2022年黑龍江省雙鴨山市大學英語6級大學英語六級模擬考試(含答案)學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

VirtuallyallpatientschoosetotoleratesideeffectswhenconfrontedwiththechoicebetweendyingfromHIV-AIDSandsideeffects.

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2.FreedbySudan,"Geographic"ReporterArrivesHomeinU.S.

After34daysinaSudanesejail,NationalGeographicjournalistPaulSalopek,whohadbeenchargedwithspying,landedinhishomestateofNewMexicoonSundaymorning.

Atthetimeofhisarrest,Salopek,44,hadbeenfreelancereportingforNationalGeographicmagazineontheSahelregion,whichstretcheseast-westacrossAfricaalongthesouthernedgeoftheSahara.

DonBelt,Salopek’seditorfortheSahelassignment,embracedthereporteruponhisarrivalandlatersaidhemighthavelostalittleweight,buthelookslikehe'snonetheworseforwear.

"We'reoverthemoonaboutSalopek'sreturn",Beltadded.

Salopek,whoisonascheduledleaveofabsencefromtheChicagoTribune,arrivedinAlbuquerquewithhiswife,hisTribuneeditor,andNewMexicoGovernorBillRichardson.

Salopeksaiditfeels"fantastic"tobehome.

"It'sgreattoseemywife,who'sbeenthroughalot—insomewaysmorethanmyself-inthelast35days,"hesaid.

Afterhe'sspentsometimewithhisfamily,Salopeksays,heplansto"makeroundsinChicagoandWashington"tothankhisfriendsattheTribuneandtheNationalGeographicSociety.

"Icanneverreallyrepaythem,"hesaid.But,hejokedatapressconferenceSundayattheAlbuquerqueinternationalairport,whathecandois"rackupanenormousbeerbill."

OnbehalfofNationalGeographic,BeltthankedRichardson,theTribune,Sudan'sambassadortotheUnitedStates,andJimmyCarter.TheformerU.S.PresidenthadwrittentoSudanesePresidentOmarAlBashironSalopek'sbehalf-agesturethathadbeenkeptsecretuntilSunday.

(BothNationalGeographicNewsandNationalGeographicmagazinearepartsoftheNationalGeographicSociety.)

OnceSalopekisbackonthejob,heintendstoreturntoAfrica,firsttoChadtocheckuponhistwoassistants,whowerearrestedandfreedalongsidehim.ThenhewillcompletehisNationalGeographicassignmentinChad,Mall,Niger,Nigeria,andSenegal.

DetainedinNoahDarfur

ThePulitzerPrizewinnerandhisChadianassistants-driverIdrissAbdulrahamAnuandinterpreterSuleimanAbakarMoussawerearrestedonAugust6aftertravelingfromChadtoSudan'stroubledDarfurProvincewithoutavisa.

Thebordercrossinghadbeenalastminutedecision,SalopeksaidattheSundaypressconference.

Normally,thethreewouldhavebeendeported.Instead,onAugust26theywerechargedwithespionage,passingin-formationillegally,anddisseminating"falsenews",inadditiontothechargeofenteringthecountryunlawfully.

ThethreemenwereconfinedtoasinglecellinE1Fasher,capitalofNoahDarfurProvince.

Fromthecell,Salopeksays,theycouldseeprotestorsdailyinveighing(痛罵)againsttheUnitedStatesandtheUnit-edNations,whichareleadinganefforttodeployaUNpeacekeepingforcetoneighboringDarfurProvince.

Salopekandhiscellmates,though,weren'twithoutwelcomecompany.

U.S.soldiers-intheregionadvisinganAfricanUnionpeacekeepingforce-discoveredthatanAmericanwasbeingheldinElFasherandtookuphiscause.

"Theyvisitedusvirtuallyeveryday,"Salopeksaid."Theywerelikeourguardianangels.

Theefforttofreethereporterandhiscolleagues,thoughwasn'texactlyheavenly.Itwaslikea"carnivalride,"Salopeksaid,"upanddown,daytoday."

