBIC必須取得足夠的資金才能有效地運轉。這在第三段最后一句：在經歷了早期財政和運行問題后，贊助公司給MESBIC注入的資金遠遠超過了50萬美元的法定最低限額，以獲得足夠的收入并保持所需的管理質量。MESBIC現在正成為日益重要的少數民族企業的資金來源。這說明沒有足夠的資金是難以有效運轉的。A.擴大討論范圍以包括通過贊助公司投資MESBIC的合理性。C.表明贊助公司愿意在原來的MESBIC只投資5