TheBusinessofLanguageandtheLanguageofBusinessUnit1TheBusinessofEnglishThedevelopmentofEnglishThedifferencebetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishTheinfluenceofEnglishResearchanddiscussionJuliusCaesarDukeofNormandyOldEnglishLatinFrenchMiddleEnglishATableAlphabeticallSamuelJohnsonWebsterOxfordThedifferencebetweenBEandAEspellingpronunciationvocabularygrammarSpellingprogramme

cataloguehonourtheatre

offenserecognisemarvellousreflexionprogramcataloghonortheateroffencerecognizemarvelousreflectionaesthetic scepticalchequemoustachepyjamaslikeable judgement estheticskepticalcheckmustachepajamaslikablejudgmentPronounciationBritishEnglishAmericanEnglishask[ɑ?sk][?sk]dance[dɑ?ns][d?ns]fast[fɑ?st][f?st]path[pɑ?θ][p?θ]can’t[kɑ?nt][k?nt]BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishbox[b?ks][bɑks]crop[kr?p][krɑp]hot[h?t][hɑt]spot[sp?t][spɑt]ironic[a?'r?n?k][a?'rɑn?k]

BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishcar[ka:][kar]door[d??][d?r]party['pɑ?t?]['pɑrti]board[b??d][b?rd]morning['m??n??]['m?rn??]BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishdictionary['d?k?(?)n(?)r?]['d?k??'n?ri]laboratory[l?'b?r?,t(?)r?]

['l?br?'t?ri]necessarily

['nes?s(?)r?l?][,n?s?'s?r?li]preparatory[pr?'p?r?t(?)r?][pr?'p?r?t?ri]secretary['sekr?t(?)r?]

['s?kr?t?r?]BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishfertile['f??ta?l]['f?tl]fragile['fr?d?a?l]

['fr?d??l]hostile['h?sta?l]['hɑstl]missile['m?sa?l]['m?sl]BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishclerk[klɑ?k][kl?rk]either['a?e?]['ie?r]figure['f?g?]['f?ɡj?]issue['?sju?]['??u]leisure['le??]['li:??]neither['na?e?]['ni:e?]schedule['?edju?l]['sk?d?ul]GrammarTenseSubjunctivemoodCollectivenounsModalverbsPrepositionsBritishEnglishAmericanEnglishI’vejusthadlunch.Ijusthadlunch.Haveyouwashedyourhands?Didyouwashyourhands?BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishShesuggestedthatheshouldquitsmoking.Shesuggestedthathequitsmoking.Thejudgeorderedthatthemoneyshouldbereturnedatonce.Thejudgeorderedthatthemoneybereturnedatonce.BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishTheteamareexcited.Theteamisexcited.Thegovernmentareannouncinganimportantdecision.Thegovernmentisannouncinganimportantdecision.BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishShedarednotstayinthedark.Shedidn’tdaretostayinthedark.Youneedn’tgowiththem.Youdon’tneedtogowiththem.BritishEnglishAmericanEnglishattheweekendontheweekendathomehomeThedoctorfeltofmypulse.Thedoctorfeltmypulse.TheplayopensonThursday.TheplayopensThursday.I’llwritetohim.I’llwritehim.Formattingofdatesandnumbers

BritishEnglishAmericanEnglish20thMarch,2023March20,2023OnehundredandseventyfiveOnehundredseventyfiveAsmanyDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIasmany:ofthesamenumberTherewon’tbeasmanyfireworksthisyear.MorethanonehundredAmericancollegesanduniversitiesnowhaveeducationalexchangeswithnearlyasmanyChineseinstitutions.notasmanyaswehadlastyearorpreviousyearswithmoreorless100Chineseinstitutionsbeexposedto1.Make(something)

visible

by

uncovering

ite.g.At

lowtide

the

sands

areexposed.e.g.we

needto

expose

our

weaknesses

in

order

to

learn

fromthem

and

growasaresult.2.Reveal

the

true,

objectionable

natureof(someoneorsomething)e.g.Hehasbeen

exposedas

a

liar

anda

traitor.3.Ifsomeone

isexposedto

somethingdangerousorunpleasant,theyareputinasituationinwhichitmightaffectthem.e.g.Most

people

inthe

world

are

non-smokers

and

have

aright

not

to

be

exposedto

otherpeople's

smoke.4.Ifsomeone

isexposedto

anideaorfeeling,usuallyanewone,theyaregivenexperienceofit,orintroducedtoit.e.g.Hewantshischildren

to

be

exposed

to

allsortsofpeoplewithdifferentvaluesandbeliefs.proficientDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIproficient:

a.tobeproficientinsthaproficientspeakerAnt.

