201612Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayoncreation.Youressayshouldincludetheimportanceofcreationandmeasurestobetakentoencouragecreation,Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIListeningComprehension(30PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionAConversationSmallcommunities,withtheirdistinctivecharacter－wherelifeisstableandintenselyaredisappear.Some （26）fromthefaceoftheearth,othersaredyingsolely,butall （27）changesastheycomeintocontactwith （28）machinecivilization.mergingofdiversepeoplesintoacommonmasshasproducedtensionamongmembersoftheminoritiesandthemajorityaliTheOldOrderAmish,whoarrivedonAmericanshoresincolonialtimes, inthemodernworldindistinctive,smallcommunities.Theyhaveresistedthehomogenization moresuccessfullythanothers.Inntingandharvesttimeonecanseetheirbeardedmenworkingthefieldswithhorsesandtheirwomenhangingoutthelaundryinneatrowstodry.ManyAmericanpeoplehaveseenAmishfamilies,withthemenwearingbroad-brimmedblackhatsandthewomeninlongdresses,inrailwayorbus （31）.AlthoughtheAmishhave （32）Americanforovertwoandahalfcenturies,theyhavemoderateditsinfluenceontheirallives,theirfamilies,communities,andtheirvalues.TheAmishare （33）byotherAmericanstobereliesofthepastwhoasimple,inflexiblelifededicatedtoinconvenientout-datedcustoms.Theyareseenasabandoningbothmodern andtheAmericandreamofsuccessandprogress.ButmostpeoplehavenoquarrelwiththeAmishforngthingstheold-fashionedway.Theirconscientiousobjectionwastoleratedinwartime,forafterall,theyaregoodfarmerswho （35）thevirtuesofworkandSectionCountriesRushforUpperHandinOnaglacier-filledislandwithfjord（峽灣）andelephantseals.RussiahasbuiltfirstOrthodoxchurchonahilloverlookingitsresearchbase.Lessthananhourawaybysnow.labourershaveupdatestheGreatWallStation,avitalpartof'sntooperatefivebasesonAntarctica,completewithanindoorbadmintoncourtandsleequarterfor150people.Nottobeoutdone,'sfuturisticnewBharathibase,builtonstilts（樁子）using134interlockingshipcontainers,resemblesaspaceship.TurkeyandIranhaveannouncednstobuildbases,Morethanacenturyhaspassedsinceexplorersracedtonttheirflagsatthebottomoftheworld,andfordecadestocomethiscontinentissupposedtobeprotectedasascientificpreserve,shieldedfromintrusionslikemilitaryactivitiesandmining.Butanarrayofcountriesarerushingtoassertgreaterinfluencehere,withaneyenotjusttowardsthedaythoseprotectivetreatiesexpire,butalsoforstrategicandcommercialopportunitiesthatalreadyexist.Theneweryerarestepintowhattheyviewasatreasurehouseofresources.SomeoftheventuresfocusontheAntarcitcresourcesthatarealreadyupforgrabs,likeabundantsealife.SouthKorea,whichoperatesstate-of-the–artbaseshereisincreasingitsfishingofkrill（磷蝦foundinabundanceinSouthernOcean,whileRussiarecentlyfrustratedeffortstocreateoneoftheworld'slargestoceansanctuarieshere.SomescientistsareexaminingthepotentialforharvestingicebergsfromAntarctica,whichisestimatedtohavethebiggestreservesoffreshwateronthent.Nationsarealsopressingaheadwithspaceresearchandsaliteprojectstoexpandtheirglobalnavigationabilities.BuildingonaSoviet-erafoothold,RussiaisexpandingitsmonitoringstationforGlonass,itsversionoftheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS).AtleastthreeRussiastationsarealreadyoperatinginAntarctica,partofitseffortstochallengethedominanceoftheAmericanCPS,andnewstationarennedforsitesliketheRussiabase,intheshadowoftheOrthodoxChurchoftheHolyTrinity.ElsewhereinAntarcticaRussianresearchersboastoftheirrecentdiscoveryofafreshwaterreservethesizeofLakeOntarioafterdrillingthroughofsolidice."Youcanseethatwe'reheretostay,"saidVladimirCheberdak,57,chiefoftheBellingshausenStation.AshesippedteaunderaportraitofFabianGottliebvonBellingshausen,ahigh-rankingofficerintheImperialRussianNavywhoexploredtheAntarcticin1820.Antarctica'smineraloilandgaswealtharealonger-termprizeThetreatybanningmininghereshieldingcoveted（令人垂涎的）reservesofironore,coalandchromium.Comesupforreviewin2048.Researchersrecentlyfoundkimberlite（巖）depositshintingatexistenceofdiamonds.Andwhileassessmentsvarywidely,geologistsestimatethatAntarcticaholdsatleast36billionbarrelsofoilandnaturalgas.BeyondtheAntarctic,hugeobstaclespersisttotaptheseresources,likedriftingicebergsthatcouldjeopardiseoffshoretforms.ThenthereusAntarctica'sremoteness,withsomemineraldepositsfoundinwindsweptlocationsonacontinentthatislargerthanEuropeandwherewintertemperatureshoveraroundminus55degreesCelsius.ButadvancesintechnologymightmakeAntarcticaalotmoreaccessiblethreedecadesfromnow.Andevenbeforethen,scholarswarn,thedemandforresourcesinanenergy-hungryworldcouldraisepressuretorenegotiateAntarctica'streaties,possiblyallowingmorecommercialendeavoursherewellbeforetheprohibitionsagainstthemexpire.TheresearchstationsonKingGeorgeIslandofferaglimpseintothegameonthisice-blanketedcontinentasnationsassertthemselves,erodingtheswaylongheldbycountriesliketheUnitedStates.Britain,AustraliaandNewZealand.BeingstationedinAntarcticainvolvesadaptingtolifeonthent'sdriest,windiestandcoldestcontinent,yeteachnationmanagestomakeitselfathome.BeardedRussianpriestsofferregularservicesattheOrthodoxchurchforthe16orsoRussianspeakerswhospendthewinteratthebase,largelypolarscientistsinfieldslikeglaciologyandmeteorology.Theirnumberclimbstoabout40inthewarmersummermonths. hasarguablythefastest-growingoperationsinAntarctica.Itopenedits stationlastyearandispressingaheadwithnstobuildafifth.Itisbuildingitssecondice-breakingshipandsettingupresearchdrillingoperationsonanicedome13,422feetabovesealevelthatisoneofthent'scoldestces.officialssaytheexpansioninAntarcticaprioritisesscientificresearch.Buttheyalsoacknowledgethatconcernsabout"resourcesecurity"influencetheirmoves.'snewlyrenovatedGreatWallStationonKingGeorgeIslandmakestheRussianandChileanbasesseemoutdated."Wedoweathermonitoringhereandotherresearch,"NingXu,53,thechiefofthebase,saidoverteaduringafierceBlizzard（暴風雪）inlate.November.Thelargebaseheleadsresemblesasnowed-incollegecampusonholidaybreak,withthecapacitytosleepthan10timesthe13peoplewhowerestayingonthroughtheAntarcticwinter.YongYu,amicrobiologist,showedoffthespaciousbuilding,withemptydesksunderanillustratedtimelinedetailingtherapidgrowthof'sAntarcticoperationssincethe19870s."Wenowfeelequippedtogrow,"hesaid.AssomecountriesexpandoperationsinAntarctica,theUnitedStatesmaintainsthreeyear-roundstationsonthecontinentwithmorethan1,000peopleduringthesouthernhemisphere'ssummer,includingthoseattheAmundsen-Scottstation,builtin1956atanelevationof9,301feetonateauattheSouthPole.ButUSresearchersquietlycominaboutbudgetrestraintsandhavingfarfewericebreakersthanRussia,limitingthereachoftheUnitedStateinAntarctica.ScholarswarnthatAntarctica'spoliticaldriftcouldblurthedistinctionbetweenmilitaryandcivilianactivitieslongbeforethecontinent'streatiescomeupforrenegotiation,especiallyinpartsofAntarcticathatareidealforintercepting（）signalsfromsalitesorretaskingsalitesystems,potentiallyenhancingglobalelectronicinligenceoperations.[N]Somecountrieshavehadahardtimehere.Brazilopenedaresearchstationin1984,butitwaslargelydestroyedbyafirethatkilledtwomembersofthenavyin2012,thesameyearthatadiesel-ladenBrazilianbargesanknearthebase.Asifthatwerenotenough,aBrazilianC-130HerculesmilitarytransportnehasremainedstrandedneartherunwayofChile'sairbaseheresinceitcrash-landedin2014.However,Brazil'sstretchofmisfortunehascreatedopportunitiesforChine,with winningthemillioncontractin2015torebuildtheBrazilianAmidallthechanges,Antarcticamaintainsitsallure.SouthKoreaopeneditssecondAntarcticresearchbasein2014,describingitasawaytotestrobotsdevelopedbyKoreanresearchersforuseinextremeconditions.WithRussia'shelp,BelarusispreparingtobuilditsfirstAntarcticbase.ColombiasaidthisyearthatitnnedtojoinotherSouthAmericannationswithbasesinAntarctica."TheolddaysoftheAntarcticbeingdominatedbytheinterestsandwishesofwhitemenfromEuropean,AustralasianandNorthAmericanstatesareover,"saidKlausDodds,apoliticsscholarattheUniversityofLondonwhospecializesinAntarctica."TherealityisthatAntarcticaisgeopoliticallycontested."36.