上海牛津版8年級下閱讀A篇解題技巧專項講解有答案上海牛津版8B閱讀A篇專題一、尋找主題句1.主題句在段首一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細節。在論說文，科技文獻和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.

Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.2.

主題句在段尾作者先擺出事實依據,層層推理論證,最后自然得出結論,即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結尾句得到體現,它是此段內容的結論。Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.

Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.3.

主題句在段中當主題句被安排在段中間時,通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出,而后又作進一步的解釋,支撐或發展.Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.

Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.

Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.二、尋找結論句及作者的寫作意圖SampleAboyandhisfatherwerewalkinginthemountains.Suddenlytheboyfell,hurthimandcried"AAAhhhhhh!"Tohissurprise,heheardthevoicerepeating,somewhereinthemountain,"AAAhhhhhh!"Thentheboyshouted."Whoareyou?"Hereceivedtheanswer."Whoareyou?"Hegotangryattheanswer,soheshouted,"Foolish!"Hereceivedtheanswer."Foolish!"Helookedathisfatherandasked,"Whatisgoingon?"Thefathersmiledandsaid."Myson,listen."Andthenheshoutedtothemountain."Iloveyou!"Thevoiceanswered,"Iloveyou!"Againthemancried,"Youarethebest!"Thevoiceanswered,"Youarethebest!"Theboywassurprised,butdidnotunderstand.Thenthefatherexplained,"Peoplecallthis'Echo',butreallythisislife.Itgivesyoubackeverythingyousayordoourlifeisjustareflectionofwhatwehavedone.Ifyouwantmoreloveintheworld,havemoreloveinyourheart.Ifyouwanttobesuccessful,workhard.Thiscanbeusedineverythinginlife.Lifewillgiveyoubackeverythingyouhavegiventoit."（文章先寫回聲這一自然現象，然后類比到生活現象，從而提出自己的寫作意圖，havemoreloveinyourheart/workhard,我們要給予，才能有所回報，這樣的文章很多時候會考到作者的寫作意圖，我們就要選有高度和深度的選項。）閱讀技巧之二——猜生詞根據《課程標準》要求：初中生能正確流暢地朗讀句子和課文，語音語調準確；能不借助詞典閱讀含有1%-3%生詞的多種文體的語言材料：能根據上下文的意思，推測生詞的意義。Zoosprotecttheanimalstheylookafter.Theyofferthemsafeplacestolivein.Inthewild,somekindsofanimalsareindangerofbecoming

extinct.Butzoosgivetheseanimalsachancetolive.Withoutzoos,therewouldbefewerkindsofanimalsintheworld.Question:根據上下文意思，解釋劃線詞含義。【分析】這段文字的意思是：動物園為動物提供了安全的棲身之地：而在野外，有些種類的動物身處extinct的險境。如果沒有動物園，世界上動物種類將變得更少。根據上下文的意思，可以推斷出在野外的動物面臨著滅絕的險境，因此extinct的意思就是"滅絕"。猜詞的技巧：1.通過因果關系猜詞通過因果關系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系，然后才能猜詞。有時文章借助關聯詞(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等等)表示前因后果。Youshouldn'thave

blamed

himforthat，foritwasn'thisfault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯)，可猜出blame的詞義是"責備"。2.通過同義詞和反義詞的關系猜詞通過同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happyandgay，即使我們不認識gay這個詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬于"行星"這一義域。通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉折關系的連詞或副詞，如but,while,however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語。Heisso

homely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據notatall...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。3.通過構詞法猜詞在閱讀文章時，我們總會遇上一些新詞匯，有時很難根據上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時，如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語法知識，這些問題便不難解決了，例如：independence從詞根depend→dependent→dependence→independence。4.通過定義或釋義關系來推測詞義例如：Butsometimes,norainfallsforalong,longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時期，即drought，由此可見drought意思為"久旱"，"旱災"。而adryperiod和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折號等來表示。5.通過句法功能來推測詞義例如：Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。6.通過描述猜詞描述即作者為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物做出的外在相貌或內在特征的描寫。例如：The

penguin

isakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly,itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類——企鵝。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。鞏固提升A.

I.Choosethebestanswer(根據短文內容，選擇最恰當的答案)（一）Itissaidthatpeoplewhoareaged50andoldermakeupnearly80%ofalltravelspending.Wetravelmoreoften,gofarther,andstaylongerthanpeopleinanyotheragegroup.Nowonderthetravelindustryisalwayslookingfornewwaystoattractourbusiness.Wehavemore

discretionary

(自主決定的)incomethanmostothertravelersandmoretimetospendit.Becausemanyofusareretiredornolongerhavechildreninschool,wehaveunusuallyflexibletimetables.Andseniortravelersareactive.There'salmostnoplacewewon'tgo,noactivitywewon'ttrytotakepartin.Ourinterestsincludeeverythingfromadventuretraveltolearningvacations,fromguidedgrouptourstoindependenttravel.Asaresult,seniorstodayareofferedgoodtraveldiscounts.Inordertogetthebestage-relateddiscount,you'dbetteraskmanyresorts,hotels,restaurants,touroperators,andothertravelagenciesorcarriersiftheyofferspecial

