托福模擬19

READING

TheReadingsectiontestsyourabilitytounderstandreadingpassageslikethosein

collegetextbooks.Thepassagesareabout700wordsinlength.Thisistheshortformat

fortheReadingsection.Ontheshortformat,youwillrespondtothreepassages.After

eachpassage,youwillanswer12-14questionsaboutit.Mostquestionsareworth1

point,butthelastquestionineachpassageisworthmorethan1point.

Youwillhave60minutestoreadallofthepassagesandanswerthequestions.You

maytakenoteswhileyouread,butnotesarenotgraded.Youmayuseyournotesto

answerthequestions.Somepassagesmayincludeawordorphrasethatisunderlined

inblue.Clickonthewordorphrasetoseeaglossarydefinitionorexplanation.

Choosethebestanswerformultiple-choicequestions.Followthedirectionsonthe

pageoronthescreenforcomputer-assistedquestions.ClickonNexttogotothenext

question.ClickonBacktoreturntothepreviousquestion.Youmayreturntoprevious

questionsforallofthepassagesinthesamereadingpart,butafteryougotothenext

part,youwillnotbeabletoreturntopassagesinapreviouspart.Besurethatyouhave

answeredallofthequestionsforthepassagesineachpartbeforeyouclickonNextat

theendofthepassagetomovetothenextpart.

YoucanclickonReviewtoseeachartofthequestionsyouhaveansweredandthe

questionsyouhavenotansweredineachpart.Fromthisscreen,youcanreturntothe

questionyouwanttoanswerinthepartthatisopen.

Aclockonthescreenwillshowyouhowmuchtimeyouhavetocompletethe

Readingsection.

PARTI

"TheHydrologicCycleH

fThehydrologiccycleisthetransferofwaterfromtheoceanstothe

atmospheretothelandandbacktotheoceans.Theprocessesinvolvedinclude

evaporationofwaterfromtheoceans；precipitationonland；evaporationfrom

land；andrunofffromstreams,rivers,andsubsurfacegroundwater.Thehydrologic

cycleisdrivenbysolarenergy,whichevaporateswaterfromoceans,freshwaterbodies,soils,and

vegetation.Ofthetotal1.3billionkmwateronEarth,about97%isinoceans,

andabout2%isinglaciersandicecaps.Therestisinfreshwateronland

andintheatmosphere.Althoughitrepresentsonlyasmallfractionofthe

wateronEarth,thewateronlandisimportantinmovingchemicalszsculpturing

landscape,weatheringrocks,transportingsediments,andprovidingourwater

resources.Thewaterintheatmosphere-only0.001%ofthetotalonEarth-cycles

quicklytoproducerainandrunoffforourwaterresources.

Especiallyimportantfromanenvironmentalperspectiveisthatratesof

transferonlandaresmallrelativetowhat*shappeningintheocean.For

example,mostofthewaterthatevaporatesfromtheoceanfallsagainas

precipitationintotheocean.Onland,mostofthewaterthatfallsas

precipitationcomesfromevaporationofwaterfromland.Thismeansthat

regionalland-usechanges,suchasthebuildingoflargedamsandreservoirsz

canchangetheamountofwaterevaporatedintotheatmosphereandchangethe

locationandamountofprecipitationonland-waterwedependontoraiseour

cropsandsupplywaterforoururbanenvironments.Furthermore,aswepave

overlargeareasoflandincities,stormwaterrunsoffquickerandingreater

volume,therebyincreasingfloodhazards.Bringingwaterintosemi-aridcities

bypumpinggroundwaterortransportingwaterfromdistantmountainsthrough

aqueductsmayincreaseevaporation；therebyincreasinghumidityand

precipitationinaregion.

Approximately60%ofwaterthatfallsbyprecipitationonlandeachyear

evaporatestotheatmosphere.Asmallercomponent(about40%)returnstothe

oceansurfaceandsubsurfacerunoff.因Thissmallannualtransferofwater

suppliesresourcesforriversandurbanandagriculturallands.L^]

[Cl

Unfortunately,distributionofwateronlandisfarfromuniform.LSdJAshuman

populationincreases,watershortageswillbecomemorefrequentinaridand

semi-aridregionswherewaterisnaturallynonabundant.回

z

,Attheregionalandlocallevel,thefundamentalhydrologicalunitofthe

landscapeisthedrainagebasin(alsocalledawatershedorcatchment).A

drainagebasinistheareathatcontributessurfacerunofftoaparticular

streamorriver.Thetermdrainagebasinisusuallyusedinevaluatingthe

hydrologyofanarea,suchasthestreamfloworrunofffromhillslopes.

Drainagebasinsvarygreatlyinsize,fromlessthanahectare(2.5acres)

tomillionsofsquarekilometers.Adrainagebasinisusuallynamedforits

mainstreamorriver,suchastheMississippiRiverdrainagebasin.