【題干】Accordingto officials,theiractivitiesinAntarcticalaygreateremphasisonscientificresearch.37.【題干】Effortstocreateoneoftheworld'slargestoceansanctuariesfailedbecauseofRussia'sobstruction.38.WithseveralmonitoringstationsoperatinginAntarctica,RussiaistryinghardtocounterAmerica'sdominanceinthefieldofworldwidenavigationalfacilities.39.【題干】Accordingtogeologist'sestimates,Antarcticahasenormousreservesofoilandnaturalgas.40.【題干】ItisestimatedthatAntarcticaboastsoftherichestreservesoffreshwateronearth.41.【題干】ThedemandforenergyresourcesmaycompelrenegotiationofAntarctica'streatiesbeforetheirexpiration.42.【題干】ManycountriesareracingagainsteachothertoincreasetheirbusinessandstrategicinfluenceonAntarctica.43.【題干】Antarctica'sharshnaturalconditionsconstitutehugeobstaclestotheexploitationofitsresources44.【題干】Withcompetitionfrommanycountries,Antarcticaisnolongerdominatedbythetraditionalwhitenations.45.【題干】AmericanscientistscominaboutlackofsufficientmoneyandequipmentfortheirexpansioninAntarctica.SectionCPassageoneAnyve nnicotineaddictwilltestifythatfancypackagingysnorolesinthedecisiontokeepsmoking.So,itisargued,stripcartonsoftheirbrandingwilltriggernomassmovementtoquit.Butthatisn'twhytheernment－underpressurefromcancercharities,healthworkersandtheLabourhasagreedtolegislateforstandardizedpackaging.Thetheoryisthatsmokingshouldbestrippedofanyappealtodiscouragenewgenerationsfromstartinginthefirstce.inpackagingwouldbeanotherstepinthereclassificationofcigarettesfrominvitingconsumerproductstonarcotics（麻醉劑）.Naturally,thetobaccoindustryisviolentlyopposed.Nobusinesslikestoadmitthatitsellsaddictivepoisonasalifestyleoice.Thatiswhyernmenthashistoricallyintervened.Banningadvertising,imposinghealthwarningsandpunitive（懲duties.Thisapproachhasledovertimetoafallinsmokingwithnumbershavingroughlyhalvedsincethe1970s.EvidencefromAustraliasuggestsinpackagingpushessocietyfurtheralongthatroad.SinetobaccoisoneofthebiggestcausesofprematuredeathintheUK,ameasurethattamesthehabitevenbyafractionisworthtrying.Sowhyhasittakensolong?TheDepartmentofHealthdeclareditsintentiontoconsiderthemoveinNovember2010andconsultedthrough2012.ButthenwassuspendedinJuly2013.ItdidnotescapenoticethatalobbyingfirmsetupbyLyntonCrosby.DavidCameron'selectionndirector,hadpreviouslyactedforPhilipMorrisInternational.(Theprimeministerdeniedtherewasaconnectionbetweenhisnewadviser'soutsideinterestsandchangeinlegislativeprogramme.)InNovember2013,afteranunnecessaryroundofadditionalconsultation.HealthministerJaneEllisonsaidtheernmentwasmindedtoproceedafterall.NowwearetoldMembersofParliament(MPs)willhavea votebeforeparliamentisdissolvedinMarch.Parliamenthasinfactalreadyauthorizedthe ernmenttotamethetobaccotradeMPsvotedoverwhelminglyinfavourofLabouramendmentstothechildrenandfamiliesbilllastFebruarythatincludedthepowertoregulateforinpackaging.WithsufficientwillinDowningStreetthiswouldhavebeendonealready.ButstrengthofwillisthemissingingredientwhereMr.Cameronandpublichealthareconcerned.Hisattitudetostateinterventionhaslookedconfusedeversincehisbizarre2006lament（嘆惜）thatchocolateorangescedseductivelyatsupermarketcheckoutsfueledobesity.Theernmenthasmovedreluctantlyintoasensiblepublic,butwithsuchobviousover-cautiousnessthatanypoliticalditduebelongstotheopposition.WithoutsustainedexternalpressureitseemscertainMr.Cameronwouldstillbehookedontheinterestsofbigtobaccocompanies.【題干】WhatdochainsmokersthinkofcigaretteFancypackingcanhelptoengagenewIthastodowiththequalityortasteofinpackingdiscouragesnon-smokersfromtakingupIthaslittleimpactontheirdecisionwhetherornottoquit【題干】WhathastheUKernmentagreetodoconcerningtobaccoPassalawtostandardizecigarettepackaging.B．Ridcigarettecartonsofalladvertisements.C．Subsidisecompaniestoadoptinpacking.D．Reclassifycigarettesaccordingtopacking.