TheRelease

GovernorRichardsonflewtoSudanonThursdaytonegotiatethethreemen'sreleaseonhumanitariangrounds.ThanksinparttopriordealingswiththeSudaneseambassadortotheU.S.andwithSudanesePresidentOmarA1-Bashir,Richardsonsucceededa

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3.AdSlogans

Howmanytimeshaveyoubeeninyourcarwithyourradioon,gottenout,andhourslater,hadsomejingle(廣告詩)playinginyourhead?This,myfriends,isgoodadvertising.Thatjinglewassocatchythathoursafteryouhadbeenexposedtoit,itstilllingered.Thesamecanbesaidofadslogans.Everyday,wearesurroundedbycarads,creditcardads,travelads,foodads,clothingads...thelistgoeson.

TheBasics

Thepurposeofthestraplineorsloganinanadvertisementistoleavethekeybrandmessageinthemindofthetarget(that'syou).Itisthesign-offthataccompaniesthelogo.Itsgoalistostick:"Ifyougetnothingelsefromthisad,getthis...!"Afewwell-knownexamplesoftheseslogansinclude:

?AmericanExpress:"Don'tleavehomewithoutit"

?Apple:"Thinkdifferent"

?AT&T:"Reachoutandtouchsomeone"

?Timex:"Takesalickingandkeepsonticking"

?Wendy's:"Where'sthebeef?"

?Wheaties:"Thebreakfastofchampions"

Unforunately,adslogansdon'talwayswork,usuallybecausetheyaregeneric,ready-to-wear,off-the-shelflinesthataretakenoutandshinedup,readytobeusedagainandagainwhenritecreativejuiceshavestoppedflowing.Dozensofadvertisersusethemwithoutblinking.Theiradagenciesshouldbeashamedofthemselves!

ThePerfectTagline

Aperfectly-formedtaglineshouldfulfillseveralcriteria.First,itshouldbememorable.Memorabilityhastodowiththeablitythelinehastoberecalledunaided.Alotofthisisbasedonthebrandheritageandhowmuchthelinehasbeenusedovertheyears.Butifitisanewline,whatmakesitmemorable?Thebigideashouldbetoldintheadvertisement.Themorethetaglineresonateswiththebigidea,themorememorableitwillbe.

Guinnessusedtousetheline"Guinnessisgoodforyou'untiltheauthoritiesgotafterthem,saying"Comeon!Guinnessisstout(烈性啤酒)!Itcontainsalcohol!Itcan'tbegoodforyou!Sostopusingthatclaim!"So,theGuinnessadagencycameupwithastokeofgenius.Theline?"Guinnessisn'tgoodforyou."Agoodsloganshouldrecallthebrandname,andideally,thebrandnameshouldbeincludedintheline."Mygoodness,myGuinness!"works,asdoes"Cokeisit!"Ontheotherhand,"Oncedriven,foreversmitten(深有感觸)"doesnoteasilyinvokethewordVauxhall—aBritishcarmadebyGeneralMotors.Ifitissuccessful,thelineshouldpassreadilyintocommonidiomasacatchphrase,suchas"BeanzmeanzHeinz"or"Where'sthebeef?"Inadditiontoaprovocativeandrelevantillustrationorstory,alliteration(頭韻)likeJaguar:"Don'tdreamit.Driveit.",coinedormade-upwords(LouisVuitton:"Epileather"),puns,andrhymesaregoodwaysofmakingalinememorable.Soisajingle.

Agoodtaglineshouldincludeakeybenefit:"Engineeredlikenoothercarintheworld"doesthisbeautifullyforMercedesBenz."Britain'ssecond-largestinternationalscheduledairline"isa'sowaht'statementforthelateAirEurope.Youmightwellsay"Iwantacarthatisengineeredlikehoothercarintheworld,"butisisunlikelythatyouwouldsay"IwanttwoticketstoParisonBritain'ssecond-largestinernationalscheduledairline!"