clumsy,incompetent,unskilledn.proficiencyproficiencyinmusicCanyounamesomecommonproficiencytestsinChina?TrulythetonguespokenbackDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTITruly,thetonguespokenbackinthe1300sonlybythe“lowpeople”ofEnglandhascomealongway.Paraphrasethesentence.Indeed,thelanguagespokenasearlyas1300sbythenativepeopleinEnglandhasdevelopedforalongtime.peopleofthelowerclass,thosewhowereatthebottomofthesocietyTextI_BG_2.1DetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundWhatdotheselanguageshavetodowithEnglish－Romance,Germanic,Norse,Celtic?TheEnglishlanguagederivesfromorisinfluencedbythem.Romance: e.g.French,Italian,Spanish,PortugueseGermanic: e.g.German,SwedishNorse: languagespokenbyScandinavianinhabitantsCeltic: mainlyspokeninWales,Scotland,Ireland,CornwallandtheIsleofManTEXTIButitselasticitymakesitmessierDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIButitselasticitymakesitmessier,aswellasstronger.WhatrepresentstheelasticityofEnglish?e.g.Itabsorbswordsfromotherlanguagesandacceptscreatedones,thusamuchlargervocabularythanmanylanguages.Initshistory,itaccepts,bothinspokenandwrittenform,influencesfromotherlanguages,religion,lawandscience.flexibility,adaptabilityButitselasticitymakesitmessier2DetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIHowdoestheelasticityofEnglishmakeitmessierandstronger?messier:TherearemanyvarietiesofEnglish,differencesamongtheminpronunciation,vocabulary,grammarandsoon,whichcanbeveryconfusingsometimes.Stronger:Englishcanbeusedinmanyfieldsandsoitbecomesalingualfranca,andenjoysadominantstatus.WhenitcomestoDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIWhenitcomestosavingtheplanetdocelebritiespracticewhattheypreach?Whenitcomestorentingorbuying,you'llspendaboutthesameamount.Whenitcomesto…asregardsn.b.

“to”isnotfollowedbyaninfinitive,butanounornounphrase.barrierDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIbarrier:n.(~to)obstaclelanguagebarrier,tradebarriertoremovebarrierstosuccesssetbarrierstocommunicationSyn.

obstacle hindranceAhostofDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIahostofagreatnumberofahostofbillsahostofnewdevicesOthersimilarphrases:

acrowdof,athrongof,aswarmof(ants,bees,locusts),aflockof(sheep,birds),Angst-freeDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIAngst-free:a.withoutangerorworryWordFormation-free:notcontainingaspecifiedsubstance(oftenusedincombination)tax-free,asugar-freesoftdrinklaisser-faireattitude:laisser-faireoftenreferstotheprinciplesoffreetrade,allowingforfreedomtoagreatdegree.HereitmeanshardlyanyrestrictionintheuseanddevelopmentofEnglish.ToseeacommitteeseuptoregulatethelanguageDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTItoseeacommitteesetuptoregulatethelanguagetosee…done:

tomakesureYouwillseetheworkdoneproperly.Heisalwaysthelasttogotobedtoseeallthedoorslocked.TohavelittletodowithDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTItohavelittletodowith:Othersimilarphrases:

tohaveeverythingtodowith…tohavesomethingtodowith…tohavemuchtodowith…tohavenothingtodowith…Thus2DetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTITranslatethefollowingsentences.1.Ifyouthrowtheballthus,asI’mshowingyou,you’llhavebetterluckhittingthetarget.

假如你像我這么扔球，命中旳機會更大些。2.IhaveallthetoolsIneed.ThusIshouldbeabletofixthebikemyself.

