2022年職稱英語理工類教材新增部分內容（三）第十篇

WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage

1Ananimalthatinfluencedscientificthoughthasdied.AchimpanzeenamedWashoeandborninAfricadiedofnaturalcauseslatelastmonthattheageof42ataresearchcenterintheAmericanstateofWashington.Wash0ehadbecomeknowninthescientificcommunity1andaroundtheworldforherabilitytouseAmericanSignLanguage2.Shewassaidtobethefirstnon-humantolearnahumanlanguage.Herskillsalsoledtodebate3aboutprimatesandtheirabilitytounderstandlanguage.

2ResearchscientistsAllenandBeatrixGardnerbeganteachingWashoesignlanguagein1966.In1969,theGardners7describedWashoe”sprogressinascientificreport.ThepeoplewhoexperimentedwithWashoesaidshegrewtounderstand4about250words.Forexample,Washoemadesignstocommunicatewhenitwastimetoeat.Shecouldrequestfoodslikeapplesandbananas.Shealsoaskedquestionslike,“Whoiscomingtoplay?“Once5thenewsaboutWashoespread,manylanguagescientistsbeganstudiesoftheirown6intothisnewandexcitingareaofresearch.Thewholedirectionofprimateresearchchanged.

3However,criticsarguedWashoeonlylearnedtorepeatsignlanguagemovementsfromwatchingherteachers.Theysaidshehadneverdevelopedtruelanguageskills.Evennow,therearesomeresearcherswhosuggestthatprimateslearnsignlanguageonlybymemory,andperformthesignsonlyforprizes.YetWashoe”skeepersdisagree.RogerFoutsisaformerstudentoftheGardners7.HetookWashoetoaresearchcenterinEllensburg,Washington.There,Washoetaughtsignlanguagetothreeyoungerchimpanzees,whicharestillalive.

4ScientistslikeprivateresearcherJaneGoodallbelievesWashoeprovidednewinformationaboutthementalworkingsofchimpanzees8.Today,therearenotasmanyscientistsstudyinglanguageskillswithchimps.Partofthereasonisthatthiskindofresearchtakesaverylongtime.

5Debatecontinuesaboutchimps”understandingofhumancommunication.Yet,onethingissure--Washoechangedpopularideasaboutthepossibilitiesofanimalintelligence.

詞匯:

chimpanzeen．黑猩猩criticn．評論家，批判家

communityn．社區，圈子workingsn．活動，運行

primaten．靈長類動物chimpn．=chimpanzee

解釋：

1.inthescientificcommunity:在科學界，在科學家的圈子里

2.AmericanSignLanguage(ASL):美國手語。利用手、臉部表情、身體姿態表達思想的美國聾啞人語言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用ASL。ASL與BritishSignLanguage(BSL英國手語)不同，兩者不能相互理解。

3.ledtodebate:引起辯論。leadto意為“導致”，to為介詞，debate為名詞。

4.shegrewtounderstandabout250words:她慢慢把握約250個單詞。9rowt0是“慢慢”的意思。

5.Once:一旦。0nce是連接詞。例:Childrenliketocycleoncetheyhavelearnedhow.小孩一旦學會了如何騎自行車，就會喜愛上它。

6.oftheirown:屬于自己的。oftheirown的含義與ontheirown不同，ontheirown是“單獨”的意思。

7.theGardners:Gardner夫婦

8.ScientistslikeprivateresearcherJaneGoodallbelieve...:像個體討論者JaneGoodall這樣的科學家信任……。like(像，跟……一樣)是介詞，本句的謂語是believe。句子中的privateresearcher意為“不受雇于任何單位，自己獨立工作的科研人員?！?/p>

練習：

AReasonWhyNotManyScientistsCarryoutThisResearchNowadays

BReportaboutWashoe”sProgressinLearningSignLanguage

CGeneralInformationaboutWashoe

DTheGardeners”ContributionsRecognized

EDebateonChimps”Intelligence

FWashoe”sLoveforThreeYoungChimps

1.Paragraph1▁▁

2.Paragraph2▁▁

3.Paragraph3▁▁

4.Paragraph4▁▁

5.Washoecouldmakesignstocommunicate

6.Somescientistsdoubted

7.Washoetaughtthreeyoungerchimpssignlanguage

8.TheexperimentersthoughtWashoewasintelligent

AiftheGardeners”argumentwassound

Bbecauseshewasclevererthanotherchimps

Cwhenshewantedtoeat

DwhileshewasataresearchcenterinEllensburg

Ebecauseshecouldusesignlanguagetoaskforfruits

FwhileWashoewaslearningsignlanguage

答案與題解：

1.C第一段主要介紹猩猩Washoe的誕生地、死亡年齡、被帶到美國學習美式手語等一般狀況。用GeneralInformationaboutWashoe來概括是很精確的。

2.B其次段的關鍵句是In1969,theGardnersdescribedWashoe”sprogressinascientificreport.隨后的句子簡單的介紹了Washoe的學習狀況和結果，如已學會了250個單詞，并能用手語表達“該吃飯了”等概念。所以，ReportaboutWashoe”sProgressinLearningSignLanguage(選項B)是答案。

3.E第三段介紹了對Gardener夫婦發表的報告有兩種不同的解讀。一派認為Washoe的手語力量只是機械重復、死記硬背、物質鼓勵的結果，不是智能的表現。另一派認為學問智能的表現，其證據是Washoe還能教三個小猩猩學習手語。爭辯的焦點是猩猩有沒有智能。選項E用debate來概括上述爭辯，所以是答案。

4.A第四段解釋了為什么現在從事這項討論的科學家人數不多。局部緣由是討論周期太長。

5.C選C的第四段其次句：Washoemadesignstocommunicatewhenitwastimetoeat.

6.A第三段的上半段說了一些科學家對Gardener夫婦的試驗的解讀所持疑心態度。題干中消失的doubted引導我們選A。

7.D選DDE依據是第三段的最終一句,即“HetookW