There'sawell-knownpieceofadviceinteworldofmarketing:"sellthesizzle,notthesteak."Itmeanstosellthebenefits,notthefeatures.Sincethetaglineistheleave-behind,orthetake-a-way,surelytheopportunitytoimplantakeybenefitshouldnotbemissed:

?HolidayInn:"Pleasingpeopletheworldover"

?Karry-Lite:"Takesthe'lug'outofluggage"

?Polaroid:"Thefundevelopsinstantly"

?TheEconomist:"Freeenterprisewitheveryissue"

Conversely,thefollowinglineshavenoobvious

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4.

Thehighertheheightfromtheground,thehigherthewindspeed.

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5.

Antipollutionlegislationshavebeenenactedthankstothecontinuedpressurefrom______.

A.grass-rootsorganizations

B.individualactivism

C.environmentalists

D.environmentalregulation

6.

Becausebeingawareofself-existenceisthepremiseofepisodicmemory,onlyhumanbeingshavesuchkindofmemory.

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7.Onereasonwhycollegesincreasetuitionandfeesisthatthestatesupportisshrinking.

8.

Innegotiatingdivorce,mediatorisaskedtopromote______.

9.

Americans'shortcomingsinsciencearevast,andunfortunately______ismakingeffortstodefeatthem.

10.

MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion"______".

11.AccordingtoSunilBhartiMittal,whatwillrevolutionizethetraditionalmoney-transferbusiness?

A.AllianceoftelephoneoperatorsandMasterCard.

B.Thelargedemandofimmigrantsandmigrantworkers.

C.Sendingmoneybytextmessages.

D.Internationaltelephonenetworks.

12.Exercisesingratitude,kindnessandoptimismcanmakepeoplehappier--butonlyiftheykeepdoingthemandtheseexercises______.

13.RoboticSurgery

StuartForbescelebratedhis60thbirthdayonApril11.Aweeklater,hewasdiagnosedwithprostate(前列腺)cancer."Itwasquiteamonth,"saysForbes,abluntVietnamveteranwhorunsaconsultingfirmoutsideBoston.Whenbiopsiesconfirmedhehadanaggressiveform.ofthedisease,Forbesstartedlookingforasurgeon.Thefirstrecommendedatraditionalradicalprostatectomy(前列腺切除術),whichwouldrequireaneight-to-10inchincisionandat1easttwodaysinthehospitalForbeswasalsowarnedthathewouldlikelylosealmostallthenervesontheleftsideoftheprostate,whichcouldpermanentlyaffecthissexualfunction."Ithought,'Ineedtoreallylookatallmyoptions',"saysForbes.Heconsideredhigh-intensityfocusedultrasoundablation(切除),arelativelynewtechnologythat'sbeenusedinEurope.Butit'sexpensiveandwouldrequiretransatlantictrips.Helookedintovariousformsofradiation,aswellasproton-beamtherapy.Then,inJune,hisgirlfriendtookhimtoasymposiumonroboticsurgery."Isawthemachineandhowitworked,"remembersForbes."Itwasjustincredible.Isaid,'That'sit'."

InAugust,Dr.AshutoshTewari,directorofroboticprostatectomyatNewYork-PresbyterianHospital/WellCornell,removedForbes'swalnut-sizeprostateandlymphnodesandreattachedhisbladdertohisurethra(尿道)withoutonceputtinghishandsinsidethepatient.UsingIntuitiveSurgical'sdaVinciroboticsystemandoperatingthroughfivetinyincisions,Tewariconductedtheentireprocedurefromacrosstheroom.Hesatataconsoleandturnedtwoknobstoremotelymanipulatetinysurgicalinstrumentsattachedtoadjustableroboticarms.Forbeswaswalkingwithinhoursofhissurgeryandwasdischargedthenextday.Hecomparesthediscomfortfromthelargestincision(abouttwoincheslong,andtheonlyonetorequirestitches)toabadpimple.Bymidweekhewaswalkingthreemilesdaily.In10dayshewasbackatwork.Afterthreeweekshewasplayinggolfagain;bylateOctoberhe'dregainednormalurinary,andmostsexualfunction."I'maboutasexcitedasanyonecanbeaboutthisprocedure,"hesays.