【題干】WhathashappenedinAustraliawhereinpackagingisPrematuredeathratesresultingfromsmokinghaveThenumberofsmokershasdroppedmoresharplythanintheThesalesoftobaccosubstituteshaveincreasedconsiderably.D．CigarettesaleshavebeenfallingfarmorequicklythanintheUK.【題干】Whyhasittakensolongforthe ernmenttoconsiderinPrimeMinisterCameronhasbeenreluctanttotakeThereisstrongoppositionfrom nnicotineManyMembersofParhamentareaddictedtoPressurefromtobaccomanufacturersremains【題干】WhatdidCameronsayaboutchocolateorangesatsupermarketTheyfueledalotofTheyattractedalotofTheymademoreBritishpeopleTheyhadcertainingredientsPassageQuestions51t055arebasedonthefollowingWhatawasteofmoney!Inreturnforanaverageof￡44,0000fdebt,studentsgetanaverageofonly14hoursoflectureandtutorialtimeaweekinBritain.Annualfeeshaverisenfrom￡1,000to￡9,000inthelastdecade,butcontacttimeatuniversityhasbarelyrisenatall.Andgraduatingdoesn'tevenprovideanyguaranteeofadecentjob:sixintengraduatestodayareinnon-graduatejobs.Nowonderithas efashionabletodenouncemanyuniversitiesaslittlemorethanelaboratecon,-tricks(騙術).There'salotforstudentstocominabout:therepaymentthresholdforpayingbackloanswillbefrozenforfiveyears,meaningthatlower-paidgraduateshavetostartrepayingtheirloans;andmaintenancegrantshavebeenrece.dbyloans,meaningthatstudentsfrompoorerbackgroundsfacehigherdebtthanthosewithwealthierparents.Yetitstillpaystogotouniversity.Ifgoingtouniversitydoesn'tworkout,studentspayverylittle-ifany-oftheirtuitionfeesback:youonlystartrepayingwhenyouareearningf21,000ayear.Almosthalfofgraduates-thosewhogoontoearnless-willhaveaportionoftheirdebtwrittenoff.It'snotjustthelecturesandtutorialsthatareimportant.Educationisthesumofwhatstudentsteacheachotherinbetweenlecturesandseminars.Studentsdonotmerelybenefitwhileatuniversity;studiesshowtheygoontobehealthierandhappierthannon-graduates,andalsofarmorelikelytovote.Whateveryourtalents,itisextraordinarilydifficulttogetaleadingjobinmostfieldswithouthavingbeentouniversity.Recruiterscircleeliteuniversitieslikevultures(兀鷹).Manytopfirmswillnotevenlookatapplicationsfromthosewholacka2.1,i.e,anupper-secondclassdegree,fromaneliteuniversity.Studentsatuniversityalsomeetthoselikelytobeinleadingjobsinthefuture,formingcontactsforlife.Thismightnotberight,butschool-leaverswhofailtoacknowledgeasmuchriskmakingthewrongdecisionaboutgoingtouniversity.Perhapsthereasonwhysomanyuniversitiesoffertheirstudentssolittleistheyknowstudyingatatopuniversityremainsabrilliantinvestmentevenifyoudon'tlearnanything.Studyingatuniversitywillonly elessattractiveifemployersshifttheirfocusawayfromwheresomeonewenttouniversity-andthereisnosignofthathappeninganytimesoon.School-leaversmaymoan，buttheyhavelittlechoicebuttoembraceuniversityandthestudentdebtthatcomeswith【題干】Whatistheauthor'sopinionofgoingtoItisworthwhileafterItissimplyawasteofItishardtosaywhetheritisgoodorItistooexpensiveformostyoung【題干】WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemploymentsituationofBritishuniversityFewofthemaresatisfiedwiththejobstheyareItusuallytakesalongtimeforthemtofindadecentjob.C．Graduatesfromeliteuniversitiesusuallycangetdecentjobs.D．Mostofthemtakejobswhichdon'trequireacollege【題干】WhatdoestheauthorsayisimportantforuniversitystudentsbesidesclassroomMakingsuretoobtainanupper-secondclassdegree.B．Practicalskillstheywillneedintheirfuturecareers. ctionsamongthemselvesoutsidetheDeveloindependentandcreativethinking【題干】WhatissaidtobeanadvantageofgoingtoLearninghowtotakerisksinanever-changingMeetingpeoplewhowillbehelpfultoyouintheHavingopportunitiesofyingaleadingroleinGainingup-dateknowledgeinscienceand【題干】WhatcanweinferfromthelastItisnaturalforstudentstomakecomintsaboutuniversityFewstudentsarewillingtobeartheburdenofdebtincurredatuniversity.C．Universityeducationis ingattractivetostudentwhocanaffordit.D．Theprestigeoftheuniversityinfluencesemployers'recruitmentdecisions. (30Directions：：Forthispart,oEnglish．YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.國的農業用地僅占