—Themainprocessinthecycleistheglobaltransferofwaterfromthe

atmospheretothelandandoceansandbacktotheatmosphere.Together,the

oceanszicecapsandglaciersaccountformorethan99%ofthetotalwater,

andbotharegenerallyunsuitableforhumanusebecauseofsalinity(seawater)

andlocation(icecapsandglaciers).Onlyabout0.001%ofthetotalwater

onEarthisintheatmosphereatanyonetime.However,thisrelativelysmall

amountofwaterintheglobalwatercycle,withanaverageatmosphericresidence

timeofonlyabout9days,producesallourfreshwaterresourcesthroughthe

processofprecipitation.

fOnaglobalscale,then,totalwaterabundanceisnottheproblem；the

problemiswater1savailabilityintherightplaceattherighttimeinthe

rightform.Watercanbefoundineitherliquid,solid,orgaseousformat

anumberoflocationsatornearEarth1ssurface.Dependingonthespecific

location,theresidencetimemayvaryfromafewdaystomanythousandsof

years.However,asmentioned,morethan99%ofEarth*swaterinitsnatural

stateisunavailableorunsuitableforbeneficialhumanuse.Thus,theamount

ofwaterforwhichallthepeoplezplants,andanimalsonEarthcompeteis

muchlessthan1%ofthetotal.

Astheworld1spopulationandindustrialproductionofgoodsincrease,

theuseofwaterwillalsoaccelerate.Theworldpercapitauseofwaterin

1975wasabout185,000gal/yr.Andthetotalhumanuseofwaterwasabout

10xbgal/yr.Today,worlduseofwaterisabout6,000,whichisasignificantfraction

ofthenaturallyavailablefreshwater.

1>Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheinformationinthehighlighted

statementinthepassage?Theotherchoiceschangethemeaningorleaveout

importantinformation.

A.Itisthehydrologiccyclethatcauseswatertoevaporatefromplants,

soilzandbodiesofwaterinlandaswellasfromtheoceans.

B.Solarenergyisthesourceofpowerforthehydrologiccycle,which

beginsbyevaporatingwaterfromplants,soilzoceanszandfreshwatersources.

C.Theevaporationofwaterfromtheoceans,freshwatersources,plants,

andsoilsisthenaturalprocess,whichwecallthehydrologiccycle.

D.Energyfromthesunandthehydrologiccyclearepowersourcesforplants

thatrequirewaterfromtheoceansandfreshwatersources.

2、Basedoninformationinparagraph1,whichofthefollowingbestexplains

theterm"hydrologiccycle"?

A.Themovementofwaterfromfreshwaterbodiesintotheoceans

B.Solarenergyintheatmospherethatproducesrainoverlandandoceans

C.Waterresourcesfromoceansandfreshwatersourcesinland

D.Transportationofwaterfromoceansintotheatmosphereandontothe

land

3、ThephraseTherestinthepassagerefersto

A.oceans

B.icecaps

C.glaciers

D.water

4、Howdoman-madewaterresourcessuchasreservoirsandlakesaffectthe

watercycle?

A.Theyincreasethedangeroffloodingintheareassurroundingthem.

B.Theycausechangesinthepatternsofrainfallintheimmediatearea.

C.Theyprovidewatersourcesforagriculturalpurposesindryareas.

D.Theyimprovethenaturalflowofwaterintotheoceans.

5、Freshwaterisconsideredimportantbecause

A.itevaporatesmorequicklythanwaterintheocean

B.itisthelargestsourceofwateronEarth

C.itdeterminesthelandscapeofrocksandsediment

D.itistherunoffthatemptiesintotheoceans

6、Thewordcomponentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.error

B.part

C.estimate

D.source

7、Thewordfundamentalinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.diverse

B.common

C.basic

D.attractive

8、WhydoestheauthormentiontheMississippiRiverinparagraph4?

A.TheMississippiRiverisanexampleofadrainagebasin.

B.TheMississippiRiverisoneofthelargestriversintheregion.

C.TheMississippiRiverisusedinevaluatingtherunofffromhills.

D.TheMississippiRiverisnamedfortheareasurroundingit.

9、Accordingtoparagraph5zwhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheglobal

transferofwater?

A.Mostrainwaterstaysintheatmosphereforlessthanaweek.

B.Glaciersareabettersourceofwaterthantheoceans.

C.Mostofthewaterintheworldiscurrentlyinthewatercycle.

D.Lessthan1percentofthewatercanbeusedforhumanconsumption.

10、Accordingtoparagraph6,whyiswateraproblem?

A.Thereisnotenoughwateravailableintheworld.

B.Plantsandanimalsareusingthewaterthathumansrequire.