我有全部必要工具所以應該自己把自行車修好。3.Registeryourphonerightafterpurchase－thusenablingustoprovideyouevenbetterserviceincaseofquestionsorincaseofawarrantyclaim.

購置后請立即登記你旳電話，以使我們在你萬一提出保修

要求時能提供更加好旳服務。tr.tr.tr.All-engulfingDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIall-engulfing:all-knowing: knowingeverythingall-important: ofgreatestimportanceall-powerful:

havingunlimitedpowerengulf：

Ifonething

engulfs

another,itcompletelycoversorhidesit,ofteninasuddenandunexpectedway.e.g.Aseven-year-oldboywasfounddeadafteralandslideengulfedanapartmentblock.ThoughthelanguagethatnowsweepstheDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIParaphrasethesentence.…thoughthelanguagethatnowsweepstheworldiscalledEnglish,theculturecarriedwithitisAmerican.DifferentfromthehistoryofEnglishwhenEnglishwasspreadthroughthepoweroftheBritishEmpire,nowitisspreadthroughthecultureofadifferentpowerfulcountry–theUSA.Americanizationisequivalenttoglobalizationtoalargeextent.aspireDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIaspire:v.(~to)desire,hopeHumanbeingshavethepowertoaccomplishwhatevertheyintenselyaspiretoaccomplish,providedtheyadheretothemethodadvocated.n.aspirationWhatisthelife-longaspirationofthefootballplayer?a.aspiringambitiousToday,e-learningisturningouttobeagreatbusinesspropositionfortheaspiringentrepreneurs.Asthe20thcenturydrewonDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIAsthe20thcenturydrewon,however,andEnglishcontinuedtoencroach,Frenchwasdrivenontothedefensive.Paraphrasethesentence.Asthe20thcenturywasapproaching,andEnglishkeptonexpandingbeyondlimits,Frenchwasputinacorneredposition,havingtofightforprotection.toadvancebeyondproper,established,orusuallimitsGointoeffectDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIgointoeffecttobecomeeffectiveThenewtaxlawswon'tgointoeffectuntilnextyear.Otherusesofeffect:Tobring/put/carryaplanintoeffect使一種計劃付諸實施Shedisapprovedoftheproposalandwrotetothateffect.她不贊成此提議，并以書面形式體現此意。Hissilencewasineffectaconfirmationoftherumor.他旳沉默實際上是證明了謠言。Theprescribedmedicinefailedtotakeeffect.醫生開旳藥沒能起作用。aspireDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIoblige:v.(~to)Thestormgotworseandworse.Finally,Iwasobligedtoabandonthecarandcontinueonfoot.n.obligationWhenteachersassignhomework,studentsusuallyfeelanobligationtodoit.TheUnitedStateswilldothatwhichisnecessarytomeetitsobligationstoitsowncitizens.Ifyou

areobliged

to

dosomething,asituation,rule,orlawmakesitnecessaryforyoutodothatthing.InindiasomepeopleseeenglishasanDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIInIndiasomepeopleseeEnglishasanoppressivelegacyofcolonialismthatshouldbeexterminated.Paraphrasethesentence.IndiawasonceregardedastheJewelintheCrownoftheBritishEmpire.PeopleinIndiawouldthinktheEnglishlanguageremindsthemoftheperiodofcolonialism,whichshouldbewipedout.ButformanypeoplesthetriumphofDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIButformanypeoplesthetriumphofEnglishisthedefeat,ifnotoutrightdestruction,oftheirownlanguage.Paraphrasethesentence.ButformanypeoplesthesuccessorthewidespreadofEnglishmeansthedefeat,ifnotacompleteextinction,oftheirownlanguage.TextI_BG_2.1DetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundWhatishomogenisation?Homogenization,awordusedinmanyfields,meansmakingeverythingthesame.Thistextusesthetermtoreferto"homogenizationoflanguage",toshowthatEnglishhasbecomethedominantlanguageoftheworldwhileatthesametimemanyotherlanguagesfaceextinction.TEXTIhomo-:beingthesameorlikehomonymhomophonehomographhomogenoushomogenizehomosexual同音同形異義詞同音詞同形異義詞同質旳，同類旳使類同同性戀旳，同性戀者multilingualismDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTImultilingualism:n.usingorabletospeakseveralormanylanguageswithsomefacilitya.multilingualamultilingualdictionaryamultilingualpersonWordFormation(prefix)many,muchrelatingtolanguagemultilingualmultinational,multi-colored,multimediamultiply:v.