Usingrobotstoperform.surgeryonceseemedafuturisticfantasy.Notanymore.Anestimated36600roboticprocedureswillbeperformedthisyear--fromheart-bypasssurgeriestokidneytransplantstohysterectomies(子宮切除術).That'supnearly50percentfromlastyear,andanalystspredictthefigurewillnearlydoublein2006tomorethan70000procedures.SincethedaVinciwasapprovedbytheFoodandDrugAdministrationinJuly2000(theonlyroboticsystemtogettheFDAnod),about350oftheunitshavebeenpurchased,including30inthelastquarteralone,atabout＄1.3millionapiece.Surgeonswhousethesystemhavefoundthatpatientshavelessbloodlossandpain,lowerriskofcomplications,shorterhospitalstaysandquickerrecoverytimesthanthosewhohaveopensurgery.

Theroboticsystemhasalreadytransformedthefieldofprostatesurgery,forwhichitwasapprovedinMay2001.Thatyearitwasusedinlessthan1percentofallprostatectomies.Thisyearmorethan20percentwillbedonewiththerobot.Andthatfigureisexpectedtodoublenextyear."It'sbecomingthestandardofcareforprostatectomies,"saysDr.SantiagoHorgan,directorofminimallyinvasiveandroboticsurgeryattheUniversityofIllinoisatChicago(UIC).

ThefirstmajorstudytocompareopenandroboticprostatectomieswaspublishedintheBritishJournalofUrologyin2003byDr.ManiMenon,headoftheVattikutiUrologyInstituteatDetroit'sHenryFordHospital.(Thehospitalhasnowdoneabout2050oftheroboticprocedures--morethananyotherinthenation.)Thestudyof300patientsfoundthatthosewhohadopensurgerylostfivetimesasmuchblood,hadfourtimestheriskofcomplicationsandremainedintheh

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14.

SomecarrierspushedtheirvoicetrafficovertheInternetbecause______.

15.

Eachfederalurbansearch-and-rescuetaskforceismadeupofatleast60members.

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16.

Aimlesswanderingsometimescanmakeitpossibleforvisitorstofindsome______,whichmightbemostmemorableduringtheirtrip.

17.

Apersonwithsleepapneawillpossiblyhavethesymptomlike____.

A.failingtowakeupinthemorning

B.stoppingbreathingrepeatedly

C.failingtoconcentrateonhisthinking

D.stayingawakeallthenight

18.

Alternativesentencingisnowpracticedin______statesandisspreadingfast.

19.

Accordingtothepassage,eighthoursanight______.

A.isunlikeeightglassesofwateraday

B.isonlysoundintheory

C.isapplicabletoeveryone

D.isarulewithpublicobedience

20.

AccordingtoStatisticsCanada,mostCanadianseniorsover65______.

A.movetotheirchildren'splace

B.liveindependentlyuntiltheydie

C.joinmeaningfulprivately-sponsoredactivities

D.becometheresponsibilityofthegovernment

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(21)

A.$100.B.$200.C.$300.D.$350.

22.聽力原文：M:IthinkthatMia'snewhairstyle.isreallydisagreeable.Whatdoyousay?

W:Actually,thatisnotquitefitforher,buteveryoneistoopolitetosayanythingtoheraboutit.

Q:Whatcanweinferfromtheconversation?

(14)

A.ThewomanlikesMia'snewhairstyle.verymuch.

B.BoththemanandthewomandonotlikeMia'snewhairstyle.

C.BecauseofMia'snicehairstyle,everyoneispolitetoher.

D.EveryonethinkshighlyofMia'snewhairstyle.

23.

【B3】

24.(28)

A.Shewasfondoffish.

B.Shewaskeenonfishing.

C.Shewasgoodatfishing.

D.Shedidn'twanttobeleftaloneeverySunday.

25.(32)

A.Byforcingthemfarming.

B.Byaffectingthequalityofmils.

C.Byaddingchemicalsandpollutethewaterways.

D.Byaffectingtheenvironmentstheylivein.