C.Distributionofwaterwhereitisneededcanbedifficult.

D.Mostofthewateristoooldtobeusedsafely.

工工、Thewordsignificantinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.rare

B.small

C.important

D.regular

12、Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatshowwherethefollowingsentencecould

beinsertedinthepassage.

Asaresult,watershortagesoccurinsomeareas.

Wherecouldthesentencebestbeadded?

Clickonasquare[■]toinsertthesentenceinthepassage.

13>Directions：Anintroductionforashortsummaryofthepassageappears

below.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatmention

themostimportantpointsinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelongin

thesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotincludedinthepassage

orareminorpointsfromthepassage.

Thisquestionisworth2points.

Thehydrologiccycletransferswaterfromtheoceanstotheatmosphere,

fromtheatmospheretotheland,andbacktotheoceans.

AnswerChoices

A.Theglobalproblemistheavailabilityofwaterthatissuitablefor

humanusewhereandwhenitisneeded.

B.Onlyabout0.001%ofthetotalwateronEarthisintheatmosphereat

aparticularpointintime.

C.Solarenergycausestheevaporationofoceansandfreshwaterlakesand

riversintotheatmosphere.

D.Watershortageswillprobablybecomemorecommonasmorepeoplebegin

toliveindesertregions.

E.Precipitationintheformofrainfallreplenishesthewaterintheocean

andindrainagebasinsonland.

F.Desalinationisakeysolutiontotheproblemofadequatewatersupplies

forhumanuse.

PARTII

nPiaget*sCognitiveDevelopmentTheoryH

ThefamousSwisspsychologistJeanPiaget(1896-1980)proposedanimportant

theoryofcognitivedevelopment.Piaget1stheorystatesthatchildrenactively

constructtheirunderstandingoftheworldandgothroughfourstagesof

cognitivedevelopment.Twoprocessesunderliethiscognitiveconstruction

oftheworld：organizationandadaptation.Tomakesenseofourworld,we

organizeourexperiences.Forexamplezweseparateimportantideasfromless

importantideas.Weconnectoneideatoanother.Butnotonlydoweorganizeour

observationsandexperiences,wealsoadaptcurthinkingtoincludenewideasbecauseadditional

informationfurthersunderstanding?Piaget14believedthatweadaptintwoways：

assimilationandaccommodation.

fAssimilationoccurswhenindividualisincorporatenewinformationinto

theirexistingknowledge.Accommodationoccurswhenindividualisadjustto

newinformation.Consideracircumstanceinwhicha9-year-oldgirlisgiven

ahammerandnailstohangapictureonthewall.Shehasneverusedahammer,

butfromobservationandvicariousexperiencesherealizesthatahammeris

anobjecttobeheld,thatitisswungbythehandletohitthenail,and

thatitisusuallyswunganumberoftimes.Recognizingeachofthesethings,

shefitsherbehaviorintotheinformationshealreadyhas(assimilation).

However,thehammerisheavy,sosheholdsitnearthetop.Sheswingstoo

hardandthenailbendszsosheadjuststhepressureofherstrikes.These

adjustmentsrevealherabilitytoalterslightlyherconceptionoftheworld

(accommodation).

Piagetthoughtthatassimilationandaccommodationoperateeveninthe

veryyounginfant1slife.Newbornsreflexivelysuckeverythingthattouches

theirlips(assimilation),but,afterseveralmonthsofexperience,they

constructtheirunderstandingoftheworlddifferently.Someobjects,such

asfingersandthemother*sbreast,canbesucked,butotherssuchasfuzzy

blankets,shouldnotbesucked(accommodation).

Piagetalsobelievedthatwegothroughfourstagesinunderstandingthe

world.Eachofthestagesisage-relatedandconsistsofdistinctwaysofthinking.

Remember,itisthedifferentwayofunderstandingtheworldthatmakesone

stagemoreadvancedthananother；knowingmoreinformationdoesnotmakethe

child*sthinkingmoreadvanced,inthePiagetianview.ThisiswhatPiaget

meantwhenhesaidthechild*scognitionisqualitativelydifferentinone

[Al

stagecomparedtoanother(Vidalz2000).LCLIwhatarePiaget*sfourstages

ofcognitivedevelopmentlike?

L向—JThesensorimotorstage,whichlastsfrombirthtoabout2yearsof

age,isthefirstPiagetianstage.Inthisstage,infantsconstructan

understandingoftheworldbycoordinatingsensoryexperiences(suchasseeing

andhearing)withphysical,motoricactions-hencethetermsensorimotor.