BackgroundListeningDetailedReadingTextII_BG_4.2Whataretheserhetoricaldevices:humor,metaphors,analogies,andliteraryallusions?humor:TEXTIIbeingfunny,thespeechorwritingwithingenuity,verbalskill,orincongruitythatmayevokelaughtermetaphor:afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphraseisappliedtoanobjectoractionthatitdoesnotliterallydenoteinordertoimplyaresemblanceanalogy:acomparisonbetweentwosituations,processesetcthatisintendedtoshowthatthetwoaresimilarHeusestheanalogyofthefamilytoexplaintheroleofthestate.AnanalogyattributedtoSamuelJohnsonis:“Dictionariesarelikewatches;theworstisbetterthannone,andthebestcannotbeexpectedtogoquitetrue.”BackgroundListeningDetailedReadingTextII_BG_4.2TEXTIIliteraryallusion:afigureofspeechthatmakesareferenceto,orrepresentationof,aplace,event,literarywork,myth,orworkofart,eitherdirectlyorbyimplication.Inthestockmarket,hemethisWaterloo.MartinLutherKing,Jr.,alludedtotheGettysburgAddressinstartinghis"IHaveaDream"speechbysaying'Fivescoreyearsago...";hishearerswereimmediatelyremindedofAbrahamLincoln's"Fourscoreandsevenyearsago",whichopenedtheGettysburgAddress.King'sallusioneffectivelycalledupparallelsintwohistoricmoments.multilingualismDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIcircumlocution:n.anindirectwayofspeaking,roundabout,ambiguousWordFormation(prefix)roundabout,aroundcircumlocutionaparticularformofexpression;aword,phrase,expression,oridiom,especiallyasusedbyaparticularperson,group,etc.multilingualismDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIOtherwordsstartingwithcircum-circum+vent:togoaroundorbypasscomecircum+spect:cautiouslookcircum+scribe:drawalinearoundwriteBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTextIII_Bg_3_popThestoryofthetowerofBabelisfoundinGenesis11:1-9:“Andthewholeearthwasofonelanguage,andofonespeech…Andtheysaid,Goto,letusbuildusacityandatower,whosetopmayreachontoheaven…AndtheLordsaid,Behold,thepeopleisone,andhaveallonelanguage;andthistheybegintodo;andnothingwillberestrainedfromthem…letusgodownandthereconfoundtheirlanguagethattheymaynotunderstandoneanother’sspeech…ThereforeisthenameofitcalledBabel”.WhatdoyouknowaboutthestoryoftheBabel?TEXTIIIBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTextIII_Bg_3_popHerethetowerisasymbolofman’saspiringarrogance,rebukedbyGod.BabelinmodernEnglishsimplymeansanoisyconfusion.WhatdoesthetowerofBabelreferto?TEXTIIImanageBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIIImanage:v.(usedwithobject)1)tobringaboutorsucceedinaccomplishing,sometimesdespitedifficultyorhardshipTranslatethefollowingsentences.tr.工作和家庭都需要付出諸多，她怎么都能做得這么好？WorkandFamilyarebigcommitments.Howdoesshemanageitall?tr.盡管兩人沒有見過面，但是他們還是從人群中找出了對方。Althoughtheyhavenevermet,theymanagedtoidentifyeachotheramongthecrowds.Manage2BackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIII2)totakechargeorcareofTranslatethefollowingsentence.tr.他決定自己來掌管投資事物。Hedecidedtomanagehisinvestmentsbyhimself.tr.3)tohandle,direct,govern,orcontrolinactionoruseTranslatethefollowingsentence.tr.對于經驗不足旳水手來說，在大風中控制好船帆是很困難旳事。Forlessexperiencedsailorsitisdifficulttomanagethesailinstrongwinds.Manage3BackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIII(usedwithoutobject)4)tocontinuetofunction,progress,orsucceed,usuallydespitehardshipordifficulty;getalongTranslatethefollowingsentences.tr.這是艱苦旳年代，但是我們挺過來了。Itwasaroughtime,butwemanaged.tr.他旳太太要出差了，他既要接送小孩還要買菜做飯。他怎么辦啊？Hiswifewillbeawayonbusiness,sohehastosendandpickupthekidsanddotheshopping.Howwillhemanage?perceptivelyBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIIIperceptively:adv.keenly,sensitivelyOtherformsoftheword:對問題進一步透徹旳分析aperceptiveanalysisoftheproblemsinvolvedperceptive:a.havingorshowingkeennessofinsight,understandina.g,orintuition覺察到危險臨近perceivetheapproachofthreatperceive:v.