26.聽力原文：M：Wehavetime，don'twe?Everytimewe'vegoneonatrip，we'vealwaysbeentieddownbyschedules．Thistimewillbedifferent．Wedon'thavetorush．

W：You'reright．Thisisourfirsttripsinceyouretired．Wecantravelaslongaswelike．

Q：Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(19)

A.Itisthefirsttimetheyhavebeenonatrip.

B.Theycannotdowhattheylikebefore.

C.Theydon'thavetocarethetime.

D.Theyhavetotravelbyschedulesnow.

27.

【B6】

28.(34)

A.Theyonlylikethemselves.

B.Theycanalwaysmakeadifference.

C.Theyarenotbotheredbyfailures.

D.Theyknowhowtobecomebetter.

29.

【B2】

30.聽力原文：M：I'manxioustogetstartedonourproject．Canwemeetsometimebeforetheweekend?

W：IfwemeetFridaymorning，I'llhavetimetogotothelibrarythatafternoon．

Q：Whatarethespeakersdiscussing?

(13)

A.Whattheywilldothatafternoon.

B.Workingonanassignmenttogether.

C.Howtheywillspendtheweekend.

D.Returningbookstothelibrary.

31.

【B8】

32.(25)

A.Shegotagoodroomforthemanandhiswifeatthepeakofthetouristseason.

B.ThereisnoroominSheratonHotelatthepeakofthetouristseason.

C.Theroominthehotelisveryexpensive.

D.ThehotelislocatedfarawayfromtheheartofManhattan.

33.(41)

34.聽力原文：W:Soyoureallybelievethatclothescarryakindofmessageforotherpeopleandthatwhatweputonisinsomewayareflectionofwhatwefeel?

M:Ohyes,verymuchso.Peoplearebeginningnowtotakeseriouslytheideaofakindofpsychologyofclothing,tobelievethatthereisnotjustindividualtasteinourclothesbutalsoathinkingbehindwhatwewear,whichistryingtoexpresssomethingwemaynotevenbeawareofourselves.

W:Butsurelythishasalwaysbeenthecase.Wealldressupwhenwewanttoimpresssomeone,suchasforajobinterviewwithaprospectiveemployer.

M:True,butthat'saconsciousact.WhatI'mtalkingaboutismoreofasubconsciousthing.Takeforexamplethestudentwhoisawayfromhome:ifhetendstowraphimselfupmorethantheothers,thisisbecauseheisprobablyfeelinghomesick.Simitarly,ageneralfeelingofinsecuritycansometimestaketheform.ofover-dressinginwarmerclothesthanarenecessary.

W:Canyougiveanyotherexamplesofthiskind?

M:Yes.Ithinkpeoplewhoaresociableandoutgoingtendtopreferbrighterormoredazzlingcolors--yellows,brightreds,andsoon.Andaggressiveclothesmightindicateanaggressivepersonalityorattitudetolife.

W:Doyouthinkthecare--orlackofit--overthewayweactuallywearourclotheshasanythingtotellus?

M:Yes,indeed.Thelength,forexample,ofaman'strousersspeaksvolumesabouthisawarenessofhisownimage.Or,ifhistrousersarehangingdown,thisprobablymeanshe'sabsorbedbyotherthings.

W:Oh,veryinteresting.Tellmemoreaboutit.

M:OK....

(23)

A.Thecolorsofclothing.

B.Theindividualtasteonclothing.

C.Theideaofpsychologyofclothing.

D.Theclothingfashion.

35.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.＄9.B.＄18.C.＄12.D.＄36.

36.(36)

A.Theirtastymeat.

B.Theprincipleoftheirdefensesystemagainstdisease.

C.Theirsolidskin.

D.Theprincipleoftheirbirthmodes,

37.(31)

A.Becausetheywerenoteasilyburnedandcanlastlong.

B.Becausetheywereverycheapmaterials.

C.Becausetheycouldbefoundhereandthere.

D.Becausetheycouldaddartisticvaluetobuildings.