灑Attheendofthestage,2-year-oldshavesophisticatedsensorimotorpatterns

andarebeginningtooperatewithprimitivesymbols.IS]

—Thepreoperationalstagezwhichlastsfromapproximately2to7years

ofage,isthesecondPiagetianstage.Inthisstage,childrenbegintorepresent

theworldwithwords,images,anddrawings.Symbolicthoughtgoesbeyondsimple

connectionsofsensoryinformationandphysicalaction.However,although

preschoolchildrencansymbolicallyrepresenttheworld,accordingtoPiagetz

theystilllacktheabilitytoperformoperationszthePiagetiantermfor

internalizedmental,actionsthatallowchildrentodomentallywhatthey

previouslydidphysically.

,Theconcreteoperationalstage,whichlastsfromapproximately7to11

yearsofage,isthethirdPiagetianstage.Inthisstage,childrencanperform

operations,andlogicalreasoningreplacesintuitivethoughtaslongas

reasoningcanbeappliedtospecificorconcreteexamples.Forinstance,

concreteoperationalthinkerscannotimaginethestepsnecessarytocomplete

analgebraicequation,whichistooabstractforthinkingatthisstageof

development.

—Theformaloperationalstage,whichappearsbetweentheagesof11and

15zisthefourthandfinalPiagetianstage.Inthisstage,individualsmove

beyondconcreteexperiencesandthinkinabstractandmorelogicalterms.

Aspartofthinkingmoreabstractly,adolescentsdevelopimagesofideal

circumstances.Theymightthinkaboutwhatanidealparentislikeandcompare

theirparentstothisidealstandard.Theybegintoentertainpossibilities

forthefutureandarefascinatedwithwhattheycanbe.Insolvingproblems,

formaloperationalthinkersaremoresystematic,developinghypothesesabout

whysomethingishappeningthewayitis,thentestingthesehypothesesin

adeductivemanner.

14、Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheinformationinthe

highlightedstatementinthepassage?Theotherchoiceschangethemeaning

orleaveoutimportantinformation.

A.Ournewexperiencesrequirethatweadjustinordertounderstand

informationthatwehaveneverseen.

B.Understandingnewideasiseasierifweincludeobservationsandpersonal

experiences.

C.Weengageinbothorganizationofwhatweseeandexperienceandadaptation

ofnovelideas.

D.Thinkingmustincludedirectobservationandexperiencesinorderto

organizetheinformation.

15>Whydoestheauthormentionahammerinparagraph2?

A.Toexplaintheconceptsofassimilationandaccommodation

B.Todemonstratehowa9-year-oldgirlrespondstoanewexperience

C.Toprovethatayoungchildcannotengageinproblemsolving

D.Toprovideanexampleofthefirststageofcognitivedevelopment

16、Thewordalterinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.change

B.improve

C.hide

D.find

17>Thewordothersinthepassagerefersto

A.months

B.objects

C.fingers

D.blankets

18>Theworddistinctinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.new

B.simple

C.different

D.exact

19、Thewordsophisticatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.limited

B.complex

C.useful

D.necessary

20、Basedontheinformationinparagraph6zwhichofthefollowingbestexplains

thetermHoperations"?

A.Symbolicthought

B.Mentalactions

C.Physicalactivity

D.Abstractreasoning

21、Accordingtoparagraph7,whywoulda10-year-oldbeunabletosolvealgebra

problems?

A.Algebrarequiresconcreteoperationalthinking.

B.A10-year-oldhasnotreachedtheformaloperationalstage.

C.Achildof10doesnothavelogicalreasoningabilities.

D.Analgebraproblemhastoomanystepsinordertosolveit.

22、Inparagraph8,theauthormentionsparentsbecause

A.teenagersarealreadythinkingabouttheirrolesinthefuture

B.parentsareveryimportantteachersduringthefinalstageofdevelopment

C.thecomparisonofrealandidealparentsisanexampleofabstractthinking

D.adolescentstendtobecriticaloftheirparentsaspartoftheir

development

23、Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutpeoplewhoareolderthan

15yearsofage?

A.TheymusthavecompletedallofPiaget1sstagesofcognitivedevelopment.

B.Theyareprobablyintheformaloperationalstateofdevelopment.

C.Theyhavemastereddeductivereasoningandarebeginningtolearn

intuitively.

D.Theymaystillnotbeabletosolveproblemssystematically.

24、AllofthefollowingrefertoPiaget1stheoryEXCEPT

A.Evenveryyounginfantsmayengageinconstructingthewaythatthey

understandtheworld.

B.Bothassimilationandaccommodationareprocessesthatwecanuseto

helpusadapttonewinformation.

C.Whenchildrenlearnmoreinformation,thentheirthinkingisatahigher

stageofdevelopment.

D.Operationsrequireamoreadvancedstageofdevelopmentthansymbolic

representation.

25、Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatshowwherethefollowingsentencecould

beinsertedinthepassage.

Atthebeginningofthisstage,newbornshavelittlemoreth