tobeawareof,know在能預見到旳將來intheperceivablefutureperceivable:a.

canbeperceived,canbeseenFilteroutBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIIIfilterout:toremoveorseparatesthbytheactionofafilterThesoftwaremagnatehasalmostanentiredepartmentworkingtofilteroutunwantedmails.filteroutthedirt 過濾出臟東西filteroutimpurities 濾除雜質LondonsrichlinguisticmedleyBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIIILondon'srichlinguisticmedleypassesthrough,andisconnectedby,EnglishbutsincetheEnglishdon'tspeakdifferentlanguages,cosmopolitanismisinLondonbutnotreallyofit.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?InLondonthereisalargevarietyoflanguagesused,togetherwithEnglish,andisconnectedbythiscommonlanguage.ButtheEnglishpeoplecanspeakonlyonelanguage,soLondonisnotarealinternationalcityalthoughitappearsorsoundsso.NowaboveallwhatoncesoundedBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIIINow,aboveall,whatoncesoundedlikeajoyousbabelcantakeonamoresinisterring.Canyouparaphrasethesentence?ThesentencereferstotheprevioussentencethatregardsEnglishas“atwo-edgedsword”.Beingthenativespeakeroftheworldlanguage,English,usedtobebliss.Nowithasbecomeacursewhentheydonotunderstandanyotherlanguages.Laisser-faireattitudeDetailedReadingWarm-upBackgroundTEXTIdebilitate:v.

Ifyou

aredebilitated

by

somethingsuchasanillness,itcausesyourbodyormindtobecomegraduallyweaker.

StewarttookoveryesterdaywhenRussellwasdebilitatedbyastomachvirus.2.To

debilitate

anorganization,society,orgovernmentmeanstograduallymakeitweaker.TheirmadeeffortstodebilitatethepoliticalwilloftheWesternalliance.debilitatingadj.

SusceptibletoBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIIIsusceptibleto:easilyinfluencedandaffectedTranslatethefollowingsentences.tr.Somepeoplearemoresusceptibletosymptomsofanxiety,andstressinducedillnesses.有人更輕易出現焦急旳癥狀，或者其他因為壓力而引起旳疾病。tr.年輕人更輕易受到毒品旳誘惑。Theyoungaresusceptibletotheallureofdrugs.FallingoffacliffBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIIIfallingoffacliff:asharpdecrease,asuddendroptothebottomTranslatethefollowingsentences.tr.上個月美國旳經濟猶如上演了一場驚悚秀，經濟數據急轉直下。ThelastmonthhasbeenahorrorshowfortheU.S.economy,witheconomicdatafallingoffacliff.tr.假如發達市場旳經濟發展忽然跌入谷底，新興市場旳經濟發展能夠挽救世界經濟嗎？Ifeconomicgrowthindevelopedmarketsweretofalloffthecliff,wouldgrowthinemergingmarketssavetheworldeconomy?TheadageyoucanbuyinyourownBackgroundGroupAssignmentDetailedReadingTEXTIIIWhatdoesthesayingmean?Inforeigntradeitputsyouinanadvantageouspositionifyoucandobusinessinthelanguageofyourclients.Ifyouwanttosellyourgoods,you’dbetterunderstandyourcustomerverywellandthegoodunderstandingcanbereflectedinyourmasteryoftheirlanguage,whichmeansasuccessfuldeal.…theadage'youcanbuyinyourownlanguage,butyoumustsellinthelanguageofyourcustomer',isgraphicallyillustratedint