38.聽力原文：M:SayPhil.Howaboutdonating$15or$20tothescholarshipfund?

W:IwishIcould.But$10isallIcanspare.

Q:WhatdidyoulearnaboutPhilandthescholarshipfund?

(18)

A.Sheaskedfor$15.

B.Shedonated$50.

C.Sherequested$20.

D.Shegave$10.

39.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Thebiggestrecentchangeineatinghabitsandfood-relatedlifestylesistheadventoffastfood.Thispermitsmanypeopletoeatconvenientlywithouthavingpreparedit.Butitalsomakesfamily-style.mealslesslikelytobe,anditisnotalwaysverynutritious.TheclevermarketingoffastfoodsuchasKFCmaycausesomeyoungsterstodisliketheirparents'cookingandsomecollegestudentstodislikethemorenutritiousfoodavailableoncampus.Eatingfastfoodwhiledrivingisalsoacauseoftrafficaccidents.SociologistGeorgeRitzerusesthemetaphorof"McDonaldizationofsociety",andthatweshouldvoiceourprotestbyeatinginlocal"momandpop"restaurantsratherthanpatronizingnationalorinternationalfast-foodchains.DespiteRitzer'sadvice,McDonald'sandotherfast-foodchainsareprobablyheretostay.Theyaregettingmoresimilartooneantherallthetime,withhamburgerchainsofferingchicken,chickenchainsofferinghamburgers,andallofallofferingmilkshakesandfries.

Nutritionistshavebeenwarningthatthetypicalfast-fooddietisunhealthyifeatentoooften.Consequently,someofthefastfoodchains,suchasMcDonald's,arenowincludinghealthieroptionsfortheircustomersalongwiththetraditionalhamburgers.Varioushealthysaladsarenowappearingonthemenuboards,alongwithlowfatsaladdressingoptions.Forchildren,freshappleslicescannowbechosenintheplaceofFrenchfriesinthechildren'smeal,andapplejuiceorlowfatwhiteandchocolatemilkcanbechoseninsteadofacola.Bottledwateralsocannowbepurchasedinsteadofasoftdrinkifonesochoose.Mostpeoplebelievethatthistrendofhealthiereatingwillcontinue.

(27)

A.Theydon'thavetocookbythemselvesafterwork.

B.Theycaneatcheapfood.

C.Peoplecaneatmorenutritious.

D.Theycaneataroundtheirhome.

40.(26)

A.Itisagoodplacetoinvestin.

B.Ithasuptimesaswellasdowntimes.

C.Itisaplacefullofrisks.

D.Ithasmoreuptimesthandowntimes.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Plantingtreesmightnotbesuchagoodideainthefightagainstglobalwarming—leastnotinhighlatitudes(緯度).That'stheimplicationofnewresearchthatfindsthatforestsinpartsofCanada,Siberia,andScandinaviacouldabsorbenoughsunlighttowarmthoseareassome10degreesFahrenheit(5.5degreeCelsius)overthenextcenturycomparedtoifthoseforestsdon'texist.Theyruncountertolong-standingargumentsthatplantingtreesanywhereintheworldisaneffectivewaytocombatglobalwarming.Thenewstudysupportsthepracticeinrainforestzones,wheremoretreesabsorbmorecarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere.Tropicalplantsalsoproducemorewatervapor,addingtothethickcloudcoverthatreflectssunlightbackintospace.Butthedarkcanopies(樹冠)ofnorthernforestsabsorbthesun'sraysandcoverthesnowthatwouldreflectlight,creatingaregionalwarmingeffect.

"Ifyoulookdownfromanairplane,whereyouhaveseasonalsnowcoverandyoudon'thaveaforest,it'sallwhite,andthatsnowishighlyreflective,"saidstudyco-authorGovindasamyBala,anatmosphericscientistatLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory."Ifyouplantnewtrees,thecanopycoversthatsnowandverylittlesunlightisreflected.That'swhywhenyouplanttreesthereisapotentialforlocallywarmingaplace."