discounts

forseniortravelers.Butifyouseemwillingtopayfullpricethey'reunlikelytoofferyouabetterdeal.Otherswhodon'thaveregularseniordiscountsmaybewillingtoofferyouadealratherthanwatchyoutakeyourbusinesselsewhere.Speakupandaskforwhatyouwant.1.Asaseniortraveler,youhavetheadvantageto______.A.paythefullpriceforyourtravelB.takeyourbusinesselsewhereC.askforaproperdiscountD.bewillingtoofferadealonthetravel2.Accordingtothepassage,travelbusinessnowadays______.A.iswillingtoofferlowerpricestoseniorpeopleB.ismainlymadeupofagedpeopleC.iscontrolledbytheseniortravelersD.isnoteasytomanagebecauseofdiscountsforseniorpeople3.Wecouldseefromthetextthat______.A.seniortravelersareallretiredpeoplewithflexibletimetotakepartinanyactivityB.olderpeoplearemorewillingtogoonadventuretravelsorlearningvacationsC.grouptravelsofferbetterdiscountthanindependenttravelsD.seniortravelersareactivetogowheretheywanttoorinactivitiestheywanttotakepart4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"discount"meaninthe4thparagraph?A.Guidesontravels.B.Reductionoftravelfees.C.ThefullpricefortravelD.Moneyyoupayforyourtravel5.Whichofthefollowingcanbestexplainthemainideaofthispassage?A.Aguidetohelpseniorpeoplegetagoodtraveldiscount.B.Howseniortravelerscanmaketheirtravelspleasant.C.Howdifferentplacescanofferseniortravelersgooddealsfortheirtravels.D.Whatwecandotoletpeopleover50havebetterpricesontheirtravels.（二）Markbegantointroducetheguestspeakertothelisteners,butthenstoppedforawhile.Hehadforgottenhername.Barbarahidhervaluablethingswhenshewentonvocation.Whenshecameback,shecouldn'trememberwhereshe'dputthem.Perhapsyou'vehadsuchexperienceslikethese.Mostpeoplehave.Butmostofthemhaven'trealizedthattheyhaveamemoryproblem.Neitherdotheyknowasimpleimportantfact:Memorycanbeimproved.Ifyou'lljustacceptthat,thefollowingwillshowyouhow.First,relax.Ifyouareoverworriedaboutrememberingsomething,you'llforgetit.Ifyoukeeptellingyourselfthatyourmemoryisbad,yourmindwillcometobelieveitandyouwon'trememberthings.Whenyouforgetsomething,don'tfollowupwithsayinglike"Oh,mygod!Ialwaysforgetthings!"Suchwordswillhaveabadresultonyouandyourmemory.Butrelaxingisn'tenough.Toimproveyourmemory,you'llneedtotakeanactiverole.Likeyourbody,yourmemorycanbemadestrongthroughexercise.Lookfor

opportunities

toexerciseyourmemory.Forexample,ifyou'relearningalanguage,trytoactivelyrememberalotofnewwords.Ifyoudon'ttakenoticeofthingsactively,youwon'trememberthem.So,youcanmakepicturesofwhatyouseeinyourmindeveryday.Forexample,don'tjustputyourkeysdown!Ifyouwanttofindthemagain,makeamindpictureoftheplacewhereyou'reputtingthem.1.Thefirsttwoparagraphsjusttellus______.A.BarbarawasaveryrichpersonB.Markoftenforgothisfriends'namesC.examplesofmemoryproblemsD.languageproblemsoftwopersons2.Whenyouforgetthings,you______.A.mustbetoocarelessB.shouldn'tloseheartaboutyourmemoryC.mustacceptthefactD.shouldn'ttakenoticeoftheresult3.Theword"opportunities"inthefourthparagraphmeans"______".A.placesB.activitiesC.positionsD.chances4.Accordingtothepassage,______canmakeyourmemorybetter.A.realizingyourmemoryproblemsB.talkingtoyourfriendsC.makingmindpicturesofwhatyousee.D.doingsportseveryday5.Thepictureofthepassageistohelpyou______.A.toimproveyourmemoryB.tointroducetheguestC.toremembernewwordsD.toforgetunhappythings（三）HuzhouChildren'sEyesightIsGettingWorseHuzhou,April.22(HuzhouDaily)—AcityeyeexaminationhasshowedthatHuzhouprimaryandhighschoolchildren'seyesighthasbeengettingworse.Itshowedtestresultswerelowerthanthosefromthelastexaminationin2008.Only10%ofthetestedstudentshadgoodeyesight,comparedwithmorethan30percentin2008.Theexaminationcovered1,770studentsfrom54classes.Theywerefromprimaryandhighschoolin5districts.Accordingtothetestresultsofthejuniorhighschoolgroup,childrenfromAnjiDistrictscoredanav