Forestpreservationandreforestationeffortsarestillcriticalforlesseningglobalwarming,Balaandcolleaguescaution.But"ourfirsthypothesiswasthatthebenefitofplantingtreescannotbeuniform.everywhere".Inadditiontotheirconclusionaboutnorthernforests,theteamfoundthatplantingmoretreesinmid-latitudelocales-includingmostoftheUnitedStatesandEurope—mayhavelittleeffectonclimatechange.

"Plantingtreesinthetropicsgivesyouthemaximumbenefitifyouwanttoslowdownglobalwarming,"saidBala,"Fromtheperspectiveofbiodiversityandconservation,tropicalforestsarethemostbiologicallyimportantrealestateanywhere."Sofromthatperspectiveit'sgoodnewstohighlighteffortsforprotectingthoseforests.

Bala'steamnotesthattheirresearchisonlyafirststeptowardunderstandingtherolesofforestsincomplexclimaticprocesses.Theyalsostressthatwidespreaddeforestationwouldcauseecologicaldestructionandisnotafeasibleoptionforkeepingglobalwarmingincheck."Thedestructionofecosystems(生態系統)topreventglobalwarming,"theteamwroteintheirpaper,"wouldbeacounterproductiveandridiculousstrategy."

Theideaof______mightworsentheproblemofglobalwarmingisdifferenttothetraditionalideathatplantingtreescanslowdownglobalwarming.

42.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Theevolutionofspeechmayhavebeenthemostimportantfactorofall.Whenearlymanmasteredtheloom(工具)oflanguage,hisprogressaccelerateddramatically.Throughthespokenwordanewinventionintool-making,forexample,couldbecommunicatedtoeveryone;inthiswaytheinnovativenessofindividualenhancedthesurvivalprospectsofhisfellows,andthecreativestrengthofonebecamethestrengthofall.Moreimportant,throughlanguagetheideasofonegenerationcouldbepassedontothenext,sothateachgenerationinheritednotonlythegenesofitsancestorsbutalsotheircollectivewisdom,transmittedthroughthemagicofspeech.Amillionyearsago,whenthismagicwasnotyetperfectedandlanguagewasacruderart,thosebandsofmanwhopossessedthenewgiftinthehighestdegreewerestronglyfavoredinthestruggleforexistence.Butthefabricofspeechiswovenoutofmanythreads.Thephysicalattributesofavoicebow,lips,andthetonguewereamongthenecessarytraits;butagoodbrainwasalsoessentialtoframe.anabstractthoughtorrepresentanobjectbyaword.

Nowthelawofthesurvivalofthefittestbegantoworkonthepopulationofearlyman.Steadily,thephysicalapparatusforspeechimproved.Atthesametime,thecenterofthebraindevotedtospeechgrewinsizeandcomplexity,andinthecourseofmanygenerationsthewholebraingrewwiththem.Oncemore,aswiththeuseoftools,reciprocalforcescameintoplayinwhichspeechstimulatedbetterbrains,andbrainsimprovedtheartofspeech,andthecurveofbraingrowthspiraledupward.

Whichfactorplayedthemostimportantroleintheevolutionofhumanintelligence?WasitthemostpressureoftheIce-Ageclimate?Ortools?Orlanguage?Noonecantell;allworkedtogether,throughDarwin'slawofnaturalselection,toproducethedramaticincreaseinthesizeofthebrainthathasbeenrecordedinthefossilrecordinthelastmillionyears.Thebrainreacheditspresentsizeaboutonehundredthousandyearsago,anditsgrowthceased.Man'sbodyhadbeenshapedintoitsmodernform.severalhundredthousandyearsbeforethat.Nowbrainandbodywerecomplete.Togethertheymadeanewandmarvelouscreature,chargedwithpower,intelligence,andcreativeenergy.Hiswitshadbeenhoned(磨礪)bythefightagainsthunger,cold,andthenaturalenemy;hisform.hadbeenmoldedinthecrucible(嚴峻考驗)ofadversity.Intheannalsofanthropologyhisarrivaliscelebratedbyachangeinname,fromHomoerectus—theManwhostandserect—t